CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
It is known that road accidents are increasing day by day.
India has the record of registering the highest number of road
accidents in the world. Of all the causes, exceeding the posted limit
or driving too fast is one of the most important factors and drunken
driving is also contributing to traffic crashes. According to
statistics, over 1, 37,000 people were killed in road accidents in
2013 alone. Road accidents are the major cause of accidental death
in India.

FIG 1.1 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF ACCIDENTAL

DEATH

1.1 CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

The Majority of road crashes are caused by human error. Research

has shown that driver error accounts for over 80% of all fatal and injury
crashes. The main cause of death and injury on roads remain speeding,
drink driving and non wearing of seat belts.
Because most traffic accidents are the product of several factors, the
probability of accidents can be reduced in a number of different ways.
1

There is no doubt that the following activities have prevented the

increases in accidents that would normally result from increases in traffic
density.
There are three main approaches to prevent accidents:
1. Education and training of public about road safety
2. Enforcement of traffic laws
3. Engineering of vehicles and roads
Road or traffic engineering comprise (a) the design of new roads which
are inherently safe (separating opposing traffic flows, eliminating cross,
traffic, and providing wide shoulders and traffic lanes and good visibility;
(b) improving existing roads by realignment, improving vision, and
resurfacing slippery surfaces; (c) regulating traffic movement by
installing traffic signals, traffic islands, road markings and regulatory
signs such as stop and give way signs; and (d)assisting the driver
with warning and destination signs to avoid danger and confusion. But
designing of future vehicles would be more advisable than road
engineering. This method of designing future generation vehicles for
avoiding accidents is explained in this project.
1.2 STATISTICS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN INDIA
In India road accidents are the major cause of accidental deaths.
The table mentioned below gives the data related to the total number of
people died due road accidents from 2002 to 2011.
The statistics clearly shows that the rate of accidents is predominantly
increasing every year and it emphasizes the need to think in this regard of
reducing the road accidents. The rate of accidents in different states of
India is mentioned in table.

TABLE 1.1: RATE OF ACCIDENTS IN DIFFERENT STATES FROM 2003-2011

1.3 EXISTING TECHNIQUES FOR PREVENTION

Actions are required to properly to monitor and regulate the
vehicle speeds and stop drunken driving. Many systems have been
developed to prevent these road accidents. One of them is Cruise control
system (CC) that is capable of maintaining speed defined by the driver
and its later evolution version Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) that keeps
the automobile at safer distance from the preceding vehicle. But these
systems have no capability to detect the curved roads where the speeds of
the automobiles have to be lowered to avoid the accidents. Later curve
warning systems (CWS) have been developed to detect the curved roads
3

by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and the digital maps obtained
from the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to assess threat levels
for driver if approaching the curved road quickly. But these maps need to
be updated regularly and are not useful if there are unexpected road
diversions or extensions etc. Speed radars are installed at regular intervals
along roads where, these radars monitor the speed of vehicles and capture
information of over speeding vehicles by taking photographs. Thus in
spite of the huge investments involved, the system is capable of only
identifying the over speeding vehicle but unable to restrict the top speed
of the vehicle.
1.4 ROAD ACCIDENT DEATH BY VARIOUS MODES OF
TRANSPORT
From

surveys

conducted

by

different

government

and

nongovernmental organizations, the rate of accidents by different vehicles

has been recorded. The accidents are mainly caused by four wheeler
vehicles and this is mainly because of over speeding and drunken driving.
The following pie chart represents the accidents caused by different
modes of road transport.
FIG 1.2: ROAD ACCIDENT DEATH BY DIFFERENT
TYPES OF VEHICLE

FIG 1.3: ROAD ACCIDENT DEATH BY VARIOUS MODES OF

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
In this chapter we reviewed several papers regarding the speed
control of vehicles. Generally most of the papers were based on the idea
of intimating the driver about the violation of speed limit.
2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Agerholm

N.

N. , Lahrmann H.
adaptation

in

,Waagepetersen

R. ,Tradisauskas

said in their paper" Intelligent speed

company

vehicles

(2008)"

about

an

intelligent speed adaptation project for company vehicles.

The intelligent speed adaptation function in the project is
both information and incentive, which means that the
intelligent speed adaptation equipment gives a warning as
well as penalty points if the driver is speeding. Each
month the driver with the fewest points wins an award.
The paper presents results concerning speed attitude on
the first three of a planned 12 months test period. In all 26
5

vehicles and 51 drivers from six companies participate in

the project. The key result is that speeding is reduced from
18.7% to 7.4% on urban roads with a speed limit of 50
km/h while it is reduced from 18.9% to 4.7% on rural roads
with a speed limit of 80 km/h.
Drawback: But, the problem is that even if the driver violates the speed
limit after the hearing of beep sound, there is no provision for the speed
control. So this system is useful only for identifying the speed violation
and it does not provide speed control. So, this system is not an efficient
technique for reducing the occurrence of accidents.
Gruyer D. ,Glaser, S. ,Vanholme B. , Monnier B. said in their paper
"Simulation of automatic vehicle speed control by transponder
equipped infrastructure(2009)" that a huge amount of research has
been done to improve the safety of road environments and reduce the risk
of unsafe traffic areas. Initially this research was mainly focused on the
perception surrounding a vehicle (local perception with embedded
sensors) and its potential reaction on hazardous situation. Since a few
years, it has become clear that a local perception is not sufficient. Its
extension is essential to minimize risk and maximize the security of the
road traffic. To achieve such extension, additional works is required as
well as implementation of a lot of devices often very expensive.
Therefore, in early design stage, it becomes necessary to have a
simulation environment dedicated to prototyping and evaluating these
extended and enriched driving assistance systems. For such virtual
platform it is mandatory to provide physic-driven road environments,
virtual embedded sensors, embedded and virtual communicating devices
and physic-base vehicle models. In this publication, we present the
prototyping of a speed control application by using beacons put on the
6

road side. The SiVIC simulation platform is used to generate the virtual
world (the environment, sensors, beacons, and vehicle). The framework
platform RTMaps is used for prototyping the automatic speed control
algorithm. The seamless coupling of these platforms allows subsequently
embedding the prototyped application directly on a real vehicle.
In the paper "GPS enabled speed control embedded system speed
limiting device with display and ECI-(2013)", it is said that, one of the
ways to reduce vehicle crashes is to prevent excessive speeding in the
roads and highways. The paper aims to outline the design of an embedded
system that will automatically control the speed of a motor vehicle based
on its location determined by a GPS device. The embedded system will
make use of an AVR ATMega128 microcontroller connected to an EM406A GPS receiver. The large amount of location input data justifies the
use of an ATMega128 microcontroller which has 128KB of
programmable flash memory as well as 4KB SRAM, and a 4KB
EEPROM Memory. The output of the ATMega128 will be a
DOGMI63W-A LCD module which will display information of the
current and the set-point speed of the vehicle at the current position. A
discrete indicator LED will flash at a pre-determined frequency when the
speed of the vehicle has exceeded the recommended speed limit. Finally,
the system will have outputs that will communicate with the Engine
Control Unit (ECU) of the vehicle. For the limited scope of this project,
the ECU is simulated as an external device with two inputs that will
acknowledge pulse-trains of particular frequencies to limit the speed of a
vehicle. The speed control system will be programmed using mixed
language C and Assembly with the latter in use for some pre-written
subroutines to drive the LCD module. The GPS module will transmit
National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) data strings to the
microcontroller (MCU) using Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The MCU
7

will use the location coordinates (latitude and longitude) and the speed
from the NMEA RMC output string. The current speed is then compared
against the recommended speed for the vehicles location. The memory
locations in the ATMega128 can be used to store set-point speed values
against a articular set of location co-ordinates. Apart from its
implementation in human operated vehicles, the project can be used to
control speed of autonomous cars and to implement the idea of a variable
speed limit on roads introduced by the Department of Transportation.
Drawback: The main disadvantage in this idea is, a GPS device should
be used to identify the location. The operation of the GPSs module is
based on the weather conditions. This GPS module also increases the cost
of the system. So, this system has some drawbacks.
Muzahid Hussain, Abhishek Tayal, Sarabjot Singh said in their paper
"Position Matching Based Autonomous Speed Regulation System for
Vehicles (2014)" about creating an advisory/regulatory environment to
limit the maximum running speed of the vehicle is presented. This paper
deals with creating an onboard speed regulation module for vehicles
which can monitor as well as control their instantaneous speed in
comparison with the maximum permissible speed of that location. The
location is obtained using position tracking technology of GPS and GSM
system. The work discusses the unique position matching algorithm
developed and design details of the proposed on-board module for
limiting vehicles speed. The algorithm continuously compares the actual
speed of the vehicle with its corresponding location based limits
Obtained through the developed database and thus provides:
a) An advisory signal to the driver about the need for a reduction in
speed.
b) An automatic restriction of the speed below the prescribed limits.
The algorithm matches the position with the geographical zone already
8

defined in the database and compares the actual speed with the limit of
the corresponding zone on an intermittent basis, depending on the
execution time of the processing cycle. The algorithm developed tracks
the vehicle position using data acquired from both GPS and GSM
receivers which lead to increased efficiency, reduced complexity and
processing time in contrast to the conventional methods.
Drawback: The main disadvantage in this idea is, a GPS device should
be used to identify the location. The operation of the GPSs module is
based on the weather conditions. This GPS module also increases the cost
of the system.

CHAPTER-3
PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 GENERAL
Many accidents are at least partially caused because of rash
driving. This can happen due to many reasons: poor judgment on the part
of the driver, poor driving by the driver. An innovative concept is
suggested by which the speed of the vehicle can be controlled
automatically at a given limit for a particular limiting distance and
practically by the developed concept system; the problems related to
traffic as well as accidents will be controlled.
3.2 CONCEPT METHODOLOGY

The proposed system is a kind of speed control system based on colour

strips on roads where the speed control limit is desired. In this developed
system, the various colour strips are marked on roads and vehicles will
have a colour detecting sensor located below the bumper on chassis of
vehicle which will recognize the colour of colour strips marked on roads
and accordingly maintain the vehicles speed in that particular limit. In
this way, this system reduces the road accidents and gets driving comfort
for the driver because of limited speed.
The different areas where the automatic speed control system
recommended are
Mostly useful to avoid an accidents on turning area/sharp corners in
government area (offices), defense / camp area or Residential area, school
zones and villages that are located at the highways and beside the
highways.
Sometimes on zigzag roads speed limit takes place. In such case, also
this system plays an important role to avoid accidents.
On highway roads mostly this system is useful for safe driving and
control the traffic problem. Its mostly 65km/hr in India, 80km/hr in the
countries like U.S.A., Canada, and U.K.
An alcohol odour sensor is integrated with the ignition system of the
vehicle. When a driver intends to start the vehicle, he/she will be insisted
to blow on the sensor after using the key. The output of the sensor is also
considered as a key to start the vehicle. Only if the air blown by the driver

10

is free from alcohol the vehicle starts. This will avoid drunken driving
and provide safety to both the driver and the pedestrians.

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The proposed project consists of two modules for its operation.
They are
i)

Module to control the speed based on the colour strip sensed

ii)

Module to detect drunken driving

3.3.1 Block diagram to control the speed based on the colour strip
sensed

FIG 3.1: Block diagram to control the speed

11

EXPLANATION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:

The various design components of this system are the colour strips
which are painted on highway roads and a colour sensor located below
the bumper on chassis which will recognize the colour on roads, the
programmable MCU which process signals from various components and
send the signal to control the throttle valve/fuel pump, speedometer and
vehicle. The MCU unit is programmed in such a way that the vehicle
speed is set for each colour. For each colour sensed by the sensor the
speed of the vehicle is varied accordingly

12

W
B
V
A
P
Y
G
T
I
M
N
E
S
R
U
D
H
O
C
L
3.3.2 Block Diagram to detect Drunken Driving

FIG 3.2: Block Diagram to detect Drunken Driving

EXPLANATION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:

The alcohol odour sensor integrated with the ignition system avoids

the driver to drive the vehicle if drunk. An alcohol odour sensor is integrated
with the ignition system of the vehicle. When a driver intends to start the

vehicle, he/she will be insisted to blow on the sensor after using the key. The

output of the sensor is also considered as a key to start the vehicle. Only if
the air blown by the driver is free from alcohol the vehicle starts. This will

avoid drunken driving and provide safety to both the driver and the
pedestrians

13

3.4 OPERATIONAL METHODOLOGY

By using the colour strips painted on the road and colour detecting
sensor, we control the ECU/MCU for controlling the flow of fuel to the
engine. In this system, colour detecting sensor of specific intensity is used to
activate/deactivate the system of speed control. Colour sensor is located
below the bumper on chassis. Hall Effect sensors are located in the vehicles
wheels for the high accuracy measurement of speed of the car. Sensor fusion
is applied to the information received by these subsystems, and used to
adjust the speed of the vehicle with a controller.
When the vehicle enters the speed limiting road whose speed limit is
approximately 80km/hr /60km/ hr/75km/hr etc. respectively, the colour
detecting sensor detect the colour of colour strips on the road to activate the
system and send the signals to MCU. MCU control the position of throttle
valve which result in controlling the speed of engine at given limit. When
the system is activated then our vehicle is controlled at given speed or below
that limiting speed and not exceed beyond that limit till crossing the next
colour strips on the road. The driver will be asked to blow in alcohol odour
sensor once he uses his car key. The sensor detects the percentage of alcohol
in the air and intimates the controller about it. According to the
programming of the controller the ignition system synchronized with the
controller works. If the alcohol percentage is more than the mentioned
amount then the ignition system will not start the car. This will definitely
avoid drunk and driving.

14

FIG 3.3: OPERATIONAL METHODOLOGY

3.5. FLOW CHART OF DESIGN ALGORITHM

15

16

FIG 3.4: FLOWCHART

17

CHAPTER-4
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 GENERAL
In this chapter the various components used for the hardware
implementation of the project is explained with their specification and the
operating methodology is explained with their pin configurations. The major
hardware contributing in the implementation includes
i)

Micro controller

ii)

Colour sensor

iii)

Alcohol odour sensor

4.2 Microcontroller Unit [MCU]

A microcontroller is an integrated chip that is often part of an
embedded system. The microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O
ports, and timers like a standard computer, but because they are designed to
execute only a single specific task to control a single system, they are much
smaller and simplified so that they can include all the functions required on
a single chip. Microcontroller responds in accordance with the program that
has been fed into it. In a microcontroller program you receive the inputs
from a set of input pins that you specify and then process the input and
produce your output on a set of output pins in form digital signal. Here we
use PIC16F877A microcontroller in this hardware.

18

4.2.1 Why PIC16F877A ?

This microcontroller is generally preferred because it has the
following features.
High-Performance RISC CPU:
Only 35 single-word instructions to learn
All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are twocycle
Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of
Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
Pinout compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and
PIC16FXXX microcontrollers
Peripheral Features:
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during
Sleep via external crystal/clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and
postscaler
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C
(Master/Slave)
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)
with 9-bit address detection
19

 Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS
controls (40/44-pin only)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Analog Features:
10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module
- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage
reference
- Comparator outputs are externally accessible
Special Microcontroller Features:
100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical
1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
Self-reprogrammable under software control
In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins
Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation
Programmable code protection
Power saving Sleep mode
20

 Selectable oscillator options

In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
CMOS Technology:
Low-power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology
Fully static design
Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)
Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges
Low-power consumption
The characteristics of the various PIC16F87XA microcontrollers

TABLE 4.1: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS PIC16F87XA

MICROCONTROLLERS
4.2.2
PIC16F877A PIN Configuration:
This microcontroller is a 40 PIN IC. This has 5 input ports. This
21

device has fifteen interrupts and eight input channels. The parallel slave port
is implemented in this device. The pin diagram of this device is given in the
below figure.

FIG 4.1 : PIN CONFIGURATION OF PIC16F877A

The operation of every pin in the microcontroller is explained

TABLE 4.2: DESCRIPTION OF ALL PINS IN PIC16F877A MC

22

23

24

4.3 Colour Sensor

They register the items by contrast, true colour or translucent index.
True colour sensors are based on one of the colour models, most commonly
the RGB model. A large percentage of the visible spectrum can be created
using these three primary colours. Many colour sensors are able to detect
more than one colour for multiple colour sorting applications. Depending on
the sophistication of the sensor, it can be programmed to recognize only one
colour, or multiple colour types or shades for sorting operations.

25

4.3.1 Selection of colour sensor

This color sensor identifies color and gives serial output of RBG
value. It can identify 16.7 million color shades giving RGB value for the
detected color. The detected color is identified as amount of three primary
color values namely Red, Green & Blue with 8 bit accuracy for each primary
color. Any color can be separated or combined into three primary colors
Red, Green and Blue using the RBG values. RGB values are a type of
UART interface for direct connection to any MCU or USB-TTL convertor.
4.3.2 Block diagram of colour sensor
The simplest colour sensor can be made using photo resistor known as
LDR. In same condition (ambient light, temperature) objects with different
colour makes different terminal resistance. Using comparators it is possible
to detect colour, but when you use sensor in different condition resetting
must be made again.
The most popular colour sensors are integrated semiconductor sensors
and generally represent LED that generates current according to detected
light. With embedded wavelength filter it is possible to make sensor for
every colour. Generally, block diagram of colour sensor is next circuit.

FIG 4.2: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COLOUR SENSOR

26

Since output of LED detector is very small current it is necessary to convert

current

in

voltage

and

amplify

signal.

Common

circuit

known

as transimpedance amplifier is used. Resistor is about few hundred Mega

Ohms.
Not all colour sensor has transimpedance amplifier an in that case user have
to make processing. Colour sensor can have different type of outputs, but
most popular are frequency and voltage outputs. There are 3 lines for every
basic colour, red, green or blue. Very simple usage is to make comparator
circuit for every channel and generate digital output.
4.3.3 Operation of Colour Sensor

FIG 4.3: OPERATION OF COLOUR SENSOR

On this way it is possible to detect other colours than red, green and blue.
Detection process is much better if there is a source of light that emit lights
close to day light (white light). White LEDs are commonly used. In this case
it should be known that white LED spectre is not ideal to white lights as it
shown on picture
27

4.4 Alcohol Odour Sensor

This alcohol sensor is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration on
your breath, just like your common breathalyzer. It has a high sensitivity and
fast response time. Sensor provides an analog resistive output based on
alcohol concentration. The drive circuit is very simple, all it needs is one
resistor. A simple interface could be a 0-3.3V ADC. Here we use MQ3
alcohol gas sensor.
4.4.1 Features of Alcohol Odour Sensor
5V DC or AC circuit
Requires heater voltage
Operation Temperature: -10 to 70 degrees C
Heater consumption: less than 750mW
4.4.2 Operation
Sensitive material of MQ-3gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower
conductivity in clean air. When the target alcohol gas exist, the sensors
conductivity gets higher along with the gas concentration rising. Users can
convert the change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas
concentration through a simple circuit.
MQ-3gas sensor has high sensitivity to alcohol gas and can resistant
to the interference of gasoline, smoke and vapour. It is with low cost and
suitable for various applications of detecting alcohol at different
concentration.
28

4.4.3 TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

TABLE 4.3: TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF ALCOHOL ODOUR SENSOR

FIG 4.4: MODEL VEHICLE IMAGE

29

CHAPTER-5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 GENERAL
Simulation software is based on the process of modeling a real
phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas. It is, essentially, a
program that allows the user to observe an operation through simulation
without actually performing that operation. Here we use Proteus 8
Professional software to simulate our project. The hex file for our
simulation is generated using the Keil u Vision 4 software.
5.2 KEIL SOFTWARE
Keil is a cross compiler. Definition of cross compiler is
a compiler that runs on one computer but produces object code for a
different

type

of

computer.

Cross

compilers

are

used

to

generate software that can run on computers with a new architecture or on

special-purpose devices that cannot host their own compilers. Cross
compilers are very popular for embedded development, where the target
probably couldn't run a compiler. Keil is a German based Software
development company.
It provides several development tools like

IDE (Integrated Development environment)

Project Manager

Simulator

Debugger

C Cross Compiler, Cross Assembler, Locator/Linker

30

Keil Software provides you with software development tools for the 8051
family of microcontrollers. With these tools, you can generate embedded
applications for the multitude of 8051 derivatives. Keil provides following
tools for 8051 development
1.

C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler,

2.

A51 Macro Assembler,

3.

8051 Utilities (linker, object file converter, library manager),

4.

Source-Level Debugger/Simulator,

5.

Vision for Windows Integrated Development Environment.

The Keil tool kit includes three main tools, assembler, compiler and linker.
An assembler is used to assemble your 8051 assembly program. A
compiler is used to compile your C source code into an object file. A
linker is used to create an absolute object module suitable for your in-circuit
emulator.
5.2.1 Steps in Generating a Hex File
STEP 1: First download and install v4.exe setup in the computer, this is the
main executable of it. Then simply go on start menu, then search as "keil"
without quotes, if you have installed it correctly, then you will find this on
the top of results.

31

Once it is opened, our workspace will be something like this.

FIG 5.1: Keil uVision 4 Workspace Startup look

STEP 2: Now we have to create the Keil uVision project in order to proceed
further. For that Click on "Project" & select "New uVision Project".

32

FIG 5.2: Keil uVision 4 Project Menu Option

STEP 3: Give a name to our project, the project name can be anything but,
should not be starting with a digit.

FIG 5.3: Project Save Option in Keil uVision 4

Once named the project. Click on "Save".
STEP 4:
33

Now a new window will open, which will tell us to select the device, so it
will depend on your vendor, like nxp, atmel, Intel, who manufacture the
8051 IC, & you have purchased one of them. Select the exact configuration
to get go, on the next step. To find the exact version of 8051 IC you are
having, look deeply on your 8051 IC. Then match exact codes for vendors &
version. For example if the vendor is Atmel & device is AT89C51. After
selecting your device click on "OK"

FIG 5.4: Selecting a Vendor & Version/Type of 8051 IC

Now, one dialog box will appear stating, to copy 'STARTUP.A51' to project
folder & add file to Project, Select Yes.

34

FIG 5.5: Dialog Box in Keil, to copy STATUP.A51 to project folder &
add the file to the project
Step 5: Now after creating the project you need to create the source, which
Keil will later on Compile (on your command). For that go to the "File"
menu, and select "New".

FIG 5.6: Creating New File in Keil uVision 4

35

A text window will open, where we are going to write a code to compile &
create the .hex file. Write down your code & save. For Assembly language
file please save the file with ".asm" extension, if instead writing a code in C
save it with a ".c" extension.

FIG5.7: Writing the source code to be compiled in KEIL uVISION 4

After finishing the code, save the file, for that go to the File menu and click
on save or Save As. As this is the file creation step both will result in the
same.

FIG 5.8: Saving a file in KEIL uVISION 4

36

Save the file as any name, you want, but don't forget to give the file an
extension .asm or .c, depending on what you are writing.

FIG 5.9:Saving a file in KEIL uVISION

Now compile the code by selecting, Build the Target" option from "Project"
menu. But before that, we need to go to the Project menu and select Options
for Target 'Target 1'

37

FIG 5.10: Keil uVISION 4 Project Option

STEP 6: A dialog box will open. Select the Output menu & put a tick on
Create HEX file option.
NOTE: If you havent selected this option you will not be able to create .hex
file to burn it into the 8051 development board.

38

FIG 5.11: Selecting Create HEX File Option

Now click on the "Project" Menu, & select "Build Target".

FIG 5.12: Building Target or Compiling code in KEIL uVISION 4

After a successful build your HEX file will be created & can be found in the
project folder, where your source file is. It will be with the extension .hex &
with the same name as the Project. Browse it through, & with software like
"flash burner", load it to the Micro-controller, to work as desired.
5.2.2 Code for Generating Hex File
39

40

5.3 Proteus 8 Professional Software

Proteus (PROcessor

for Text Easy

to Use)

is

fully

functional, procedural programming language created in 1998 by Simone

Zanella. Proteus incorporates many functions derived from several other
languages: C, BASIC, Assembly, and

Clipper/dBase;

it

is

especially

versatile in dealing with strings, having hundreds of dedicated functions; this

makes it one of the richest languages for text manipulation.
Proteus owes its name to a Greek god of the sea (Proteus), who took
care of Neptune's crowd and gave responses; he was renowned for being
able to transform himself, assuming different shapes. Transforming data
from one form to another is the main usage of this language.
Proteus

was

initially

created

as

multiplatform

(DOS, Windows, UNIX) system utility, to manipulate text and binary files
and to create CGI scripts. The language was later focused on Windows, by
adding hundreds of specialized functions for: network and serial
communication, database interrogation, system service creation, console
applications, keyboard emulation, ISAPI scripting (for IIS). Most of these
additional functions are only available in the Windows flavour of the
interpreter, even though a Linux version is still available.Proteus was
designed to be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete), readable and
consistent.
Its strongest points are:

powerful string manipulation;

41

comprehensibility of Proteus scripts;

Availability of advanced data structures: arrays, queues (single or

double), stacks, bit maps, sets, AVL trees.
The language can be extended by adding user functions written in

Proteus or DLLs created in C/C++.

5.3.1 Features of Proteus
At first sight, Proteus may appear similar to Basic because of its straight
syntax, but similarities are limited to the surface:

Proteus has a fully functional, procedural approach;

variables are untyped, do not need to be declared, can be local or

public and can be passed by value or by reference;

all the typical control structures are available (if-then-else; for-next;

while-loop; repeat-until; switch-case);

new functions can be defined and used as native functions.

Data types supported by Proteus are only three: integer numbers, floating

point numbers and strings. Access to advanced data structures (files, arrays,
queues, stacks, AVL trees, sets and so on) takes place by using handles, i.e.
integer numbers returned by item creation functions.
Type declaration is unnecessary: variable type is determined by the
function applied Proteus converts on the fly every variable when needed
42

and holds previous data renderings, to avoid performance degradation

caused by repeated conversions.
There is no need to add parenthesis in expressions to determine the
evaluation order, because the language is fully functional (there are no
operators).
Proteus includes hundreds of functions for:

accessing file system;

sorting data;

manipulating dates and strings;

interacting with the user (console functions)

calculating logical and mathematical expressions.

Proteus supports associative arrays (called sets) and AVL trees, which are

very useful and powerful to quickly sort and lookup values.

Two types of regular expressions are supported:

extended (Unix like);

Basic (Dos like, having just the wildcards "?" and "*").

Both types of expressions can be used to parse and compare data.

43

The functional approach and the extensive library of built-in functions

allow to write very short but powerful scripts; to keep them comprehensible,
medium-length keywords were adopted.
The user, besides writing new high-level functions in Proteus, can add
new functions in C/C++ by following the guidelines and using the templates
available in the software development kit; the new functions can be invoked
exactly the same way as the predefined ones, passing expressions by value
or variables by reference.
Proteus is an interpreted language: programs are loaded into memory,
pre-compiled and run; since the number of built-in functions is large,
execution speed is usually very good and often comparable to that of
compiled programs.
One of the most interesting features of Proteus is the possibility of
running scripts as services or ISAPI scripts.
Running a Proteus script as a service, started as soon as the operating
system has finished loading, gives many advantages:

no user needs to login to start the script;

a service can be run with different privileges so that it cannot be

stopped by a user.
This is very useful to protect critical processes in industrial environments

(data collection, device monitoring), or to avoid that the operator

inadvertently closes a utility (keyboard emulation).
44

The ISAPI version of Proteus can be used to create scripts run through
Internet Information Services and is equipped with specific functions to
cooperate with the web server.
For intellectual property protection Proteus provides:

script encryption;

digital signature of the scripts, by using the development key (which

is unique);

The option to enable or disable the execution of a script (or part of it)
by using the key of the customer.
Proteus is appreciated because it is relatively easy to write short,

powerful and comprehensible scripts; the large number of built-in functions,

together with the examples in the manual, keeps low the learning curve.
The development environment includes a source code editor with syntax
highlighting and a context-sensitive guide. Proteus does not need to be
installed: the interpreter is a single executable (below 400 Kb) that does not
require additional DLLs to be run on recent Windows systems.
5.3.2 Steps involved in Proteus simulation
Step1: Create a new project. Click New Project button.
FIG 5.13: STEPS TO OPEN NEW PROJECT IN PROTEUS 8

45

Now give a Name to our project

Do not change anything, just follow the default options and click Next until
you see Finish button.

Step 2: Draw the circuit diagram and now click Schematic Capture button,
you will be directed to schematic panel.
FIG 5.14: SCHEMATIC CAPTURE BUTTON

46

Step 3: Add components to work space and Click P button followed

by Component button under Devices for picking components

FIG 5.15: STEPS TO PICK COMPONENTS IN PROTEUS

Step 4: Choose your component by simply typing the name at Keyword
box. After selecting item click OK.

47

The selected components will listed under Devices.

After placing the components of our circuit we get the below window. We
have placed the PIC16F877A microcontroller, input terminal to the alcohol
odour sensor, input probe to colour sensor, a DC Motor, Display for showing
the voltage of the motor and a LCD display to show its operation. The
control of the speed of the dc motor is represented using the voltage of the
motor. Since, the speed of the motor is directly proportional to the voltage
given. After placing all the components, the final circuit diagram is shown
below.
48

FIG 5.16: FINAL IMAGE OF THE PROTEUS WINDOW WITH

COMPONENTS
Step 5: Set clock frequency to PIC MCU in Proteus and Double click on
the PIC IC, the Edit component wizard will open. Set the frequency as

49

same that you did for generating .HEX file. (I compiled my embedded
program with 10MHz; hence I selected 10MHz here).

FIG 5.17: SETTING CLOCK FREQUENCY TO PIC MCU IN PROTEUS

STEP 6: Load .HEX file to the schematic diagram of PIC and after setting
frequency click browse button to load the .HEX file.

FIG 5.18: STEPS TO DUMP THE HEX FILE TO MCU

50

Choose your .HEX file

Finally click OK. Now everything is ready to go.

Step 7: Lets run simulation and Click the Run Simulation button at bottom
left corner and observe your PIC simulation.

FIG 5.19: STEPS TO RUN SIMULATION

Result: Here the simulation result is denoted using the speed of the motor.
By varying the input value to the alcohol odour sensor we can check the
operation of the module for detecting drunken driving and by varying the
values of the input to the colour sensor we can check the module for
automatic speed regulation by sensing colour strips sensed on road.
51

CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
This project presents architecture for automatic adaptation of the
longitudinal speed control of a vehicle to the circumstances of the road
which can help to decrease one of the major causes of fatalities: the
excessive or inadequate vehicle speed and also decreases drunken driving
which is also an important cause of fatality. Our approach is based on a
combination of different sensor technologies: The proposed on-board
architecture is portable and easily adaptable to any commercial car with
minimal modifications. By this system, our approach is to control the speed
of vehicle at limiting road area to avoid the accidents. The accidents and
rash driving can be reduced up to 80 % and can save many lives and many
valuable properties. In the empirical trials in our installations, the vehicles
speed was successfully changed as a result of the detection of the signals,
increasing the drivers safety. The technology developed can assist human
drivers in difficult road circumstances. By using this system, it can be
reduced the rash driving within cities, within the regions of school zones,
villages that are located at the highways and beside the highways.

52

REFERENCES:

[1] W.H. Hucho (1998), Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, ISBN 0-76800029-7, Warrendale PA, Society of Automotive Engineers, ,
142-145

[2] T.D. Gillespia(1992), Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics, ISBN 1556091-199-9, Warrendale PA, Society of Automotive

Engineers

[3] D. Cole (1972), Elementary Vehicle Dynamics, course notes in

Mechanical Engineering, The Univ. of Michigan, Michigan

[4] The Traffic Institute (1990), Traffic Accident Reconstruction,

Northwestern University, 62-140

[5] World Health Organization (1984). Road traffic accidents in developing

countries. Technical Report Series No. 73. Geneva, WHO.

[6] Accident Control and Safety Measures in Mass Transit Operations in

Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, pp. 257-262.
53

[7]

Court R. and King E. (1995).,'An Overview of the Anti-speeding

Communications Strategy for 1995/1996',Proceedings of the
National Road Safety Research & Enforcement Conference', Traffic
Board of Western Australia, Western Australia

[8] Bernstein, D., Kornhauser, A. (1996). An introduction to map matching

for personal navigation assistants. Technical report, New

Jersey TIDE

Center, Princeton University, USA.

[9] Greenfeld, J.S. (2002). Matching GPS observations to locations on a

digital map. In Proceedings of the 81th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board,Washington D.C.

[10] Kim, J.S., Lee,

J.H., Kang, T.H., Lee, W.Y., and Y.G. Kim

(1996). Node based map

matching algorithm for can navigation

system, Proceeding of the 29th

ISATA Symposium, Florence, Vol.

10, pp 121-126.

[11] Scott, C.A., Drane, C.R. (1994). Increased accuracy of motor vehicle
position estimation by utilizing map data, vehicle dynamics
other information sources. Proceedings of the Vehicle
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and

Navigation

[12] White, C.E., Bernstein, D., and A.L. Kornhauser (2000). Some map
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algorithms

for

personal

Transportation Research Part C 8, 91-108.

55

navigation

assistants.