Introduction To RadarMWJ

Introduction to RADAR
Webinar
By
Scott R. Bullock
of
Besser Associates, Inc.
Sponsored by:
1
Bullock Engineering Research
Copyright 2014
Eastern OptX Background
Test Solutions for:

Radar Systems
Transponders
Altimeters
FMCW
LPI
Digital Radios
Propagation Path
Replicators
Phase Noise Test

Systems
Service and Calibration
Introduction to RADAR
Webinar
By Scott R. Bullock of Besser Associates, Inc.
Copyright 2014
Scott R. Bullock
scottrbullock@gmail.com
BSEE BYU, MSEE U of U, PE, 18 US Patents, 22 Trade Secrets

Books & Publications
Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications, 4th edition
Broadband Communications and Home Networking
http://sci.styluspub.com/Books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=369239
http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/te/sbte002e
Multiple Articles in Microwaves & RF, MSN

Seminars - Raytheon, L-3, Thales, MKS/ENI, CIA, Titan, Phonex, NGC, Others
Courses for Besser Associates
http://iet.styluspub.com/Books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=395134
http://www.theiet.org/resources/books/telecom/tsddcfe.cfm
Introduction to RADAR - http://www.besserassociates.com/outlinesOnly.asp?CTID=253

Introduction to Wireless Communications Systems - http://www.bessercourse.com/outlinesOnly.asp?CTID=235
Transceiver and Systems Design for Digital Communications - http://www.bessercourse.com/outlinesOnly.asp?CTID=208
Cognitive Radios, Networks, and Systems for Digital Communications - http://www.bessercourse.com/outlinesOnly.asp?CTID=251
College Instructor
Graduate Presentation on Multiple Access to Polytechnic, Farmingdale//Brooklyn, NY
Advanced Communications, ITT
Engineering 201E, PIMA

Key Designs
Radar Simulator for NWS China Lake Acquisition, Target Tracking, Missile Tracking, MTI
Navys IntegratedTopside INTOP Integrate Radar with EW, EA, Comms
Radar Comms using CP-PSK Modulated Pulses for the SPY-3 Radar and PCM/PPM
www.BesserAssociates.com
Copyright 2014
RAdio Detecting And Ranging

RADAR
RADAR is a method of using electromagnetic waves to

determine the position (range and direction), velocity
and identifying characteristics of targets.
Copyright 2014
Radar Applications
Military
Search and Detection

Targeting and Target Tracking
Missile Guidance
Fire Control Acquisition, Track
Airborne Intercept
Ground and Battle field Surveillance
Air Mapping Systems
Submarine and Sub-Chasers
Commercial
Weather, Navigation, Air Traffic Control

Space and Range
Road and Speeding
Biological Research Bird and Insect Surveillance and Tracking
Medical diagnosis, organ movements, water condensation in the lungs, monitor heart
rate and pulmonary motion, range(distance), remote sensor of heart and respiration
rates without electrodes, patient movement and falls in the home
Miniature Seeing aids, early warning collision detection and situational awareness
Copyright 2014
Two Basic Radar Types
Pulse Radar
Transmits a pulse stream with a low duty cycle
Receives pulse returns from targets during the
time off or dead time between pulses
Continuous Wave Radar

Sends out a continuous wave signal and receives
a Doppler frequency for moving targets
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Pulse Vs. Continuous Wave
Pulse Radar
Continuous Wave Radar
Single Antenna
Determines Range & Altitude
Susceptible To Jamming
Physical Range Determined
By Pulse Width PW and Pulse
Repetition Frequency PRF
Low average power
Time synchronization
Based on Doppler
Requires 2 Antennas
No Range or Altitude Information
High SNR
More Difficult to Jam But Easily
Deceived
Simpler to operate, timing not
required
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Pulsed Radar
Most radar systems are pulsed

Transmit a pulse and then listen for received signals, or echoes
Avoids problem of a sensitive receiver simultaneously operating
with a high power transmitter.
Transmits low duty cycle, short duration high-power RF- pulses
Time synchronization between the transmitter and receiver of a
radar set is required for range measurement.
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Pulse Radar Modulation
100% Amplitude Modulation AM

ON/OFF keying
Turn on/off a Carrier Oscillator
Pulse width is how long the carrier is on
Pulse Repetition Frequency is how fast the
carrier is turned on
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Radar Turns on/off the

Carrier Frequency
Pulse Width = 1us
carrier wave = 4MHz

Time between pulses = PRI = 7us = 1/PRF = 143 kHz
Burst of Carrier Frequency Radar burst

Low duty cycle, high power
Duty cycle = time on/time off * 100 a percentage
Above example approx. 1/6 * 100 = 16%
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Radar Burst of Frequency

Pulse Modulated On/Off Keying
V
PRI = PRT
PRI = PRT
PRF = 1/PRI
t
PW
PRF = 1/PRI
Modulator
On/Off Switch
Pulse Train: PRF

PW
Radar Pulses
Oscillator
Continuous Waveform - CW
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Pulse Characteristics
Pulses are repeated at the Pulse Repetition Frequency or PRF

PRF is the number of pulses per second
Pulse Repetition Indicator PRI is the time between pulses
Pulse Repetition Time PRT is the same as PRI
PRT = PRI = 1/PRF
PRF determines the radars maximum detection range
Pulse Width PW - amount of time that the radar is transmitting
Pulse Width (PW) determines the minimum range resolution
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Pulse Distortion
P2
P1
PRI = 1/PRF
Long P1 returns cause

distortion to P2 returns
Long returns from P1 causes distortion to the returns of P2
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Basic RADAR
Target
Transmit Radar Pulse
Reflection
off a Target
Radar Directional Antenna

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Basic Radar Diagram
RADAR
TARGET
Transmitter
Transmit
Channel
Low Noise
Receiver
Receive
Channel
Reflective
Radar
Surface
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Radar Path Budget
Tracks Signal & Noise Levels from Radar to Target back to Radar
Power Out (PA), Tx Losses, Channel Losses, Target Reflectivity,

Channel Losses, Rx Losses, Rx Detect S/N
Required S/N
Radar Budget - Allocation of Power and Noise

Radar Tx PA to Radar Rx Detector (LNA)
Used in Solving Tradeoffs
Size, cost, range
Radar pulses are reflected off targets that are in the transmission path
Targets scatter electromagnetic energy
Some of the energy is scattered back toward the radar.
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Effective Isotropic Radiated

Power EIRP
Target
RF
Power
RF
Power
Target
EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated

Power = RF Power * Antenna Gain
Gain
ERP = Effective Radiated Power

EIRP = ERP + Gdipole (2.14dB)
ERP = EIRP - Gdipole (2.14dB)
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Focusing Increases Power To

Provide Gain
Focusing
Sun Rays
To Increase
Power
Sun
Focusing Radio Waves

To Increase
Power
Receiver
Magnifying
Glass
Directional Antenna
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Radar Cross Section RCS
RCS () - size and ability of a target to reflect radar energy m

s = Projected cross section * Reflectivity * Directivity
The target radar cross sectional area depends on:
Airplanes physical geometry and exterior features

Direction of the illuminating radar
Transmitted frequency,
Material types of the reflecting surface.
Difficult to estimate
Equals the targets cross-sectional area theoretically

Not all reflected energy is distributed in all directions
Some energy is absorbed
Usually measured for accurate results
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Radar RCS Patterns

Sphere s = pr2
Flat Plate s = 4pw2h2/l2
Similar to
Antenna
Gains
Corner Reflector s = 8pw2h2/l2
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Radar Transmitter
Power to Target
Power at Target = Ptarg(i) = PtGtAfs= PtGt
l2
(4pR)2
EIRP
Gt
Transmitter
Pt
Freespace
Water
Rain
Oxygen
Multipath
Attenuation
Vapor
Loss
Absorption
Loss
Afs = l2/(4pR)2
LAtmos
Lt = LAtmos * Lmulti Lmulti
Reflector
Target
Power at Target = Ptarg = PtGtAfs = PtGt l2

Includes other losses
Lt
(4pR)2 Lt
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Radar Received
Power from Target
Ptarg
Gtarg= 4ps/l2
s = RCS
Gr
Pr
Receiver
Multipath
Water
Rain
Oxygen
Loss
Vapor
Loss
Absorption
Lmulti
Lt = LAtmos * Lmulti
Reflector
Target
Freespace
Attenuation
Afs = l2/(4pR)2
LAtmos
l2
Gr
Power received at Radar (ideal) = Pr(i) = Ptarg(i)Gtarg AfsGr = Ptarg(i) 4ps
l2 (4pR)2
Power at Radar = Pr= PtargGtarg AfsGr =

(Includes losses)
Lt
Ptarg
4ps
l2 Gr
l2 (4pR)2 Lt
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Radar Antenna Gain and

Channel Losses
Power at Target (Ideal) = Ptarg(i) = PtGtAfs= PtGt (l2/(4pR)2)
Gt
Transmitter
Pt
EIRP
Freespace
Water
Rain
Oxygen
Multipath
Attenuation
Vapor
Loss
Absorption
Loss
Afs =
l2/(4pR)2
LAtmos
Lt = LAtmos * Lmulti
Gtarg= 4ps/l2
s = RCS
Lmulti
Reflector
Target
Duplexer
Pr
Receiver
Gr
Multipath
Water
Rain
Oxygen
Loss
Vapor
Loss
Absorption
Lmulti
Freespace
Attenuation
Afs = l2/(4pR)2
Lt = LAtmos * Lmulti LAtmos
Power at Radar (Ideal) = Pr(i) = Ptarg(i)Gtarg AfsGr =

Pt Gt l2
4ps
l2 Gr = PtGtGrl2s = PtGtGrsc02
(4pR)2 l2 (4pR)2
(4p)3R4
(4p)3f2R4
Including other losses in the path

One-way Loss: Lt = LAtmos * Lmulti
Two-way Losses = Lt * Lt = Lt2 = Ls
Pr =
PtG2l2s
(4p)3R4L
=
s
PtG2sc02
(4p)3f2R4Ls
Assume Antenna Gain Gt = Gr
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Radar Example
Power at Target = Ptarg = PtGtAfs= PtGt (l2/(4pR)2)
Gt
Transmitter
Pt
EIRP
Freespace
Water
Rain
Oxygen
Multipath
Attenuation
Vapor
Loss
Absorption
Loss
Afs =
l2/(4pR)2
LAtmos
Gtarg= 4ps/l2
s = RCS
Reflector
Target
Duplexer
Pr
Receiver
Multipath
Water
Rain
Oxygen
Loss
Vapor
Loss
Absorption
Lmulti
Attenuation
Afs = l2/(4pR)2
Gr
Given: What is Pr in dBm?
f = 2.4 GHz, , l = .125
Pt = 100W
R = 1000m
Gt = Gr = 1000
Total 2-way loss Ls = 10
s= 140 m2
Freespace
Pr =
PtG2l2s
(4p)3R4Ls
PtG2sc02
(4p)3f2R4Ls
100(1000)2(.125)2(140)
Pr =
(4p)3 (1000)4(10)
=1.10235*10-8W = 1.10235*10-5mW
Prdbm = 10log(1.10235*10-5) = -49.6 dBm
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Free Space Attenuation
Forms of free-space attenuation depends on how it is used
Afs = (l/(4pR))2 will be less than 1 and multiplied

Afs = ((4pR)/l)2 will be greated than 1 and divided
Afs = 20log l/(4pR) = will be a negative number and added
Afs = 20log (4pR)/l = will be a positive number and subtracted
Important to determine if it is added or subtracted to avoid mistakes
Given:
Pt = 100W = 50dBm, l = .125, R = 1000m

Afs = (l/(4pR))2 = 98.9 x 10-12 need to multiply: Pr = 100W * 98.9 x 10-12 = 9.89 x 10-9
Afs = ((4pR)/l)2 = 1.01065 x 1010 need to divide: Pr = 100W/(1.01065 x 1010)= 9.89 x 10-9
Afs = 20log l/(4pR) = -100 dB need to sum: Pr = 50dBm + (-100dB) = -50dBm
Afs = 20log (4pR)/l = 100 dB need to subtract: Pr = 50dBm - 100dB) = -50dBm
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Two-Way Radar Losses
Two-way free space loss used twice
Once for the radar transmitter to target path

Once for the target to radar receiver path
Free Space Loss 2*Afs = 2* 20log l/(4pR)
Two-way Losses in Radar in dB
Atmospheric loss 2* Latmos

Multipath loss 2* Lmult
T/R switch or Circulator loss 2* Ltr
Antenna loss, Polarization, Mis-pointing, Radome 2* Lant
Implementation loss 2*Li
Losses in dB:
Ltotal = 2* Latmos + 2* Lmult + 2* Ltr + 2* Lant + 2* Li
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RADAR Equation
to Assess Radar Performance
Pr = PtG2l2s
(4p)3R4Ls
P r = Radar received power
P t = Radar transmitted power
G t = Transmitter antenna gain
G r = Receiver antenna gain
G2 = Gr Gt assumes the same antenna at the radar
l = wavelength
R = slant range
Ls = total two-way additional losses
s = radar cross section of the target RCS
Log Form
Pr = PtG tG r Afs AfsGtarg1/Ls
10logPr = 10logPt + 10logG + 10logG + 10logAfs + 10logAfs + 10logGtarget - 10log(Ls)
Pr dBm = Pt dBm + 2GdB + 2Afs dB + Gtarget dB Ls dB
P(mW) = dBm or P(W) = dBw
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Radar Example dB
Power at Target = Ptarg = PtGtAfs= PtGt (l2/(4pR)2)
EIRP
Gt
Transmitter
Pt
Freespace
Water
Rain
Oxygen
Multipath
Attenuation
Vapor
Loss
Absorption
Loss
Afs =
l2/(4pR)2
LAtmos
Gtarg= 4ps/l2
s = RCS
Reflector
Target
Duplexer
Pr
Receiver
Multipath
Water
Rain
Oxygen
Loss
Vapor
Loss
Absorption
Lmulti
Gr
Attenuation
Afs = l2/(4pR)2
PtG2l2s
Given: What is Pr?
f = 2.4 GHz, , l = .125
Pt = 100W = 50dBm
R = 1000m
Gt = Gr = 1000 = 30dB
Total 2-way loss Ls = 10 = 10dB
s= 140 m2
Freespace
(4p)3R4Ls
PtG2sc02
(4p)3f2R4Ls
AfsdB = 10log(l2/(4pR)2) = 20log(l/(4pR) = 20log[(.125)/(4p1000)] = -100.05dB

Gtarg = 10log(4ps/l2) = 10log(4p*140/.1252) = 50.5dB
Pr dBm = Pt dBm + 2GdB + 2Afs dB + Gtarget dB Ls dB
Pr dBm = 50dBm + 2*30dB + 2*-100.05 dB + 50.5 dB 10dB = -49.6dBm 32
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Range Determination
Range calculation uses time delay between objects

Time delay is measured from source to reflector and back
Time delay divided by two to calculate one way range
Sound-wave reflection
Shout in direction of a sound-reflecting object and hear the echo

Calculate two-way distance using speed of sound 1125 ft/sec in air
Measure two way delay of 5 seconds
Range = 1125ft/sec x 5/2 = 2812ft
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Sound Wave Reflection
Hi
Hi
Determine the distance using range formula

Listen to multiple echoes off difference distances
Best echo effects when the yell is short short pulse width
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Sound Wave Reflection
Hi
Hi
Determine the distance using range formula

Listen to multiple echoes off difference distances
Best echo effects when the yell is short short pulse width
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Radar Range Calculation
Radar uses electromagnetic energy pulses

Pulse travel at the speed of light C0
Reflects off of a surface and returns an echo back to the radar
Calculates the two-way distance or slant range
Slant range = line-of-sight distance from radar to target
Takes in account the angle from the earth
Ground range = horizontal distance from radar to target
Slant range calculated using ground range and elevation
Radar energy to the target drops proportional to range squared.
Reflected energy to the radar drops by a factor of range squared
Received power drops with the fourth power of the range
Need very large dynamic ranges in the receive signal processing
Need to detect very small signals in the presence of large interfering

signals
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Slant Range
2
Rslant = Rgnd
2+
EL2:
Rslant = (Rgnd
2+
Target
EL2)1/2
Sinf = El/Rslant: Rslant = El/sinf

Cosf = Rgnd/Rslant: Rgnd = Rslant*cosf
Slant Range = Rslant
Given:
Elevation = 5000 ft
Angle = 300
Elevation = EL
Radar
Directional
Antenna
Ground Range = Rgnd
Calculate Slant Range =

Rslant = El/sinf = 5000/sin(30) = 10,000 ft
What is the Ground Range =
Rgnd = Rslant*cosf = 10,000*cos(30) = 8660.25 ft
Rslant2 = Rgnd2 + EL2: Rgnd = (Rslant2 - EL2) 1/2 = (10,0002 - 50002) 1/2 = 8660.25ft
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Range Calculation
Electromagnetic energy pulse travels at the speed of light C0
R = (tdelay * C0)/2
R = slant range
tdelay = two way time delay Radar-Target-Radar
C0 = speed of light = 3*108 m/s
Given:
tdelay = 1ms
C0 = 3x108 m/sec
Calculate Slant Range =
R = (1ms * 3*108 m/s)/2 = 150km

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Radar Range Equation

Basic Radar Equation
Pr = S = PtGtGrl2s
(4p)3R4Ls
Radar Range Equation (solving for Rmax range for minimum signal Smin):
R4 = PtGtGrl2s
(4p)3SLs
Rmax = PtGtGrl2s
1/4
(4p)3SminLs
= PtGtGrsc02
1/4
(4p)3f2SminLs
Double the range requires 16 times

more transmit power Pt
Radar detection range = the maximum range at which a

Target has a high probability of being detected by the radar
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Range Ambiguity
Caused by strong targets at a range in excess of the pulse repetition

indicator or time
Pulse return from the first pulse comes after the second pulse is sent
This causes the range to be close instead of far away
Radar does not know which pulse is being returned
Large pulse amplitude and higher PRF amplifies the problem
The maximum unambiguous range for given radar system can be
determined by using the formula:
Rmax = (PRI T) * C0/2

PRI = pulse repetition indicator
T = pulse width time
C0 = speed of light
Example: PRI = 1msec, T = 1us

Calculate Max unambiguous Range = (1ms 1us)*3*108/2 = 149.9km
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Range Ambiguity
P1
P2
PRI
Range Ambiguities
Rmax = (PRI PW) * C0/2

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Range Ambiguity Mitigation
Decreasing the PRF reduces the range ambiguity

Longer the time delay, higher free-space loss, smaller the return
Transmit different pulses at each PRF interval

Higher receiver complexity
Requires multiple matched filters at each range bin and at each
azimuth and elevation
Increases rate of the DSP required for each separate transmit pulse
and matched filter pair
Vary the PRF, depending radars operational mode
Requires changing the system parameters

Used most often to mitigate range ambiguity
Desired returns from the second pulse move with the PRF
Undesired returns do not move since they are reference to the first
pulse
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Minimum Detectable Range

Example
P1
R1
Minimum Detectable
Range Pulse
Does not interfere with
the Radar pulse
R2
R3
Tmin for Rmin = Pulsewidth
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Minimum Detectable Range
Radar minimum detectable range return cannot come back during the
pulse width
Rmin = (T + Trecovery)*C0/2
T = Pulse width, Trecovery = time for pulse to recover
Very close range targets equivalent to the pulse width not be detected
Typical value of 1 s for the pulse width of short range radar
corresponds to a minimum range of about 150 m
Longer pulse widths have a bigger problem
Typical pulse width T assuming recovery time of zero:
Air-defense radar: up to 800 s (Rmin = 120 km)
ATC air surveillance radar: 1.5 s (Rmin = 225 m)
Surface movement radar: 100 ns (Rmin = 15 m)
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Plan Position Indicator (PPI)
The return is displayed on a Plan Position Indicator

(PPI)
Rotating Search Radars illuminates the targets on the PPI
according to the angle received
Range is displayed according to the distance from the center
of the PPI
Uses a range gate to lock on the range of the PPI
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PPI and A-Scope Displays

N
00
A-Scope
PPI
V
AoA = 770
Range
Gate
2700
900
Range
Gate
1800
46
Copyright 2014
Besser Associates
Besser Associates, Inc. 2014 All rights reserved
Thank you for Attending !

For more information on this subject please consider attending
the live Besser course, Introduction to Radar, March 2 to 4,
2015, in Costa Mesa, California.
Contact Besser Associates at info@besserassociates.com or
visit us at www.BesserAssociates.com
Sponsored by:
online at www.eastern-optx.com
Additional Slides If Needed
48
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Range Resolution
Range resolution - separate two equal targets at the same

bearing but different ranges
Depends on the width of the transmitted pulse
Types and sizes of targets
Efficiency of the receiver and indicator
Pulse width is the primary factor in range resolution

Able to distinguish targets separated by one-half the pulse width
Basically the same as minimum detectable range
Theoretical range resolution is:
Sr = (c0*t)/2
Sr = range resolution as a distance between the
two targets
c0 = speed of light
t = transmitters pulse width
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Pulse Compression Range

Resolution
In pulse compression the range-resolution is given by the

bandwidth of the transmitted pulse (Btx), not by its pulse width
Sr = > c0/2Btx
Sr = range resolution as a distance between the two targets
c0 = speed of light
Btx = band width of the transmitted pulse
Allows very high resolution with long pulses with a higher

average power
Given: Btx = 20 MHz
Calculate Range resolution Sr =
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Basic Radar Range Resolution

CW without Compression
Good Resolution
CW without Compression
Poor Resolution
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Pulse Compression
Improves Range Resolution
Using Spreading Techiques
Chirped FM Compression
Good Resolution
Phase Shift Keying PSK Compression
Good Resolution
52
Copyright 2014

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Introduction to RADAR

Besser Associates, Inc.

Bullock Engineering Research

Eastern OptX Background

Test Solutions for:

Phase Noise Test

Service and Calibration

Bullock Engineering Research

BSEE BYU, MSEE U of U, PE, 18 US Patents, 22 Trade Secrets

Broadband Communications and Home Networking

Multiple Articles in Microwaves & RF, MSN

Courses for Besser Associates

Introduction to RADAR - http://www.besserassociates.com/outlinesOnly.asp?CTID=253

Graduate Presentation on Multiple Access to Polytechnic, Farmingdale//Brooklyn, NY

Advanced Communications, ITT

Engineering 201E, PIMA

Navys IntegratedTopside INTOP Integrate Radar with EW, EA, Comms

Bullock Engineering Research

RAdio Detecting And Ranging

RADAR is a method of using electromagnetic waves to

Bullock Engineering Research

Search and Detection

Weather, Navigation, Air Traffic Control

Bullock Engineering Research

Two Basic Radar Types

Continuous Wave Radar

Bullock Engineering Research

Pulse Vs. Continuous Wave

Continuous Wave Radar

Bullock Engineering Research

Most radar systems are pulsed

Bullock Engineering Research

Pulse Radar Modulation

100% Amplitude Modulation AM

Bullock Engineering Research

Radar Turns on/off the

carrier wave = 4MHz

Bullock Engineering Research

Burst of Carrier Frequency Radar burst

Radar Burst of Frequency

Pulse Train: PRF

Bullock Engineering Research

Pulses are repeated at the Pulse Repetition Frequency or PRF

Bullock Engineering Research

Long P1 returns cause

Long returns from P1 causes distortion to the returns of P2

Bullock Engineering Research

Transmit Radar Pulse

Radar Directional Antenna

Bullock Engineering Research

Basic Radar Diagram

Bullock Engineering Research

Radar Path Budget

Power Out (PA), Tx Losses, Channel Losses, Target Reflectivity,

Radar Budget - Allocation of Power and Noise

Bullock Engineering Research

Effective Isotropic Radiated

EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated

ERP = Effective Radiated Power

Bullock Engineering Research

Focusing Increases Power To

Focusing Radio Waves

Bullock Engineering Research

Pr dBm = 50dBm + 230dB + 2-100.05 dB + 50.5 dB 10dB = -49.6dBm 32