Sanchez, Roberto A.

"Governance, Trade, and the Environment in

the Context of NAFTA." The American Behavioural Scientist 45.9
(2002): 1369. Print.

Wilcher, Marshall E. "Transnational Environment Problems - The

United States, Canada, Mexico." The Environmentalist 3 (1983):
45-54. Print.

Hoberg, Georg. "Sleeping with an Elephant: The American

Influence on Canadian Environmental Regulation." Journal of
Public Policy 11.1 (1991): 107-31. Print.

Kirton, John. Canada-U.S. Trade and the Environment: Regimes,

Regulatory Refugees, Races, Restraints and Results. Working
paper. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2000. Print. Oct, 23 - 25.

Poff, Deborah C. "Reconciling the Irreconcilable: The Global

Economy and the Environment." Journal of Business Ethics 13
(1994): 439-45. Print.
FCSAAP. Federal Contaminated Sites Accelerated Action Plan
Annual Report. Rep. no. 2004 - 2005. Gatineau: Environment
Canada, 2008. Print.

Howlett, Michael. "The Judicialization of Canadian Environmental

Policy, 1980-1990: A Test of the Canada-United States
Convergence Thesis." Canadian Journal of Political
Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 27.1 (1994): 99-
127. Print.
Pynn, Larry. "Water woes, water wars?" Vancouver Sun
[Vancouver] 10 Aug. 2007. Print.

“The IJC is still a very useful mechanism,” said Michael Byers, who
holds the Canada Research Chair in Global Politics and International
Law at the University of B.C. and is author of the new book, Intent for
a Nation: What is Canada For?

Schindler asserts there is “huge potential” for more international

disputes in future under global warming (Water ecologist
university of Slberta Professor)

And for anyone wondering how to resolve those future complaints,

Schindler observes the solution already exists in the International
Joint Commission.

Schindler likes the concept of the commission, but says the body
needs more powers and resources to investigate issues and needs
to diversify beyond the Great Lakes

“The IJC is still a very useful mechanism,” said Michael Byers,

who holds the Canada Research Chair in Global Politics and
International Law at the University of B.C. and is author of the new
book, Intent for a Nation: What is Canada For?

The problem, he said, is that the IJC investigates issues only

when requested to do so by both nations. History shows that if a
country feels it has a poor case, it often won’t make that referral.

Blaney describes the century-old Boundary Waters Treaty as “ahead

of its time” and a model that remains widely studied by nations
around the world.

He says it is not the sort of arrangement the U.S. would tend to

support today.

Blaney said governments historically reject the IJC’s

recommendations 25 per cent of the time, adding “almost all the
major recommendations have been accepted, or at least [accepted]
to some degree.”

Harry Swain, a senior research associate at the Centre for Global

Studies at the University of Victoria, agrees hydro reservoirs will
become increasingly valuable assets under global warming, with
a tug-of-war between the needs for fish versus an increasing
population reliant on air conditioners.

All of which raises the concern that a looming water crisis and the
potential for more transboundary disputes will have America
pressuring Canada for its water resources. Water is not
specifically mentioned in the North American Free Trade Agreement

It would be cheaper to manufacture it locally than to start a war.

------------------------------------------
"A study of the programs revealed that, although there has been an
increasing awareness of the crisis, extensive interaction,
considerable information exchange and some technology transfer,
the policies of international organizations have had no
significant impact on the national policies of member countries
and little progress has been made in dealing with environmental
problems having transboundary implications." - 1

"more fruitful efforts have resulted from multilateral and bilateral

negotiations involving countries directly involved..." - 2

Douglas Costle, Former EPA Administrator cites a, "lack of

sufficiently developed international institutions for resolving
problems that are here and now"

"Canada has to tolerate living alongside a superpower and

accomodate itself to considerable economic and cultural penetration."
-5

- international boarder waters treaty ammended in 1964 creating IJC

1978 "the canada-U.s. research consultation group on the long range

transport of air pollution said "the problem of greatest common
concern to the two countries is acid precipitation." - 6
- But Reagan ignored this "although scientists displayed weighty
evidence that acid rain is real they decided to have another study by
a different group of experts." - 7
- Ad hoc, picking and choosing, beauracratic flaw in system

"1981 , the Canadian government sent a diplomatic note to the united

states Department of State expressing concern over pollution of the
Niagra River..."

- Canadian Government's "Disenchantment through diplomatic

channels" (Pittsburgh press, june 13, 1982)

DIVERSION OF THE WATERS OF THE MISSOURI RIVER IN

NORTH DAKOTA:
- authorized by u.s. cong. 1965
- would irrigate 200,000 acres of land
- "However, a portion of the water would enter the Souris and Red
Rivers in North Dakota and return seepage and waste from
municipal and industrial systems to the province of Manitoba." -
8
- construction began '67
- "IJC found that the project would have an adverse impact on
some of the important biological resources in Manitoba." - 8
- ignored?

Conclusion:
"although the International Joint Commission has sought to have a
Reference to deal with the acid rain issue the United States and
Canada have chosen a higher level mechanism to handle the
problem." - 8

"There are also significant institutional and bureaucratic obstacles

which hamper transboundary environmental cooperation...This is
both true within the national structures and intergovernmental
organizational frameworks." - 9

"However, the record of traditional established functional

international organizations in reaching significant accords in
environmental issues is not encouraging. These organizations
have unanimous voting patterns which reflect the lowest level of
common agreement and the least restrictive national policy."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

"Some environmental groups would like the IJC to evolve further into
a role as the guardian of transboundary environment. The
governments, however, have shown only limited enthusiasm." - 74