BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
BTEC-1
BTEC-2
AM DEMODULATION
BTEC-3
BTEC 4
BTEC-5
BTEC 6
INTRODUCTION
These laboratory-based tutorials using MultiSim simulation package are intended to reinforce topics covered in lectures.
They will not be assessed but you should keep a good record and file to support your
learning. You will work on these in timetabled laboratory sessions, but you may also work
on them as part of your student centred learning. You should aim to work through as many as
you can.
In these tutorials you will review and investigate some basic modulation and demodulation
techniques and processes.
Where appropriate equations will be given: you should also refer to your notes for further
detail, derivations and examples.
XSC1
G
XSC2
T
G
A
A1
C
A
1
V1
B
1 V VDD
1kHz
10V
0Deg
R1
4
VDD
XSA1
1 V/V
0 V
5
IN T
A2
Y
50%
Key = A
1kOhm
0
3
V2
1 V/V 0 V
1 V
10kHz
0Deg
0
The schematic diagram above shows an amplitude modulator in which a DC voltage is added
to a message signal, and this is then multiplied by a carrier.
The DC voltage, VDC, is set by R1.
The signal generator at 1 kHz represents the message signal, m(t) = Vmcosmt.
The signal generator at 10 kHz represents the carrier, cosct.
The output modulated signal may be represented by:
Carrier
component
v S (t ) V DC cos c t
Vm
V
cos c m t m cos c m t
2
2
Observe the input and output signals on the oscilloscopes and the spectrum of the DSBAM
signal on the spectrum analyser. Use a spectrum analyser to observe the input signals. Relate
what you see to the outline theory presented above and your notes.
Vm
, hence changing VDC is one way of
VDC
changing the modulation depth. Change the DC offset and observe the effect on the
waveforms and the output spectrum.
Keeping Vm constant, set the modulation depth to m < 1, m = 1, m > 1 and m = infinity. For
each setting of modulation depth, m, observe and record the DSB waveform and spectrum,
including the voltage amplitude and power in each component, noting how they relate to
modulation depth. Note also, when m > 1, how the phase of the DSB envelope alternates
between 0 and 180 degrees.
Refer to your class notes and handout notes and compare your results with what you would
expect from theory.
Set the modulation depth to m = 0.3. Determine the ratio of power in the USB to the total
power in the AM signal by calculation and measurement.
BTEC-2 AM DEMODULATION
XS C1
G
10V
XSC2
VCC
T
A
VCC
C A2
A
D1
4
B
A1
0V
X
3
7
DIODE_VIRTUAL
1V/V 0V
V1
R2
1kohm
V2
C1
0.05uF
XS C5
1V
0.71V_rms
1000Hz
0Deg
5V
3.54V_rms
100000Hz
0Deg
T
A
0
VCC
VCC
10V
A4
Y
C4
21
9
0.1
V3 V/V 0 V
5V
1kohm
R3
VCC
14
R7
1kOhm
VDD
23
15
C3
R5
C2
10kohm
U1
1uF
1V
0.71V_rms
100000Hz
0Deg
500ohm
R4
OPAMP_5T_VIRTUAL*
10V
VDD
VCC
R6
1kOhm
0.01uF
0.022uF
0
A coherent local oscillator, and hence coherent demodulation, requires that and c are
both equal to zero. Hence for an ideal coherent LO,
LO = cosct
Observe the demodulated output for a range of modulation depths. It is useful to do this when
still observing the output from the envelope detector. Note in this case the synchronous
demodulator will demodulate the AM input irrespective of the modulation depth, whereas the
envelope detector does not.
Vm
V
cos c m t m cos c m t
2
2
and a local oscillator given by LO = cosct, derive an equation for the demodulated output
signal from the synchronous demodulator, and compare your results with this.
Now try adding a frequency offset and a phase offset in the local oscillator, (by double
clicking on the LO signal generator) and observe the effect on the output.
Derive a further equation using a DSB input given above as
V
V
v S (t ) V DC cos c t m cos c m t m cos c m t and a local oscillator given by
2
2
LO = cos((c + )t + c).
Use this equation to explain your results.
BTECH-3
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK) AND PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)
XSC1
G
XSC2
T
G
A
A1
C
A
1
V1
1kHz
5 V
R1
2
B
VCC
XSA1
1 V/V
0 V
5V
4
VCC
IN T
A2
30%
Key = A
1kOhm
VDD
-5V
VDD
V2
1 V/V 0 V
1 V
10kHz
0Deg
This model is essentially the same as COMMS2-1, amplitude modulation, but the sine wave
analogue message is replaced by a square wave digital message. Thus rather than an analogue
message m(t), we have a digital message d(t) consisting of 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 . Etc.
By varying the DC voltage offset, a range of amplitude shift keying (ASK) and phase reversal
keying (PRK) digital modulation can be produced. PRK is a specific form of phase shift
keying, PSK. Obviously then, there are strong links between analogue AM and digital ASK
and PRK modulation techniques.
Switch on all the instruments and run the model. Observe how the waveforms and spectrum
change for different settings of the DC offset. Identify the conditions to produce ASK as
distinct from PRK.
Note that the digital message signal, (consisting as it does in this simulation of a 1, 0, 1, 0
sequence) appears as a square wave which has only odd harmonics in its spectrum. Notice
how the ASK and PRK spectrum consists of USB and LSB with only odd harmonics.
COMMS2-4 will repeat this simulation but with a more realistic random digital message
produced by a pseudo random sequence generator.
XSC1
XSA1
G
T
IN
V4
FM
V1
5V 10kH z 1000Hz
1 V
1kHz
90Deg
XSC2
G
A
V3
XS A2
1V
0.71V_rms
5kHz
0Deg
V2
0V 5V
IN T
This comprises two main parts. In the first part a simulated FM signal generator is used and
the waveforms and spectra of the FM signal may be observed. In the second part a voltageto-frequency converter (V/F) is used as the frequency modulator.
Consider the first part. The FM signal generator is set to frequency modulate a 10 kHz carrier
with a 1 kHz message signal.
The separate 1 kHz signal generator is NOT linked to the FM generator and is there,
only, to give a reference 1 kHz. If the FM generator is changed to give a 2 kHz
message frequency for example, the reference signal generator will need changing.
Refer to class and handout notes to show that an FM signal may be represented by:
vS t VC J n cos( c n m )t
n 1
Switch on the instruments and observe the waveforms and spectrum. Notice how the
frequency of the modulated signal varies in relation to the amplitude of the message signal.
You dont need to change the amplitude. Note that the amplitude of the modulated signal is
constant, only the frequency changes.
Now observe the spectrum of the frequency modulated signal. Initially the modulation index,
, should be set to 2.4. The spectrum should appear something like that shown below.
fc-3fm
fc-2fm
fc-fm
fc+fm
fc
fc+2fm
fc+3fm
Frequency
Voltage Input
VIN
V/F
Frequency Output
fOUT
The ideal characteristic relating the output frequency and the input voltage is linear as
illustrated below.
OUT
fOUT
VIN
fC
-ve
The gradient,
+ve
VIN
f OUT
, is called the frequency conversion factor, denoted by Hz per volt.
VIN
f C Vm
Vm is the peak amplitude of the message signal. In this simulation, the signal generator
represents the message signal with an amplitude Vm = 1 volt at a frequency fm = 5 kHz.
The Modulation Index, , is:
f C Vm
.
fm
fm
Refer to the class notes and the handout notes on Frequency Modulation for a more detailed
explanation.
The first step in this simulation is to measure the V/F characteristic. Double click on the V/F
and record the parameters referring to voltage and frequency. Sketch the V/F characteristic
(as illustrated above), and determine the frequency conversion factor, Hz per volt.
Given that the message frequency is 5 kHz, determine the modulation index, . Observe the
spectrum, and with the help of Bessel tables or graph, confirm that this is the spectrum you
would expect.
Set a value of = 2 by changing the parameters on the V/F converter. Observe the spectrum
and again confirm this is what you would expect from Bessel tables / graph.
BTEC 5
XSC1
G
A
XSA1
V2
IN
V1
0V 1V
600Hz 5V
The process to generate FSK is similar to that for FM except that the message is now a digital
signal, d(t). In this simulation the square wave generator is used to simulate a 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 .
. .. sequence. As for FM, the frequency modulator is a voltage-to-frequency converter V/F,
(or voltage controlled oscillator, VCO).
Voltage Input
VIN
V/F
Frequency Output
fOUT
The ideal characteristic relating the output frequency and the input voltage is linear as
illustrated below.
fOUT
OUT
f1 Hz
VIN
f0 Hz
fC
0 = 0 volts = V0
1 = +V volts = V1
VIN
The gradient,
f OUT
, is called the frequency conversion factor, denoted by Hz per volt.
VIN
In this case the input switches between two voltages. The diagram shows illustrates the
characteristic for a unipolar digital signal, where a O is 0 volts and a 1 is + V volts.
Bipolar signals, where a O is V volts and a 1 is + V volts is also possible.
The peak-to-peak frequency deviation is given by:
f1 f 0 V1 V0
BTEC 6
A1
Y
X
XS A1
V2
0V 5V 1000Hz
1V/V 0V
IN T
V1
1V
0.71V_rms
2000Hz
0Deg
This model produces PSK, phase reversal keying, similar to. The message is a digital signal,
d(t). In this simulation the square wave generator is used to simulate a 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 . . ..
sequence.
Switch on all the instruments and run the model. Pay particular attention to the spectrum, and
the positions of the nulls.