Chapter 27

Quantum Physics
Quick Quizzes
1.

(b). Some energy is transferred to the electron in the scattering process. Therefore, the
scattered photon must have less energy (and hence, lower frequency) than the incident
photon.

2.

(c). Conservation of energy requires the kinetic energy given to the electron be equal to the
difference between the energy of the incident photon and that of the scattered photon.

3.

(c). Two particles with the same de Broglie wavelength will have the same momentum
p = mv . If the electron and proton have the same momentum, they cannot have the same
speed because of the difference in their masses. For the same reason, remembering that
KE = p 2 2m , they cannot have the same kinetic energy. Because the kinetic energy is the
only type of energy an isolated particle can have, and we have argued that the particles
have different energies, the equation f = E h tells us that the particles do not have the
same frequency.

4.

(b). The Compton wavelength, C = h me c , is a combination of constants and has no

relation to the motion of the electron. The de Broglie wavelength, = h me v , is associated
with the motion of the electron through its momentum.

393

394

CHAPTER 27

Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions

2.

A microscope can see details no smaller than the wavelength of the waves it uses to
produce images. Electrons with kinetic energies of several electron volts have wavelengths
of less than a nanometer, which is much smaller than the wavelength of visible light
(having wavelengths ranging from about 400 to 700 nm). Therefore, an electron
microscope can resolve details of much smaller sizes as compared to an optical
microscope.

4.

Measuring the position of a particle implies having photons reflect from it. However,
collisions between photons and the particle will alter the velocity of the particle.

6.

Light has both wave and particle characteristics. In Youngs double-slit experiment, light
behaves as a wave. In the photoelectric effect, it behaves like a particle. Light can be
characterized as an electromagnetic wave with a particular wavelength or frequency, yet
at the same time, light can be characterized as a stream of photons, each carrying a
discrete energy, hf.

8.

(a) particle. Light behaves like a tiny, localized packet of energy, capable of being totally
absorbed by a single electron.
(b) particle. Data from Compton scattering experiments can be fully explained by treating
the scattering like a collision between two particles, conserving both energy and
momentum.
(c) wave. The observed patterns when light passes through a pair of parallel slits have the
same characteristics as the diffraction and interference patterns formed by water
waves passing through closely spaced openings.

10.

Ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength and higher photon energy than visible light.

12.

Increasing the temperature of the substance increases the average kinetic energy of the
electrons inside the material. This makes it slightly easier for an electron to escape from
the material when it absorbs a photon.

14.

Most stars radiate nearly as blackbodies. Vega has a higher surface temperature than
Arcturus. Vega radiates more intensely at shorter wavelengths.

16.

The red beam. Each photon of red light has less energy (longer wavelength) than a photon
of blue light, so the red beam must contain more photons to carry the same total energy.

Quantum Physics

Answers to Even Numbered Problems

~100 nm, ultraviolet

(b)

~0.1 nm, -rays

2.

(a)

4.

red beam, 1.39 10 3 photons ; blue beam, 845 photons

6.

9.66 10 3 K

8.

5.7 10 3 photons sec

(b)

3.3 10 34 J

(b)

0.81 eV

(b)

1.24 10 11 m

4.89 10 4 nm

(b)

268 keV

(a)

0.002 87 nm

(b)

100

34.

(a)

1.98 10 11 m

(b)

1.98 10 14 m

36.

1.06 10 34 m

38.

(a) ~10 34 m s
(b) ~10 33 s
(c) No. The minimum transit time that could produce significant diffraction is
~1015 times the age of the Universe.

40.

547 eV

42.

3.5 10 32 m

4.2 10 35

10.

(a)

12.

5.4 eV

14.

(a)

16.

8.43 10 12 C

18.

8.7 1012 electrons s

20.

(a)

22.

0.124 nm

24.

6.7

26.

67.5

28.

1.8 keV, 9.7 10 25 kg m s

30.

(a)

32.

only lithium

8.29 10 11 m

(c)

32 keV

395

396

CHAPTER 27

44.

(a)

0.250 m s

(b)

2.25 m

46.

(b)

5.2 MeV

48.

(a)

2.49 10 11 m

(b)

0.285 nm

50.

(a)

2.82 10 37 m

(b)

1.06 10 32 J

52.

191 MeV

54.

0.785 eV

56.

(a)

v 0.999 9 c

(b)

v 0.053 c

58.

(a)

7.77 10 12 m

(b)

93.8

(c)

2.87 10 37 % or more

(c)

35.5

Quantum Physics

397

Problem Solutions
27.1

From Wiens displacement law,

(a) T =

0.289 8 10 2 m K

max

0.289 8 10 2 m K
970 10 9 m

= 2.99 10 3 K, or 3 000 K
(b) T =

0.289 8 10 2 m K

max

0.289 8 10 2 m K
145 10 9 m

= 2.00 10 4 K, or 20 000 K

27.2

Using Wiens displacement law,

(a)

max =

0.289 8 10 2 m K
10 4 K

= 2.898 10 7 m ~100 nm
(b) max =

27.3

0.289 8 10 2 m K
= 2.898 10 10 m ~10 1 nm -rays
107 K

The wavelength of maximum radiation is given by

max

27.4

Ultraviolet

0.289 8 10 2 m K
=
= 5.00 10 7 m= 500 nm
5 800 K

The energy of a photon having wavelength is E = hf = hc . Thus, the number of

photons delivered by each beam must be:
Red Beam:

( 2 500 eV ) ( 690 109 m ) 1.60 1019 J

Etotal Etotal R
3
nR =
=
=

= 1.39 10
8
34
E , R
hc
1
eV

6.63
10
J
s
3.
00
10
m
s
(
)(
)

Blue Beam:

nB =

( 2 500 eV ) ( 420 109 m ) 1.60 1019 J

Etotal Etotal B
=
=
= 845
E ,B
hc
( 6.63 1034 J s )( 3.00 108 m s ) 1 eV

398

27.5

CHAPTER 27

E = hf =

hc

( 6.63 10

which yields

(a)

J s ) ( 3.00 10 8 m s ) 1.00 eV

19

1.60 10

f
J

1.24 10 6 m eV

1.24 10 6 m eV
= 2.49 10 5 eV
5.00 10 2 m

(b) E =

1.24 10 6 m eV
= 2.49 eV
500 10 9 m

E=

1.24 10 6 m eV
= 249 eV
5.00 10 9 m

(c)

27.6

E=

E=

34

The wavelength of the peak radiation is

max =

c
f max

3.00 10 8 m s
= 3.00 10 7 m = 300 nm
15
1.00 10 Hz

(ultra-violet)

Wiens displacement law then gives the temperature of the blackbody radiator as
T=

27.7

0.289 8 10 2 m K

max

0.289 8 10 2 m K
= 9.66 10 3 K
7
3.00 10 m

The energy of a single photon is

E = hf = ( 6.63 10 34 J s ) ( 99.7 106 s -1 ) = 6.61 10 26 J
The number of photons emitted in t = 1.00 s is
3
E P ( t ) ( 150 10 J s ) ( 1.00 s )
=
=
= 2.27 10 30
N=
26
6.61 10 J
E
E

Quantum Physics

27.8

399

The energy entering the eye each second is

2

P = I A = ( 4.0 10 11 W m 2 ) ( 8.5 10 3 m ) = 2.3 10 15 W

4

The energy of a single photon is

E =

hc

( 6.63 10
=

34

J s ) ( 3.00 10 8 m s )

500 10

= 3.98 10 19 J

so the number of photons entering the eye in t = 1.00 s is

15
J s ) ( 1.00 s )
E P ( t ) ( 2.3 10
=
=
= 5.7 10 3
N=
3.98 10 19 J
E
E

27.9

The frequency of the oscillator is f =

1
2

k
1
=
m 2

20 N/m
= 0.58 Hz
1.5 kg

2
1 2 ( 20 N m ) ( 3.0 10 m )
= 9.0 10 3 J
and its total energy is E = kA =
2
2
2

(a) From E = nhf , the quantum number is

n=

E
9.0 10 3 J
=
= 2.3 10 31
1
-34
hf ( 6.63 10 J s )( 0.58 s )

(b) E = ( n ) hf , so the fractional change in energy is

34
1
E ( 1) ( 6.63 10 J s )( 0.58 s )
=
= 4.3 10 32
E
9.0 10 3 J

27.10

(a) The total energy of the jungle hero is E =

1
1
2
2
mvmax
= ( 70.0 kg )( 2.0 m s ) = 1.4 10 2 J
2
2

According to Plancks hypotheses, the energy of a harmonic oscillator is quantized

according to En = nhf , where f is the frequency of oscillation. Hence, the quantum
number for this system is
n=

E
1.4 10 2 J
=
= 4.2 10 35
34
hf ( 6.63 10 J s ) ( 0.50 Hz )

400

CHAPTER 27

(b) E = ( n ) hf = ( 1) ( 6.63 10 34 J s ) ( 0.50 Hz ) = 3.3 10 34 J

27.11

(a) From the photoelectric effect equation, the work function is

hc

KEmax , or

( 6.63 10
=

J s ) ( 3.00 108 m s )
1 eV

19
9
350 10 m
1.60 10

34

1.31 eV
J

= 2.24 eV
(b) c =

(c)

27.12

fc =

hc

( 6.63 10
=
=

34

J s ) ( 3.00 10 8 m s )

1 eV

= 555 nm
19
2.24 eV
1.60 10 J

3.00 10 8 m s
= 5.41 1014 Hz
555 10 9 m

From Einsteins photoelectric effect equation,

e ( Vs ) = KEmax = hf

1 eV

Thus, = hf e ( Vs ) = ( 6.63 10 34 J s )( 3.0 1015 Hz )

e ( 7.0 V )
19
1.6 10 eV
or
27.13

= 12.4 eV 7.0 eV = 5.4 eV

From Einsteins photoelectric effect equation,

KEmax = hf

Thus, =

hc
KEmax +

or

KEmax =

hc

1
2
+
me vmax
2

( 6.63 10
kg )( 1.00 10

34

or

hc

1
( 9.11 1031
2

= 2.34 10 -7 m = 234 nm

J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s )
m s ) + ( 2.46 eV ) ( 1.60 10 19 J eV )
2

Quantum Physics

27.14

401

(a) The energy of the incident photons is

E =

hc

( 6.63 10
=

J s ) ( 3.00 10 8 m s )
1 eV

19
9
400 10 m
1.60 10

34

= 3.11 eV
J

For photo-electric emission to occur, it is necessary that E . Thus, of the three

metals given, only lithium will exhibit the photo-electric effect.
hc

(b) For lithium, KEmax =

27.15

= 3.11 eV 2.30 eV = 0.81 eV

The energy absorbed each second is

2
P= I A = ( 500 W m 2 ) ( 2.82 10 15 m ) = 1.25 10 26 W

The time required to absorb E = 1.00 eV = 1.60 10 19 J is

t=

E
1.60 10 19 J
=
= 1.28 107
P 1.25 10 26 J s

1d

s
= 148 d
4
8.64
10
s

This prediction, based on classical theory, is incompatible with observation

27.16

Ultraviolet photons will be absorbed to knock electrons out of the sphere with maximum
hc
, or
kinetic energy KEmax =

KEmax

( 6.63 10
=

J s ) ( 3.00 108 m s ) 1.00 eV

19
200 10 9 m
1.60 10

34

4.70 eV = 1.52 eV
J

The sphere is left with positive charge and so with positive potential relative to V = 0 at
r = . As its potential approaches 1.52 V, no further electrons will be able to escape but
will fall back onto the sphere. Its charge is then given by
kQ
V= e
r

or

2
rV ( 5.00 10 m ) ( 1.52 N m C )
=
= 8.43 10 12 C
Q=
8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2
ke

402

CHAPTER 27

27.17

The two light frequencies allowed to strike the surface are

f1 =

and

f2 =

3.00 10 8 m s
= 11.8 1014 Hz
254 10 9 m

3.00 108 m s
= 6.88 1014 Hz
9
436 10 m
KEmax (eV)

The graph you draw should look

somewhat like that given at the
right.
The desired quantities, read
from the axis intercepts of the
graph line, should agree within
their uncertainties with

3.00 eV
0.900 eV
6.88 10

14

11.8 1014 f (Hz)

fc

f c = 4.8 1014 Hz and = 2.0 eV

27.18

The total energy absorbed by an electron is

2
1.60 10 19 J 1
31
5
E = + KEmax = 3.44 eV
+ ( 9.11 10 kg )( 4.2 10 m s )
1 eV

or

E = 6.3 10 19 J

The energy absorbed by a square centimeter of surface in one second is

E = Pt = ( I A ) t = ( 0.055 W m 2 )( 1.00 10 4 m 2 ) ( 1.00 s ) = 5.5 10 6 J
so the number of electrons released per second is
N=

E
5.5 10 6 J
=
= 8.7 1012
19
E 6.3 10 J

Quantum Physics

27.19

Assuming the electron produces a single photon as it comes to rest, the energy of that
photon is E = ( KE )i = eV . The accelerating voltage is then
V=

E
e

34
8
hc ( 6.63 10 J s )( 3.00 10 m s ) 1.24 10 6 V m
=
=

e
(1.60 10-19 C )

For = 1.0 10 8 m , V =

1.24 10 6 V m
= 1.2 10 2 V
8
1.0 10 m

and for = 1.0 10 13 m , V =

27.20

1.24 10 6 V m
= 1.2 107 V
1.0 10 13 m

A photon of maximum energy and minimum wavelength is produced when the electron
gives up all its kinetic energy in a single collision.

min =

hc

(E )

max

34
8
hc ( 6.63 10 J s )( 3.00 10 m s ) 1.24 10 6 V m
=
=
eV
V
(1.60 10-19 C )V

(a) If V = 15.0 kV , min =

(b) If V = 100 kV , min =

27.21

V=

1.24 10 6 V m
= 8.29 10 11 m
3
15.0 10 V

1.24 10 6 V m
= 1.24 10 11 m
100 10 3 V

34
8
KE E hc ( 6.63 10 J s )( 3.00 10 m s )
=
=
=
e
e e ( 1.60 10 19 C )( 0.030 0 10 9 m )

= 4.14 10 4 V= 41.4 kV

27.22

From Braggs law, the wavelength of the reflected x-rays is

27.23

403

2 d sin 2 ( 0.353 nm ) sin 20.5

=
= 0.124 nm
m
2

Using Braggs law, the wavelength is found to be

2 d sin 2 ( 0.296 nm ) sin 7.6

=
= 0.078 nm
m
1

404

CHAPTER 27

27.24

The first-order constructive interference occurs at the smallest grazing angle. From
Braggs law, this angle is

m
1 ( 1)( 0.070 nm )
= sin
= 6.7
2 ( 0.30 )
2d

= sin 1

27.25

The interplanar spacing in the crystal is given by Braggs law as

d=

27.26

( 1)( 0.140 nm )
m
=
= 0.281 nm
2sin
2sin14.4

The scattering angle is given by the Compton shift formula as

= cos 1 1

C =

where the Compton wavelength is
C

h
= 0.002 43 nm
me c 2

1.50 10 3 nm
Thus, = cos 1 1
= 67.5
2.43 10 3 nm

27.27

E = hf =

p=

hc

( 6.63 10
=

J s )( 3.00 108 m s )
1 eV

9
19
700 10 m
1.60 10

34

6.63 10 34 J s
= 9.47 10 28 kg m s
9
700 10 m

= 1.78 eV
J

Quantum Physics

27.28

405

Using the Compton shift formula, the wavelength is found to be

= 0 + = 0 + C ( 1 cos )
= 0.68 nm + ( 0.002 43 nm ) ( 1 cos 45 ) = 0.680 7 nm
Therefore,
E =

and

27.29

p=

hc

( 6.63 10

J s )( 3.00 108 m s )
1 keV

10 16
0.680 7 10 9 m
1.60

34

= 1.8 keV
J

6.63 10 34 J s
= 9.7 10 25 kg m s
0.680 7 10 9 m

If the scattered photon has energy equal to the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron,
the energy of the incident photon is divided equally between them. Thus,
E =

(E )

hc

hc
, so = 2 0 and = 2 0 0 = 0.001 6 nm
2 0

The Compton scattering formula then gives the scattering angle as

= cos 1 1

27.30

(a)

0.001 6 nm

1
= 70
= cos 1
0.002 43 nm
C

= C ( 1 cos ) = ( 0.002 43 nm ) ( 1 cos 37.0 ) = 4.89 10 4 nm

(b) The wavelength of the incident x-rays is

0 =

( 6.63 1034 J s )( 3.00 108 m s ) 1 nm = 4.14 103 nm

hc
=
( E ) ( 300 keV ) (1.60 1016 J keV ) 10-9 m
0

so the scattered wavelength is = 0 + = 4.63 10 3 nm

The energy of the scattered photons is then
E =

hc

( 6.63 10
( 4.63 10

J s )( 3.00 108 m s )

1 keV

= 268 keV
16
-9
3
nm )( 10 m 1 nm ) 1.60 10 J

34

406

CHAPTER 27

(c) The kinetic energy of the recoiling electrons is

KE = ( E ) E = 300 keV 268 keV = 32 keV
0

27.31

This is Compton scattering with = 180 . The Compton

shift is = C ( 1 cos180 ) = 2 C = 0.004 86 nm , and the
scattered wavelength is

Incident
Photon

= 0 + = ( 0.110 + 0.004 86 ) nm=0.115 nm

Scattered
Photon

The kinetic energy of the recoiling electron is then

1 1 hc ( )
KE = ( E ) E = hc =
0
0
0

( 6.63 10
=
or

34

J s )( 3.00 108 m s ) ( 0.004 86 nm )

( 0.110 10

m ) ( 0.115 nm )

= 7.65 10 17 J

KE = ( 7.65 10 17 J )( 1 eV 1.60 10 -19 J ) = 478 eV

The momentum of the recoiling electron (non-relativistic) is

pe = 2 me ( KE ) = 2 ( 9.11 10 31 kg )( 7.65 10 17 J ) = 1.18 10 23 kg m s

27.32

The kinetic energy of the recoiling electron (non-relativistic) is

KE =

2
1
1
me v 2 = ( 9.11 10 31 kg )( 1.40 10 6 m s ) = 8.93 10 19 J
2
2

1 1 hc ( ) hc ( )

Also, KE = ( E ) E = hc =
0
0
02
0
(a) The Compton shift is then

02 ( KE )
hc

( 0.800 10
=
( 6.63 10

34

m ) ( 8.93 10 19 J )
2

J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s )

= 2.87 10 12 m = 0.002 87 nm

Recoiling
Electron

Quantum Physics

407

(b) From the Compton shift formula,

= cos 1 1

27.33

0.002 87 nm

1
= 100
= cos 1
0.002 43 nm
C

(a) The kinetic energy of the recoiling electron is

1 1 hc ( ) hc ( ) hc C ( 1 cos )

=
KE = ( E ) E = hc =
0
0
02
02
0
=

( 6.63 10

34

J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s ) ( 0.002 43 nm ) ( 1 cos 23 )

2
( 0.45 nm ) ( 109 m 1 nm )

1 eV
KE = 1.9 10 19 J
19
1.60 10

= 1.2 eV
J

2 ( 1.9 10 19 J )
2 ( KE )
=
= 6.5 10 5 m s
(b) v =
-31
me
9.11 10 kg

27.34

The de Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m is = h p where the momentum is

given by p = mv = mv

1 ( v c ) . Note that when the particle is not relativistic, then

2

1 , and this relativistic expression for momentum reverts back to the classical
expression.
(a) For a proton moving at speed v = 2.00 10 4 m s , v << c and 1 so

h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 1.98 10 11 m
mp v ( 1.67 10 -27 kg )( 2.00 10 4 m s )

(b) For a proton moving at speed v = 2.00 107 m s

h
h
2
=
1 (v c)
m p v mp v

( 6.63 10 J s )
=
(1.67 10 kg )( 2.00 10
34

-27

m s)

2.00 107 m s
14
1
= 1.98 10 m
8
3.00

10
m
s

408

CHAPTER 27

27.35

(a) From = h p = h mv , the speed is

v=

(b) =

27.36

h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 1.46 10 3 m s = 1.46 km s
me ( 9.11 10 31 kg )( 5.00 10 7 m )

h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 7.28 10 11 m
me v ( 9.11 10 31 kg )( 1.00 107 m s )

After falling freely with acceleration ay = g = 9.80 m s 2 for 50.0 m, starting from rest,
the speed of the ball will be
v = v02 + 2 ay ( y ) = 0 + 2 ( 9.80 m s ) ( 50.0 m ) = 31.3 m s
2

so the de Broglie wavelength is

27.37

h
h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
=
= 1.06 10 34 m
p mv ( 0.200 kg )( 31.3 m s )

(a) The momentum of the electron would be

p=

6.63 10 34 J s
~ 7 10 20 kg m s
10 -14 m

If the electron is nonrelativistic, then its speed would be

v=

p 7 10 20 kg m s
~
~ 8 1010 m s >> c
31
me
9.11 10 kg

which is impossible. Thus, a relativistic calculation is required.

With a rest energy of ER = 0.511 MeV 8 10 -14 J , its kinetic energy is
KE = E ER = p 2 c 2 + ER2 ER
Thus, KE ~

( 7 10

20

kg m s ) ( 3 10 8 m s ) + ( 8 10 14 J ) 8 10 14 J

1 MeV
or KE ~ 2 10 11 J
-13
1.60 10

2
~10 MeV or more
J

Quantum Physics

409

(b) The negative electrical potential energy of the electron (that is, binding energy)
would be
9
2
2
19
k e q1 q2 ( 9 10 N m C )( 10 C ) ( e )
~
= 10 5 eV= 10 -1 MeV
PE =
10 14 m
r

With its kinetic energy much greater than the magnitude of its negative potential
energy, the electron would immediately escape from the nucleus.

27.38

(a) The de Broglie wavelength is = h p = h mv , so v = h m

With min = w 10 = 0.075 m ~ 10 1 m and m = 80 kg ~ 10 2 kg , we find that the
maximum speed allowing significant diffraction is
vmax =

h
mmin

6 10 34 J s
= 6 10 35 m s or ~ 10 34 m s
2
1
10
kg
10
m
(
)(
)

(b) With d = 0.15 m ~ 10 1 m , the minimum time to pass through the door and have
significant diffraction occur is
tmin =
(c)

d
vmax

10 1 m
or ~ 10 33 s
34
10 m s

No. The minimum transit time that could produce significant diffraction is
~1015 times the age of the Universe.

27.39

For relativistic particles, p =

E2 ER2
c

and =

h
hc
=
p
E2 ER2

For 3.00 MeV electrons, E = KE + ER = 3.00 MeV + 0.511 MeV=3.51 MeV

so

( 6.63 10

J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s ) 1 MeV
13
2
2
( 3.51 MeV ) ( 0.511 MeV ) 1.60 10
34

13
= 3.58 10 m
J

410

CHAPTER 27

27.40

From Chapter 24, the minima (or dark fringes) in a single slit diffraction pattern occur
where sin = m a for m = 1, 2, 3, Here, is the wavelength of the wave passing
through the slit of width a. When the fringes are observed on a screen at distance L from
the slit, the distance from the central maximum to the minima of order m is given by
ym = L tan m L sin m = m ( L a ) . The spacing between successive minima is then
L
y = ym+1 ym =
a
Hence, if y = 2.10 cm when L = 20.0 cm and a = 0.500 nm , the de Broglie wavelength of
the electrons passing through the slit must be
0.500 10 9 m
a
11
= y = ( 2.10 10 2 m )
= 5.25 10 m
2
L

20.0 10

The momentum of one of these electrons is then

p=

6.63 10 34 J s
= 1.263 10 23 kg m s
-11
5.25 10 m

and, assuming the electron is non-relativistic, its kinetic energy is

(1.263 1023 kg m s ) 1 eV
p2
KE =
=

-19
2me
2 ( 9.11 10 31 kg )
1.60 10
2

= 547 eV
J

Note that if the particle had been relativistic, its kinetic energy would have been
computed from

KE = E ER = p 2 c 2 + ER2 ER

Quantum Physics

27.41

(a) The required electron momentum is

p=

6.63 10 34 J s 1 keV

1.0 10 -11 m 1.60 10 -16

7 keV s
= 4.1 10
J
m

and the total energy is

E = p 2 c 2 + ER2
2
keV s
2

8
= 4.1 10 7
( 3.00 10 m s ) + ( 511 keV ) = 526 keV
m

The kinetic energy is then,

KE = E ER = 526 keV 511 keV = 15 keV
(b) E =

hc

( 6.63 10
=
27.42

J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s ) 1 keV

= 1.2 10 keV
11
-16
1.0 10 m
1.60 10 J

34

px = mvx , and px = m ( vx ) assuming m is without uncertainty.

Since vx = 1.0 10 3 v = 3.0 10 2 m s , we have
px = ( 50.0 10 3 kg )( 3.0 10 2 m s ) = 1.5 10 3 kg m s
and

h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 3.5 10 32 m
3
4 ( px ) 4 ( 1.5 10 kg m s )

411

412

CHAPTER 27

27.43

From the uncertainty principle, the minimum uncertainty in the momentum of the
electron is
px =

h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 5.3 10 25 kg m s
4 ( x ) 4 ( 0.10 10 9 m )

so the uncertainty in the speed of the electron is

vx =

px 5.3 10 25 kg m s
=
= 5.8 10 5 m s or ~ 106 m s
m
9.11 10 31 kg

Thus, if the speed is on the order of the uncertainty in the speed, then v ~ 10 6 m s

27.44

(a) With uncertainty x in position, the minimum uncertainty in the speed is

vx =

px
2 J s
h

=
= 0.250 m s
4 m ( x ) 4 ( 2.00 kg ) ( 1.00 m )
m

(b) If we knew Fuzzys initial position and velocity exactly, his final position after an
elapsed time t would be given by x f = xi + vx t . Since we have uncertainty in both
the initial position and the speed, the uncertainty in the final position is
x f = xi + ( vx ) t = 1.00 m + ( 0.250 m s ) ( 5.00 s ) = 2.25 m

27.45

With x = 5.00 10 7 m s , the minimum uncertainty in the speed is

vx =

px
h
6.63 10 34 J s

=
= 116 m s
me
4 me ( x ) 4 ( 9.11 10 -31 kg )( 5.00 10 -7 m )

p2
( mv )
1
mv 2 =
=
2
2m
2m
2

27.46

(a) For a non-relativistic particle, KE =

Quantum Physics

413

(b) From the uncertainty principle,

px

h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 5.3 10 20 kg m s
4 ( x ) 4 ( 1.0 10 -15 m )

Since the momentum must be at least as large as its own uncertainty, the minimum
kinetic energy is

( 5.3 1020 kg m s ) 1 MeV = 5.2 MeV

p2
= min =

13
2m
2 ( 1.67 10 27 kg ) 1.60 10 J
2

KEmin
27.47

The peak radiation occurs at approximately 560 nm wavelength. From Wiens

displacement law,
T=

0.289 8 10 2 m K

max

0.289 8 10 2 m K
5 200 K
560 10 9 m

Clearly, a firefly is not at this temperature,

so

27.48

this is not blackbody radiation

(a) Minimum wavelength photons are produced when an electron gives up all its
kinetic energy in a single collision. Then, E = 50 000 eV and

min =

34
8
hc ( 6.63 10 J s )( 3.00 10 m s )
=
= 2.49 10 11 m
4
19
E ( 5.00 10 eV )( 1.60 10
J eV )

(b) From Braggs law, the interplanar spacing is

( 1) ( 2.49 10 m )
m
d=
=
= 2.85 10 10 m = 0.285 nm
2sin
2sin ( 2.50 )
11

27.49

The x-ray wavelength is = hc E , so Braggs law yields

m hc
m
1
= sin
2d
2 d E

= sin 1

or

2 ( 6.63 10 34 J s )( 3.00 10 8 m s )
= 18.2
= sin
9
16
J keV )
2 ( 0.352 10 m ) ( 11.3 keV ) ( 1.60 10
1

414

CHAPTER 27

27.50

(a) From v 2 = v02 + 2 ay ( y ) , Johnnys speed just before impact is

v = 2 g y = 2 ( 9.80 m s ) ( 50.0 m ) = 31.3 m s
and his de Broglie wavelength is

6.63 10 34 J s
h
=
= 2.82 10 37 m
mv ( 75.0 kg )( 31.3 m s )

(b) The energy uncertainty is

E

h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 1.06 10 32 J
4 ( t ) 4 ( 5.00 10 3 s )

(c) % error =

E
( 100% )
mg y

(1.06 10 J ) (100% )

( 75.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m s ) ( 50.0 m )

32

27.51

2.87 10 35 %

The magnetic force supplies the centripetal acceleration for the electrons, so m
or p = mv = qrB
The maximum kinetic energy is then KEmax

or

KEmax

(1.60 10
=

19

p 2 q2 r 2 B2
=
=
2m
2m

J ) ( 0.200 m ) ( 2.00 10 5 T )
2

2 ( 9.11 10

31

kg )

= 2.25 10 19 J

The work function of the surface is given by = E KEmax = hc KEmax

or

( 6.63 10

34

J s )( 3.00 108 m s )

450 10 9 m

1 eV
= 2.17 10 19 J
19
1.60 10

2.25 10 19 J

= 1.36 eV
J

v2
= qvB ,
r

Quantum Physics

27.52

415

The incident wavelength is 0 = hc E , and the Compton shift is

=

h
hc
hc
1 cos ) =
( 1 cos ) =
( 1 cos )
2 (
mp c
mp c
( ER ) proton

1 1 cos
, or
The scattered wavelength is = 0 + = hc +
E ( ER ) proton

( 6.63 10
=

J s ) ( 3.00 10 8 m s )
1 cos ( 40.0 )
1
15
+

= 6.53 10 m
13
1.60 10
J MeV
939 MeV
200 MeV
34

The energy of the scattered photon is then

E =

27.53

hc

( 6.63 10
=

J s )( 3.00 108 m s ) 1 MeV

13
6.53 10 15 m
1.60 10

34

From the photoelectric effect equation, KEmax = E =

For = 0 , KEmax = 1.00 eV

For =

0
2

, KEmax = 4.00 eV

so

1.00 eV =

giving

4.00 eV =

hc

hc

= 191 MeV
J

2 hc

(1)

(2)

Multiplying equation (1) by a factor of 2 and subtracting

the result from equation (2) gives the work function as = 2.00 eV

27.54

From the photoelectric effect equation, KEmax = E =

hc

hc

670 nm

For = 670 nm, KEmax = E1

so

E1 =

For = 520 nm, KEmax = 1.50 E1

giving

1.50 E1 =

hc

520 nm

(1)

(2)

416

CHAPTER 27

Multiplying equation (1) by a factor of 1.50 and subtracting the result from equation (2)
gives the work function as
2.00 1 nm
3.00

9
670 nm 520 nm 10 m

= hc

1 eV
= 0.785 eV
19
1.60 10 J

= 1.26 10 19 J

27.55

(a) If KE =

( 6.63 10
=

hc

34

J s )( 3.00 108 m s )

1.00 10 8 m

= 1.99 10 17 J = 124 eV

the electron is non-relativistic and

2 ( 1.99 10 17 J )
2 ( KE )
=
v=
9.11 10 31 kg
me

m
c

= 6.61 10 6
= 0.022 0 c

8
s 3.00 10 m s

(b) When
KE =

hc

( 6.63 10
=

J s )( 3.00 108 m s ) 1 MeV

= 12.4 MeV
13
1.00 10 13 m
1.60 10 J

34

the electron is highly relativistic and KE = ( 1) ER

or = 1 +

12.4 MeV
KE
= 1+
= 25.3
0.511 MeV
ER

Then, v = c 1 1 2 = c 1 1 ( 25.3 ) = 0.999 2 c

2

27.56

h
6.63 10 34 J s 1 MeV
=

4 ( x ) 4 ( 2.0 10 15 m ) 1.60 10 13

7 MeV s
= 1.65 10
J
m

Since the momentum must be at least as large as its own uncertainty,

p 1.65 10 7

MeV s
m

Quantum Physics

417

(a) If the confined particle is an electron, ER = 0.511 MeV and

2
MeV s
2
2
8
( pc ) + ER2 1.65 107
( 3.00 10 m s ) + ( 0.511 MeV )
m

E=

or E 49.5 MeV . Then, =

E
49.5 MeV

= 96.8 and
ER 0.511 MeV

v = c 1 1 2 c 1 1 ( 96.8 ) = 0.999 9c (highly relativistic)

2

(b) If the confined particle is a proton, ER = 939 MeV and

E=

( pc )

2
MeV s
2

8
+ ER2 1.65 10 7
( 3.00 10 m s ) + ( 939 MeV )
m

or E 940 MeV . Then, =

E 940 MeV

= 1.001 and
ER 939 MeV

v = c 1 1 2 c 1 1 ( 1.001) = 0.053c (non-relativistic)

2

27.57

(a) From conservation of energy, E + ER = +

( pc )

+ ER2 , where E is the photon energy

and ER = me c 2 .
The de Broglie wavelength of the electron is =

h
, giving
p

pc =

hc

If is also the wavelength of the incident photon, then

E = hc and pc = E
The energy conservation equation then becomes
E + ER = E2 + ER2
Squaring both sides and simplifying yields 2 ER E 2 ( E + ER ) + 2 = 0 , which
reduces to
E=

2
( 2 ER ) ( me c 2 )
=
2 ( ER )
me c 2

418

CHAPTER 27

(b) From the photoelectric effect equation, KEmax = E . Using the result from above,
and the fact that me c 2 = 0.511 MeV , gives
KEmax =

( me c 2 2 )
me c 2

2 ( me c 2 )

( 6.35 eV )

2 ( 5.11 10 5 eV 6.35 eV )

KEmax = 3.95 10 5 eV = 6.31 10 24 J

or
Therefore,

2 ( KEmax )

27.58

me

2 ( 6.31 10 24 J )
9.11 10

31

kg

= 3.72 10 3

m
= 3.72 km s
s

(a) From conservation of energy, ( E ) + ER = E + ( ER + KE ) or

0

(E )

= E + KE = 120 keV + 40.0 keV=160 keV

Therefore, the wavelength of the incident photon is

0 =

( 6.63 1034 J s )( 3.00 108 m s ) = 7.77 1012 m

hc
=
( E ) (160 keV ) (1.60 1016 J keV )
0

(b) The wavelength of the scattered photon is

34
8
hc ( 6.63 10 J s )( 3.00 10 m s )
=
= 1.04 10 11 m
=
E
( 120 keV ) ( 1.60 10 16 J keV )

so the Compton shift is = 0 = 2.59 10 12 m

The Compton shift formula then gives the photon scattering angle as

= cos 1 1

2.59 10 12 m

1
cos
1
=

= 93.8

2.43 10 12 m
C

Quantum Physics

p =

(c) The momentum of the scattered photon is

E
c

= 120

419

keV
c

The rest energy of an electron is ER = 0.511 MeV = 511 keV , so the total energy of
the recoiling electron is
E = ER + KE = 511 keV + 40.0 keV = 551 keV
The momentum of the electron is then
E2 ER2

pe =

2
2
( 551 keV ) ( 511 keV )

=206

keV
c

Taking the direction of the incident photon to be the x-axis, conservation of

momentum in the y direction requires that p sin = pe sin , where is the recoil
angle of the electron. Thus,
120 keV c ) sin 93.8
p sin
1 (
= 35.5
= sin
206 keV c
pe

= sin 1

27.59

(a) The woman tries to release the pellets from rest directly above the spot on the floor.
However, there is some uncertainty xi in their horizontal position when released.

Also, the uncertainty principle ( x ) ( px ) h 2 states that the minimum uncertainty

that can exist in their horizontal velocity at the instant of release is given by
vx =

px
h
=
2m ( xi )
m

Thus, the uncertainty in the horizontal position of the pellet when it reaches the
floor after falling for a time t = 2H g is
x f = xi + ( vx ) t = xi +

A
xi

where

h 2H
2m g

To determine the minimum value x f can take on, rewrite this equation in the form
x f
A

xi
A
+
x

A
i

or

y=x+

1
x

where

x f
A

and x

xi
A

CHAPTER 27

y = x + 1x

12
10
8

420

6
4
2
0

The graph of y vs x for x > 0 given above shows that y has a minimum value of 2 at
x = 1 . Thus,
x f

= 2 or
A min

( x )
f

min

=2 A

We then have that

( x )
f

or

( x )
f

min

min

h 2H
= 2

2m g

12

12
2h 2 H
=

m g

14

(b) If H = 2.00 m and m = 0.500 g , then

1

2 ( 1.055 10 34 J s ) 2 2 ( 2.00 m ) 4

x
= 5.19 10 16 m
2
3
0.500 10 kg 9.80 m s
1

Quantum Physics

27.60

The Compton wavelength is C =

421

h
, where m is the mass of the particle imagined to be
mc

scattering the photon.

The de Broglie wavelength of the particle is

1
h
h
=
, where =
2
p mv
1 (v c)

Therefore, h = ( mc ) C = ( mv ) which gives ( v c ) = C

(v c)
2
1 (v c)
2

Squaring this result yields

= C , which simplifies to

2

( C ) =
1
c
v
or v =
=
2
2
2
c ( C ) + 1 1 + ( C )
1 + ( C )
2

27.61

(a) The density of iron is Fe = 7.86 10 3 kg m 3 , so the mass of the sphere must be
3
4
4

m = FeV = Fe r 3 = ( 7.86 10 3 kg m 3 ) ( 2.00 10 2 m ) = 0.263 kg

3
3

(b) From Stefans law (see Chapter 11), the rate at which the sphere radiates energy is
P = AeT 4 where = 5.669 6 10 8 W m 2 K 4 , A = 4 r 2 is the surface area,
e = 0.860 is the emissivity, and T = 20 + 273 = 293 K is the absolute temperature.
Thus,

P = ( 5.669 6 10 8 W m 2 K 4 ) 4 ( 2.00 10 2 m ) ( 0.860 )( 293 K ) = 1.81 W

2

(c) If the sphere radiates a quantity of energy Q , its temperature will decrease by
T = Q mcFe , where cFe = 448 J kg C is the specific heat of iron. The rate that the
temperature of the isolated sphere would change is then
Q t
1.81 J s
P
T
=
=
=
= 0.015 3 C s
mcFe
mcFe
t
( 0.263 kg )( 448 J kg C )
or

T
60 s
= ( 0.015 3 C s )
= 0.919 C min
t
1 min

422

CHAPTER 27

(d) From Wiens displacement law, the wavelength of peak radiation from an object
with an absolute temperature of 293 K is

max =

0.289 8 10 2 m K 0.289 8 10 2 m K
=
= 9.89 10 6 m = 9.89 m
293 K
T

(e) The energy of a photon having this wavelength is

E = hf =
(f)

hc

max

( 6.63 10

34

J s )( 3.00 108 m s )

9.89 10 6 m

= 2.01 10 20 J

If all of the radiated energy was at this wavelength, the number of photons the
sphere would radiate each second would be

N=

1.81 J s
P
=
= 8.98 1019 photons s
E 2.01 10 20 J photon