Chapter 9
Anticipation Guide
A1
D
A
D
A
A
D
A
1 x
is y
.
b
4. The inverse of y
bx
STEP 2
A or D
Statement
Chapter 9
Glencoe Algebra 2
For those statements that you mark with a D, use a piece of paper to write an example
of why you disagree.
Did any of your opinions about the statements change from the first column?
Step 2
STEP 1
A, D, or NS
Write A or D in the first column OR if you are not sure whether you agree or disagree,
write NS (Not Sure).
Decide whether you Agree (A) or Disagree (D) with the statement.
Step 1
Exponential Functions
25
b. y 3
decay
c. y 0.4(1.01) x growth
(33) x
Original equation
Chapter Resources
Answers
Chapter 9
Glencoe Algebra 2
4. One way to remember that polynomial functions and exponential functions are different
is to contrast the polynomial function y x2 and the exponential function y 2x. Tell at
least three ways they are different.
x2
x20
4x 2 3x
2(2x 1) 3x
32(2x 1) 33x
(32)2x 1
92x 1 27x
3. Supply the reason for each step in the following solution of an exponential equation.
a. y 0.2(3) x growth
1. Indicate whether each of the following statements about the exponential function
y 10x is true or false.
How many rounds of play would be needed for a tournament with 100 players? 7
9-1
Answers
(Lesson 9-1)
Glencoe Algebra 2
Lesson 9-1
A2
Glencoe Algebra 2
Exponential Functions
0.025
0.1
0.4
1.6
2
6.4
3. y 0.25(5) x
Chapter 9
4. y 0.3(1.2) x growth
5. y 5
45
neither
Glencoe Algebra 2
6. y 3(10)x decay
y
O
2. y 2
1. y 3(2) x
14
Sketch the graph of each function. Then state the functions domain and range.
Exercises
Example 2
Determine whether each function represents exponential
growth, decay, or neither.
a. y 0.5(2) x
b. y 2.8(2) x
c. y 1.1(0.5) x
exponential growth,
neither, since 2.8,
exponential decay, since
since the base, 2, is
the value of a is less
the base, 0.5, is between
greater than 1
than 0.
0 and 1
The domain of the function is all real numbers, while the range is
the set of all positive real numbers.
1
Example 1
Exponential Growth
and Decay
The
The
The
The
The
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Properties of an
Exponential Function
Chapter 9
Exponential Functions
9-1
Exponential Functions
Functions
30
x
5. (x6)5
552 or 31252
7
4
5
3
Chapter 9
x
5
2
3
2
x or x 0
17. 42x 2 2x 1 x
16. 3x 4 x 1
1
27
14. x3 36
3
4
6
1 2
16 3
11. 8x 2
8. 23x 4x 2 4
10. 4x 1 82x 3
7. 32x 1 3x 2 3
x6 5
4. (x6)(x5)
1. (32)2
Rewrite
as 53.
125
Original inequality
1
125
Solve 52x 1 .
1
9
1
2
x
31
4
Glencoe Algebra 2
21. 82x 5 4x 8
1
9. 32x 1
10x 4
6. (2x
)(5x3
)
x 2y 6
3. (x2y32)2
52x 1 53
1
125
52x 1
2. 252 1252
Distributive Property
Exercises
2x 2 x 5
x7
Solve 4 x 1 2 x 5.
4 x 1 2 x 5 Original equation
(22) x 1 2 x 5 Rewrite 4 as 22.
2(x 1) x 5 Prop. of Inequality for Exponential
Example 2
If b 1
then b x b y if and only if x y
and b x b y if and only if x y.
Example 1
9-1
Answers
(Lesson 9-1)
Lesson 9-1
Chapter 9
Exponential Functions
Skills Practice
A3
x
27
543
563
16.
x3
14. (
x2 7
x 2
14
x
Chapter 9
4
3
20. 43x 2 16
1
2
18. 22x 3 32 1
19. 49x x
1
7
17. 3x 9 x 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
15.
523
13. (
33 3
13
1 x
9. (0, 3) and (1, 6) y 3
2
Write an exponential function whose graph passes through the given points.
6. y 2(2.5) x growth
5. y 10x decay
decay
4. y 2
3. y 3(6) x growth
109
12
2. y 2
1. y 3(2)x
Sketch the graph of each function. Then state the functions domain and range.
9-1
Exponential Functions
Practice
2. y 4(3)x
3. y 3(0.5)x
5. y 0.1(2) x growth
6. y 5 4x decay
17. n3 n
n 3
75 n15
14. (n3)
y 0.4(5)x
y 2(5)x
18
23. 23n 1
1
6
n
y 12,000(2)x
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
y 4000(1.05)t
Glencoe Algebra 2
27. EDUCATION A college with a graduating class of 4000 students in the year 2005
predicts that it will have a graduating class of 4862 in 4 years. Write an exponential
function to model the number of students y in the graduating class t years after 2005.
25. Write an exponential function to model the population y of bacteria after x days.
The initial number of bacteria in a culture is 12,000. The number after 3 days is 96,000.
1
2
11
2
11
11 5
11 52
18. 125
y (2)x
12. (0,
) and (3, 8
)
y 3(0.5)x
19. 33x 5 81 x 3
6
24 133
16. 136 13
13. (22)8 16
y 0.8(2)x
y
1 x
4
Write an exponential function whose graph passes through the given points.
4. y 5(0.6) x decay
1. y 1.5(2)x
Sketch the graph of each function. Then state the functions domain and range.
9-1
Answers
(Lesson 9-1)
Lesson 9-1
A4
Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 9
50
5
Year
3. SUBSCRIPTIONS Subscriptions to an
online arts and crafts club have been
increasing by 20% every year. The club
began with 40 members. Make a graph
of the number of subscribers over the
first 5 years of the clubs existence.
729
10
Exponential Functions
24 years
Glencoe Algebra 2
$671.96
A P(1.03)t
following information.
$173.40
9-1
Chapter 9
Subscribers
Enrichment
1
n =
10
n = 14
n = 12
n = 10
m=
14
m = 12
m=1
1
1
2
1
1
2
Chapter 9
1
4
m=0
m = 14
m = 12
Glencoe Algebra 2
5. Describe the relationship among these two curves and the y-axis.
4. On the right grid, graph the members of the family y e mx for which
m 1 and m 1.
{(x, y)x > 1 and 0 < y < 1} and {(x, y)0 < x < 1 and y > 1}
3. Which two regions in the first quadrant contain no points of the graphs
of the family for y x n?
m=1
= y
m=2 m
4 m = 4m = 2
1. Use the graph on the left to describe the relationship among the curves
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
The Family y xn
Families of Curves
9-1
Answers
(Lesson 9-1)
Lesson 9-1
Chapter 9
A5
Trials
x
1
2
Chapter 9
12
6. Insert (0, total number of tiles) in the tables and the lists. Describe the
effect on the graphs. What happens with [PwrReg] and [ExpReg] when
this ordered pair is inserted? Explain why this occurs?
4. Sketch your best-fit regression equation choice for each scatter-plot on paper.
3. From the STAT [CALC] menu find the regression equation that best fits
the data. Record the two closest equations, rounding values to the nearest
hundredths. List and discuss the r and/or r2 values. Also include the
graphs in determining the best-fitting regression equation.
2. Use [STATPLOT] to make a scatter plot. Make a graph on paper for each
plot. Record the window used. Describe the pattern of the points.
1. Enter trials in L1 and number of tiles without label showing in L2. Enter
trials in L3 and number of tiles with the label showing in L4.
Step 4 Repeat step 2 and 3 until the number of tiles without labels is zero
or the number remains constant.
Step 5 Take the tiles that were set aside in Step 2 and pour them out of
the container onto the desktop. Remove the tiles without the label
showing and count the tiles with the label showing. Repeat this
process until all the tiles have been removed.
1
2
9-1
Glencoe Algebra 2
1
5
1
5
1
2
. log25
x
O
III.
13
c. y
II
y
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
13
Glencoe Algebra 2
for base. In log form, b is the subscript, and in exponential form, b is the
number that is raised to a power. A logarithm is an exponent, so y, which is
the log in the first equation, becomes the exponent in the second equation.
4. An important skill needed for working with logarithms is changing an equation between
logarithmic and exponential forms. Using the words base, exponent, and logarithm, describe
an easy way to remember and apply the part of the definition of logarithm that says,
logb x y if and only if b y x. Sample answer: In these equations, b stands
3. Indicate whether each of the following statements about the exponential function
y log5 x is true or false.
II.
I.
b. y log3 x I
a. y 3x III
12
How many times louder than a whisper is normal conversation? 104 or 10,000 times
9-2
Answers
(Lessons 9-1 and 9-2)
Lesson 9-2
A6
Glencoe Algebra 2
4
4
3
1
81
log3 4
1
81
2. 34
1
27
1
33
27
152 225
Chapter 9
1
128
13. log2 7
14
1
32
Glencoe Algebra 2
12. log25 5
1
2
4
3
11. log27 81
5
2
4 32
5
2
6. log4 32
1
343
1
343
log17 3
71
1
.
216
3.
63
8. log2 64 6
7. log4 64 3
5. log3 3
4. log15 225 2
log2 128 7
1. 27 128
Exercises
The
The
The
The
The
8 3 16, so log8 16 .
Example 3
1
log6 3
216
Example 2
35 243
Example 1
Properties of
Logarithmic Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Definition of Logarithm
with Base b
Chapter 9
9-2
| 34
1
3
Chapter 9
17. log3 (x 3) 3 3 x 24
13. log2 2x 2 x 2
9. logx 4 27 3 1
15
2
3
3
2
18. log27 6x x
1
2
1
4
14. log5 x 2 x 25
Glencoe Algebra 2
2
3
1
2
6. log8 (x 5) 9
2x
4. log25 10
1
18
2. log3 2c 2
5. log4 (5x 1) 2 3
1
8
3. log2x 16 2
1. log2 32 3x
5
3
Simplify.
3
x 32
4
Example 1
Solve log2 2x 3.
log2 2x 3 Original equation
2x 23 Definition of logarithm
2x 8 Simplify.
x 4 Simplify.
The solution is x 4.
Logarithmic to
Exponential Inequality
Exercises
(continued)
9-2
Answers
(Lesson 9-2)
Lesson 9-2
Chapter 9
1
64
A7
1
3
15. log8 83 3
1
3
1
25
16
Chapter 9
Glencoe Algebra 2
1
22. logb 3
2
1
21. log2 n 2 n
4
24. log2 (4x 4) 5 x 9
1
64
20. log14 x 3
18. log2 x 3 8
19. log4 y 0 0 y 1
16. log27
1
625
14. log5 4
1
12. log125 5
3
1
2
10. log9 3
1
25
13. log4 3
1
64
9. log5 25 2
1
8. log5 2 52
1
2
7. log9 3 9 2 3
1
9
log13 2
6. log4 64 3 43 64
1 2
1
3
9
4.
3. 82 log8 2
1
64
1. 23 8 log2 8 3
2. 32 9 log3 9 2
Skills Practice
9-2
1
64
1
64
log14 3
5.
41
2. 70 1 log7 1 0
3
5
1
256
22. log4 4
1
81
2
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
17
Glencoe Algebra 2
38. INVESTING Maria invests $1000 in a savings account that pays 4% interest
compounded annually. The value of the account A at the end of five years can be
determined from the equation log A log[1000(1 0.04)5]. Find the value of A to the
nearest dollar. $1217
37. SOUND An equation for loudness, in decibels, is L 10 log10 R, where R is the relative
intensity of the sound. Sounds that reach levels of 120 decibels or more are painful to
humans. What is the relative intensity of 120 decibels? 1012
x
3
4
34. log8 (3x 7) log8 (7x 4) 35. log7 (8x 20) log7 (x 6) 36. log3 (x2 2) log3 x
1
8
32. logn 3 2
29. log7 q 0 0 q 1
28. log15 x 3 125
1
31. logy 16 4
2
27. log4 x 8
26. log4 x 3 x 64
25. log10 n 3
3
2
20. log6 64 4
19. log7 2
1
49
2
3
18. log8 4
16. log13 27 3
1
16
15. log2 4
32 8
3
5
1
81
9. log3 4 34
12. log32 8
25 5
1
5
log7776 6
1
2
1
1000
1
6. 7776 5 6
11. log25 5
1
2
8. log2 64 6 26 64
1
3
21. log3 1
17. log9 1 0
13. log3 81 4
105 0.00001
log3 4
1
81
4. 34
1
81
3. 34 81 log3 81 4
Practice
9-2
Answers
(Lesson 9-2)
Lesson 9-2
A8
Glencoe Algebra 2
x 32
4.
Chapter 9
x 25
2x
45
log4 2x 5
3.
2.
1.
3log2 10
18
73
Glencoe Algebra 2
49
n 1 12 log2
.
27.5
Chapter 9
9-2
Enrichment
Chapter 9
19
6. Frets are a series of ridges placed across the fingerboard of a guitar. They
are spaced so that the sound made by pressing a string against one fret
has about 1.0595 times the wavelength of the sound made by using the
next fret. The general equation is wn w0(1.0595)n. Describe the
arrangement of the frets on a guitar.
f7 261.6(1.05946)6 369.95
fn 261.1(1.05946)n 1
r 2
12
The frequencies of notes that are one octave apart in a musical scale are
related by an exponential equation. For the eight C notes on a piano, the
equation is Cn C12n 1, where Cn represents the frequency of note Cn.
Musical Relationships
9-2
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
(Lesson 9-2)
Lesson 9-2
Chapter 9
Properties of Logarithms
b. log5 5 1
c. log5 (125 5) 2
A9
Quotient Property
of Logarithms
Power Property
of Logarithms
log3 (32 4)
log3 32 log3 4
2 log3 4
2 1.2619
3.2619
20
Glencoe Algebra 2
log3 28 log3 4
3.0331 1.2619
1.7712
log3 256
c. log3 256
5. log12 63 1.6673
7
3
2. log12 0.3410
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
9
16
21
27
16
log3 (44)
4 log3 4
4(1.2619)
5.0476
27
49
6. log12 0.2399
3. log12 49 1.5662
81
5
Glencoe Algebra 2
Use log5 3
0.6826 and log5 4
0.8614 to evaluate each expression.
81
49
7. log12 0.2022
4. log12 36 1.4421
1. log12 21 1.2252
Chapter 9
284
log3 7 log3
b. log3 7
Use log12 3
0.4421 and log12 7
0.7831 to evaluate each expression.
Exercises
log3 36
a. log3 36
Example
Use log3 28
3.0331 and log3 4
1.2619 to approximate
the value of each expression.
Product Property
of Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms
9-3
expressions with the same base, you add the exponents and keep the
same base. Logarithms are exponents, so to find the logarithm of a
product, you add the logarithms of the factors, keeping the same base.
4. A good way to remember something is to relate it something you already know. Use words
to explain how the Product Property for exponents can help you remember the product
property for logarithms. Sample answer: When you multiply two numbers or
2. State whether each of the following equations is true or false. If the statement is true,
name the property of logarithms that is illustrated.
difference
of the logarithms of the
numerator and the denominator .
product
b. The logarithm of a power is the
of the logarithm of the base and
exponent .
the
sum
c. The logarithm of a product is the
of the logarithms of its
factors
.
1. Each of the properties of logarithms can be stated in words or in symbols. Complete the
statements of these properties in words.
a. log5 125 3
9-3
Answers
(Lesson 9-3)
Lesson 9-3
A10
Glencoe Algebra 2
Quotient Property
Power Property
Chapter 9
22
Glencoe Algebra 2
4
7
8
19
5
2
1
2
Exercises
Original equation
log2 x log2 (x 2) 3
log2 x(x 2) 3
Product Property
3
x(x 2) 2
Definition of logarithm
2
x 2x 8
Distributive Property
2
x 2x 8 0
Subtract 8 from each side.
(x 4)(x 2) 0
Factor.
x 2 or x 4
Zero Product Property
Since logarithms are undefined for x 0, 4 is an extraneous solution.
The only solution is 2.
b. log2 x log2 (x 2) 3
x2 100
Multiply each side by 4.
x
10
Take the square root of each side.
Since logarithms are undefined for x 0, 10 is an extraneous solution.
The only solution is 10.
log3 log3 25
x2
4
x2
25
4
Example
(continued)
Properties of Logarithms
Chapter 9
9-3
Properties of Logarithms
Skills Practice
6. log2 45 5.4919
8. log2 0.6 0.7369
5. log2 15 3.9069
7. log2 75 6.2288
1
3
23
Glencoe Algebra 2
1
25
9. log2 1.5850
9
5
5
3
4. log2 0.7369
3. log2 0.7369
3
5
2. log2 27 4.755
1. log2 25 4.6438
Use log2 3
1.5850 and log2 5
2.3219 to approximate the value of each
expression.
9-3
Answers
(Lesson 9-3)
Lesson 9-3
Chapter 9
Properties of Logarithms
Practice
2
3
A11
1
1
15. log3 y log3 16 log3 64
3
4
Chapter 9
24
Glencoe Algebra 2
32. EARTHQUAKES An earthquake rated at 3.5 on the Richter scale is felt by many people,
and an earthquake rated at 4.5 may cause local damage. The Richter scale magnitude
reading m is given by m log10 x, where x represents the amplitude of the seismic wave
causing ground motion. How many times greater is the amplitude of an earthquake that
measures 4.5 on the Richter scale than one that measures 3.5? 10 times
31. SOUND Recall that the loudness L of a sound in decibels is given by L 10 log10 R,
where R is the sounds relative intensity. If the intensity of a certain sound is tripled, by
how many decibels does the sound increase? about 4.8 db
1
2
3
2
25
7
5
7
4. log10 0.1461
9. log7 n log7 8 4
7
5
3. log10 0.1461
2. log10 25 1.3980
1. log10 35 1.5441
Use log10 5
0.6990 and log10 7
0.8451 to approximate the value of each
expression.
9-3
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
log7 525
1.1
The pH decreases by 2.
log10 C,
1.113
25
big
huge
2S3
3S4
Glencoe Algebra 2
729
log3
large
1S2
medium
small
tiny
Adjective
0S1
1 S 0
2 S 1
S satisfies
1
log3 V, where V is volume in cubic feet.
3
following information.
Properties of Logarithms
9-3
Answers
(Lesson 9-3)
Lesson 9-3
A12
Glencoe Algebra 2
260
270 280
310
340
320
330
120
)
8
LOG r
LOG 2
Chapter 9
26
2. Plot the points found in Exercise 1 on the grid above and connect to
form a smooth curve.
230
220
210
200
350
30
190
40
300
50
180
290
60
10
250
70
170
240
80
20
130
110
90
160
150
140
120
100
Glencoe Algebra 2
) .)
Consider an angle in standard position with its vertex at a point O called the
pole. Its initial side is on a coordinatized axis called the polar axis. A point P
on the terminal side of the angle is named by the polar coordinates (r, ),
where r is the directed distance of the point from O and is the measure of
the angle. Graphs in this system may be drawn on polar coordinate paper
such as the kind shown below.
Enrichment
Chapter 9
Spirals
9-3
Common Logarithms
)
ENTER
iv. log5 5
v. log 0.1
e. log 1000 ii
change of base
20
log10 8
log
10
B.
log 8
log 20
D.
formula.
Chapter 9
27
Glencoe Algebra 2
number from one base to another, divide the log of the original number
in the old base by the log of the new base in the old base.
4. Sometimes it is easier to remember a formula if you can state it in words. State the
change of base formula in words. Sample answer: To change the logarithm of a
log 20
log 8
C.
A. log20 8
3. Calculators do not have keys for finding base 8 logarithms directly. However, you can use
1
5
d. log5 v
ii. log2 8
iii. log10 12
b. log 12 iii
c. log3 1 i
i. log4 1
a. log2 2 iv
2. Match each expression from the first column with an expression from the second column
that has the same value.
LOG 17
1. Rhonda used the following keystrokes to enter an expression on her graphing calculator:
9-4
Answers
(Lessons 9-3 and 9-4)
Lesson 9-4
Chapter 9
Common Logarithms
10log x x
32x 1
A13
x
log 12
1
21
log 3
Original equation
12.
1.6263
5. log 42.3
1.5911
2. log 39
2.5229
6. log 0.003
2.0792
3. log 120
14. 2x 5 3x 2 13.9666
16. 6x 5 27x 3 3.6069
28
Chapter 9
Glencoe Algebra 2
8. 6x 2 18 0.3869
7. 43x 12 0.5975
0.7634
4. log 5.8
1.2553
1. log 18
Exercises
x
0.6309
log 12
2x 1
log 3
log 12
2x 1
log 3
Solve
32x 1 12
log 32x 1 log 12
(2x 1) log 3 log 12
Example 2
Example 1
Common Logarithms
9-4
(continued)
log n
logb a
b
For all positive numbers a, b, and n, where a 1 and b 1, loga n
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
log 150
, 2.2804
2 log 3
3 log 8
, 3.8761
log 5
2 log 20
, 5.4537
log 3
log 0.4
, 0.5693
log 5
7. log5 0.4
log 22
, 2.2297
log 4
4. log4 22
log 16
, 2.5237
log 3
1. log3 16
29
log 39
, 0.8809
3 log 4
6 log 3.6
, 11.0880
log 2
4 log 5
, 3.5930
log 6
log 2
, 0.6309
log 3
8. log3 2
log 200
, 2.1322
log 12
5. log12 200
log 40
, 5.3219
log 2
2. log2 40
Glencoe Algebra 2
log 1600
, 1.1460
4 log 5
4 log 10.5
, 3.7851
log 12
5 log 4
, 3.3333
log 8
log 28.5
, 2.4164
log 4
9. log4 28.5
log 50
, 5.6439
log 2
6. log2 50
log 35
, 2.2091
log 5
3. log5 35
Exercises
1.3023
Simplify.
The value of log8 15 is approximately 1.3023.
log10 8
log8 15
log10 15
Example
Express log8 15 in terms of common logarithms. Then approximate
its value to four decimal places.
Common Logarithms
9-4
Answers
(Lesson 9-4)
Lesson 9-4
A14
Glencoe Algebra 2
Common Logarithms
Skills Practice
1
10
0.6563
10
26. log6 10
; 1.2851
log 10
log10 6
30
10
25. log2 35
; 5.1293
Chapter 9
log 35
log10 2
10
24. log5 66
; 2.6032
log 66
log10 5
log10 3
log
10
23. log3 7
; 1.7712
Glencoe Algebra 2
18. 8 y 4 15 {y | y 2.6977}
21. 42x 84
1.0888
1
v v
2
10.
1
4
12. 7y 15 1.3917
243 {x | x 5}
16v
11. 8 p 50 1.8813
9.
3x
Use the formula pH log[H] to find the pH of each substance given its
concentration of hydrogen ions.
2. log 15 1.1761
1. log 6 0.7782
Chapter 9
9-4
Common Logarithms
Practice
9. 5a 120 2.9746
3
72
2.3785
17 1.2396
18.
38 {z | z 3.6555}
5w 3
19. 30x 50
1.0725
log 9
log10 11
log10 8
28. log7 8
; 0.5343
2 log10 7
Chapter 9
31
Glencoe Algebra 2
32. SOUND An equation for loudness L in decibels is given by L 10 log R, where R is the
sounds relative intensity. An air-raid siren can reach 150 decibels and jet engine noise
can reach 120 decibels. How many times greater is the relative intensity of the air-raid
siren than that of the jet engine noise? 1000
31. BIOLOGY There are initially 1000 bacteria in a culture. The number of bacteria doubles
each hour. The number of bacteria N present after t hours is N 1000(2) t. How long will
it take the culture to increase to 50,000 bacteria? about 5.6 h
30. ACIDITY The pH of vinegar is 2.9 and the pH of milk is 6.6. How many times greater is
the hydrogen ion concentration of vinegar than of milk? about 5000
29. HORTICULTURE Siberian irises flourish when the concentration of hydrogen ions [H]
in the soil is not less than 1.58 108 mole per liter. What is the pH of the soil in which
these irises will flourish? 7.8 or less
10
10
10
23. log5 12
; 1.5440 24. log8 32
; 1.6667 25. log11 9
; 0.9163
log
12
log 32
log10 8
log10 5
log10 18
log10 6
26. log2 18
; 4.1699 27. log9 6
; 0.8155
log10 2
log10 9
20. 5x
17.
9z 2
8. 2x 25 {x | x 4.6439}
Use the formula pH log[H] to find the pH of each substance given its
concentration of hydrogen ions.
9-4
Answers
(Lesson 9-4)
Lesson 9-4
Chapter 9
Common Logarithms
A15
Chapter 9
32
?
0.6989
?
4
5
6
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
8 9
8 9
log 6
log 3
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
33
1.5
y = log x
Glencoe Algebra 2
1
0.3
Chapter 9
0.1
0.2
12. See
students work.
9
9
7 8
4
7 8
log 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
Sample answer:
log10 1.5
log10 3 log10 5 log10 10
0.4771 0.6989 1
0.1760
O 20 40 60 80 100 120x
0.4771
log10 4 0.602
log10 6 0.778
0.3010
log10 x
C
D
0.2
n s 10 p
log10 n log10 (s 10 p )
log10 s log10 10 p
log10 s p
Because 1 s 10,
0 log10 s 1.
Therefore, p log10 n p 1.
Enrichment
9-4
1
3.32 to sketch a graph of
log10 2
8.3
log10 C,
1.585
9-4
Answers
(Lesson 9-4)
0.1
Lesson 9-4
A16
Glencoe Algebra 2
)
ENTER
V. 0
VI. e
Chapter 9
34
Glencoe Algebra 2
log. The natural log of e 3 is the power to which you raise e to get e 3. This
is obviously 3.
3. A good way to remember something is to explain it to someone else. Suppose that you are
studying with a classmate who is puzzled when asked to evaluate ln e3. How would you
explain to him an easy way to figure this out? Sample answer: ln means natural
1e
e. ln e I
IV. 5
d. ln e5 IV
f. ln III
II. 10
III. 1
b. ln 1 V
I. 1
c. eln e VI
a. eln 5 IV
2. Match each expression from the first column with its value in the second column. Some
choices may be used more than once or not at all.
The calculator returned the result 1.609437912. Which of the following conclusions are
correct? d and f
LN 5
Suppose that you deposit $675 in a savings account that pays an annual interest rate
of 5%. In each case listed below, indicate which method of compounding would result
in more money in your account at the end of one year.
a. annual compounding or monthly compounding monthly
b. quarterly compounding or daily compounding daily
c. daily compounding or continuous compounding continuous
Chapter 9
9-5
ln x loge x
eln x x
0.8705
11.7617
7. ln 128,245
0.3079
3. ln 0.735
42
3
Chapter 9
18. eln 42
17. ln e3
4x e 9.6
5x ln 0.2
3x ln 45
10. e3x 45
ln x 15
9. e15 x
35
0.5
ln 10x 8.2
e x 20
11. ln 20 x
6. ln 2.388
2.4962
11.3427
2. ln 84,350
5. ln 0.0824
6.5958
1. ln 732
16.2
Glencoe Algebra 2
20. ln e16.2
e x 0.0002
16. ln 0.0002 x
x e8
12. ln x 8
5.0929
8. ln 0.00614
4.6052
4. ln 100
Exercises
Example 3
Evaluate ln e18.
Use the Inverse Property of Base e and Natural Logarithms.
ln e18 18
Example 2
Write a logarithmic equation equivalent to e 2x 7.
e2x 7 loge 7 2x or 2x ln 7
Example 1
Evaluate ln 1685.
Use a calculator.
ln 1685
7.4295
Natural base expressions can be evaluated using the ex and ln keys on your calculator.
ln ex x
1 n
approaches e
2.71828.
n
As n increases, 1
Natural Base e
9-5
Answers
(Lesson 9-5)
Lesson 9-5
Chapter 9
8
3
A17
Use a calculator.
Chapter 9
0.6094
10. 6 3ex 1 21
0.9270
7. e4x 1 3 12
x 9.0997
4. ln 6x 4
1.1969
1. e4x 120
36
1492.9790
11. ln (2x 5) 8
6.7196
8. ln (5x 3) 3.6
17.0855
5. ln (x 3) 5 2
{x|x 3.2189}
2. ex 25
Exercises
0.25 x 2.0973
Original inequality
Use a calculator.
1
2
1
1
x (e2 1)
4
4
ln (4x 1) 2
eln (4x 1) e2
0 4x 1 e2
1 4x e2 1
b. ln (4x 1) 2
x
0.4904
ln e2x ln
8
3
8
2x ln
3
8
1
x ln
2
3
e2x
Original equation
a. 3e2x 2 10
3e2x 2 10
3e2x 8
Example
Glencoe Algebra 2
{x | x 23.2423}
12. ln 5x ln 3x 9
no solution
9. 2e3x 5 2
{x | x 0.4890}
6. e8x 50
4.8332
3. ex 2 4 21
9-5
Skills Practice
4. ln 0.09 2.4079
3. ln 2 0.6931
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
25. ln (x 3) 4 51.5982
23. ln (x 2) 2 9.3891
37
26. ln x ln 2x 2 1.9221
24. ln (x 3) 1 0.2817
22. ln 8x 3 2.5107
Glencoe Algebra 2
12. ln e y y
13. ex 5 {x | x 1.6094}
9. eln 3 3
10. eln 2x 2x
8. ln x
0.6931 x
e0.6931
7. ln 15 x e x 15
6. e4 8x 4 ln 8x
5. ex 3 x ln 3
2. e2 0.1353
1. e3 20.0855
9-5
Answers
(Lesson 9-5)
Lesson 9-5
A18
Glencoe Algebra 2
Practice
6. ln 1 0
5. e4.2 66.6863
8. ln 0.037 3.2968
7. e2.5 0.0821
5 ln 10x
18. eln 3x 3x
8810.5863
548.3166
145.4132
18.0855
36.7493
14.8097
43. ln 3x ln 2x 9 44. ln 5x ln x 7
8.7183
40. ln (x 6) 1
{x | x 0.6931}
36. e3x 7 15
0.4970
32. 2e5x 24
{x | x 0.4055}
28. 3ex 10 8
1.7579
24. ex 5.8
2 ln (x 1)
16. e2 x 1
e 2.2300
9.3
Chapter 9
38
Glencoe Algebra 2
47. RADIOACTIVE DECAY The amount of a radioactive substance y that remains after
t years is given by the equation y aekt, where a is the initial amount present and k is
the decay constant for the radioactive substance. If a 100, y 50, and k 0.035,
find t. about 19.8 yr
46. How long will it take the balance in Saritas account to reach $2000? about 20.4 yr
45. If Sarita deposits $1000 in an account paying 3.4% annual interest compounded
continuously, what is the balance in the account after 5 years? $1185.30
INVESTING For Exercises 45 and 46, use the formula for continuously
42. ln (x 3) 5
41. ln (x 2) 3
5.0214
39. ln 2.5x 10
38. ln (2x) 7
37. ln 4x 3
35. 9 e2x 10
1.2036
6
3.5835
34. e3x 5 32
31.
1.9945
5
33. e2x 1 55
30.
e0.5x
2.7081
27. 4 ex 19
0.0953
23. ex 1.1
0.4024
8
e4x
{x | x 0.1823}
26. 5ex 1 7
3.4340
22. ex 31
19. ln e1 1
x ln 4
15. ex 4
e1.7918
6
11. ln 6
1.7918
0.6931
29.
e3x
0.6931
25. 2ex 3 1
{x | x 2.1972}
21. ex 9
17. eln 12 12
x ln 8
14. e5 10x
e 2x 36
e x 50
13. ex 8
10. ln 36 2x
9. ln 50 x
12. ln 9.3
2.2300
4. e0.6 0.5488
3. ln 3.2 1.1632
2. ln 8 2.0794
1. e1.5 4.4817
Chapter 9
9-5
ln 2
t
72
Chapter 9
16.3 yr
Pe
24.75 yr
$12,586
39
Glencoe Algebra 2
9-5
Answers
(Lesson 9-5)
Lesson 9-5
Chapter 9
Enrichment
A19
Chapter 9
1
1
1
e e > ; e e
e
1
e
> ; e > e
40
8. Show that
4
5 is equal to e6 to 4 decimal places.
Glencoe Algebra 2
3. Use the infinite sum to approximate e to 3 decimal places. Use the whole
numbers from 3 through 6 as values of n. 2.667, 2.708, 2.717, 2.718
1 n
to approximate e to 3 decimal places. Use
n
2n
2n
2 2 4 4 6 6
2n 1 2n 1
2
1 3 3 5 5 7
In a similar manner,
can be approximated using an infinite product
discovered by the English mathematician John Wallis (16161703).
1
1
1
1
e 1 1
23
234
234n
2
Another way to approximate e is to use this infinite sum. The greater the
value of n, the closer the approximation.
1 n1
9-5
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
41
Glencoe Algebra 2
3. Visualizing their graphs is often a good way to remember the difference between
mathematical equations. How can your knowledge of the graphs of exponential equations
from Lesson 9-1 help you to remember that equations of the form y a(1 r) t
represent exponential growth, while equations of the form y a(1 r) t represent
exponential decay?
c. y 0.3e1200t decay
a. y 5e0.15t growth
d. Maria deposited $750 in a savings account paying 4.5% annual interest compounded
quarterly. She did not make any withdrawals or further deposits. She compared the
balance in her passbook immediately after she opened the account to the balance
3 years later. growth
b. Raul compared the value of his car when he bought it new to the value when he
traded it in six years later. decay
a. A city had 42,000 residents in 1980 and 128,000 residents in 2000. growth
0.16 and subtract the result from $9200.66. 2. Multiply $9200.66 by 0.84.
Describe two ways to calculate the value of the car 6 years after it was purchased.
(Do not actually calculate the value.) Sample answer: 1. Multiply $9200.66 by
Between which two years shown in the table did the car depreciate by the greatest
amount? between years 0 and 1
9-6
Answers
(Lessons 9-5 and 9-6)
Lesson 9-6
A20
Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 9
42
Glencoe Algebra 2
3. How old is a skeleton that has 95% of its Carbon-14 remaining? about 427.5 years old
2. How old is a fossil remain that has lost 95% of its Carbon-14? about 25,000 years old
CARBON DATING Use the formula y ae0.00012t, where a is the initial amount of
Carbon-14, t is the number of years ago the animal lived, and y is the remaining
amount after t years.
6 weeks
1. BUSINESS A furniture store is closing out its business. Each week the owner lowers
prices by 25%. After how many weeks will the sale price of a $500 item drop below $100?
Exercises
t
9.3
The price will be $50 after about 9.3 years.
log
89
t
log 0.94
50
Power Property
50
log t log 0.94
89
50
log log (0.94) t
89
50
(0.94) t
89
a. If its price decreases by 6% per year, how much will it cost after 5 years?
Use the exponential decay model with initial amount $89, percent decrease 0.06, and
time 5 years.
y a(1 r) t
Exponential decay formula
y 89(1 0.06) 5
a 89, r 0.06, t 5
y $65.32
After 5 years the price will be $65.32.
Example
CONSUMER PRICES As technology advances, the price of many
technological devices such as scientific calculators and camcorders goes down.
One brand of hand-held organizer sells for $89.
Chapter 9
Exponential Decay
9-6
(continued)
Chapter 9
about 14%
43
Glencoe Algebra 2
5. VOCABULARY GROWTH When Emily was 18 months old, she had a 10-word
vocabulary. By the time she was 5 years old (60 months), her vocabulary was 2500 words.
If her vocabulary increased at a constant percent per month, what was that increase?
Each week thereafter he increases his mileage by 10%. After how many weeks is he
walking more than 5 miles per day? 24 weeks
1
2
4. EXERCISE Hugo begins a walking program by walking mile per day for one week.
3. SCHOOL POPULATION There are currently 850 students at the high school, which
represents full capacity. The town plans an addition to house 400 more students. If
the school population grows at 7.8% per year, in how many years will the new addition
be full? about 5 years
1. BACTERIA GROWTH A certain strain of bacteria grows from 40 to 326 in 120 minutes.
Find k for the growth formula y aekt, where t is in minutes. about 0.0175
Exercises
t
11.9 years
Use a calculator.
If raises are given annually, she will be making over $50,000 in 12 years.
t
log 1.05
Power Property
50
log
28
50
28
50
log log (1.05) t
28
50
(1.05) t
28
y a(1 r) t
Example
A computer engineer is hired for a salary of $28,000. If she gets a
5% raise each year, after how many years will she be making $50,000 or more?
Use the exponential growth model with a 28,000, y 50,000, and r 0.05 and solve for t.
Exponential Growth
9-6
Answers
(Lesson 9-6)
Lesson 9-6
Chapter 9
Skills Practice
A21
Chapter 9
44
Glencoe Algebra 2
8. BIOLOGY In a laboratory, an organism grows from 100 to 250 in 8 hours. What is the
hourly growth rate in the growth formula y a(1 r) t ? about 12.13%
5. BACTERIA How many days will it take a culture of bacteria to increase from 2000 to
50,000 if the growth rate per day is 93.2%? about 4.9 days
3. POPULATION A current census shows that the population of a city is 3.5 million. Using
the formula P aert, find the expected population of the city in 30 years if the growth
rate r of the population is 1.5% per year, a represents the current population in millions,
and t represents the time in years. about 5.5 million
2. INVESTING Alex invests $2000 in an account that has a 6% annual rate of growth. To
the nearest year, when will the investment be worth $3600? 10 yr
9-6
r 2t
gives the value of an investment after t years in
2
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 9
45
Glencoe Algebra 2
7. WHALES Modern whales appeared 510 million years ago. The vertebrae of a whale
discovered by paleontologists contain roughly 0.25% as much carbon-14 as they would
have contained when the whale was alive. How long ago did the whale die? Use
k 0.00012. about 50,000 yr
6. RADIOACTIVE DECAY Cobalt, an element used to make alloys, has several isotopes.
One of these, cobalt-60, is radioactive and has a half-life of 5.7 years. Cobalt-60 is used to
trace the path of nonradioactive substances in a system. What is the value of k for
Cobalt-60? about 0.1216
5. INFLATION For Dave to buy a new car comparably equipped to the one he bought 8 years
ago would cost $12,500. Since Dave bought the car, the inflation rate for cars like his has
been at an average annual rate of 5.1%. If Dave originally paid $8400 for the car, how
long ago did he buy it? about 8 yr
about 7.2 yr
2. BACTERIA How many hours will it take a culture of bacteria to increase from 20 to
2000 if the growth rate per hour is 85%? about 7.5 h
an account that earns an annual interest rate r compounded twice a year. Suppose $500
is invested at 6% annual interest compounded twice a year. In how many years will the
investment be worth $1000? about 11.7 yr
Practice
9-6
Answers
(Lesson 9-6)
Lesson 9-6
A22
Glencoe Algebra 2
e k 1 r.
Chapter 9
1
k ln 2
d
12,500 years
k ln(1 r)
46
7.9 years
Glencoe Algebra 2
7000e 0.025t
Jason wants to buy a brand new highdefinition (HD) television. He could buy
one now because he has $7000 to spend,
but he thinks that if he waits, the quality
of HD televisions will improve. His $7000
earns 2.5% interest annually compounded
continuously. The television he wants to buy
costs $5000 now, but the cost increases each
year by 7%.
Chapter 9
9-6
Enrichment
r n
n
0.075 12
1 7.76%
12
Chapter 9
47
Exercises
E 1
r 0.0625
E e0.0625 1 6.45%
r 0.075
n 12
Example 2
Find the effective
annual yield of an investment made at
6.25% compounded continuously.
Example 1
Find the effective
annual yield of an investment made at
7.5% compounded monthly.
P(1 E) Per
1 E er
E er 1
r n
E 1 1
n
r n
n
r n
1 E 1
n
P(1 E) P 1
the amounts equal and solving for E will produce a formula for the effective
annual yield.
When interest is compounded more than once per year, the effective annual
yield is higher than the annual interest rate. The effective annual yield, E, is
the interest rate that would give the same amount of interest if the interest
were compounded once per year. If P dollars are invested for one year, the
value of the investment at the end of the year is A P(1 E). If P dollars
are invested for one year at a nominal rate r compounded n times per year,
9-6
Answers
(Lesson 9-6)
Lesson 9-6
Chapter 9
Spreadsheet Activity
A23
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Sheet 1
Total
NPV - Cost
Sheet 2
2
3
4
Sheet 3
$75.34
$2,500.00
$2,500.00
$2,500.00
Chapter 9
3. a. Calculate the NPV for an investment over a period of six years if the
cost of capital is 4.5% and the investment will bring a cash flow of $750
every year. The NPV would be about $3868.40.
b. Would this be a good investment of $3000? Explain? Yes, the NPV is
b. If the sales of the magazine continue to rise at the same rate, is the
printer a good investment after two years? Yes, after two years the
2. Four times a year, Josey and Drew publish a magazine. They want to buy a
color printer that costs $1750. The cost of capital for this purchase would
be 6%. They are planning to raise the price of their magazine from $1 to
$2. Create a spreadsheet to determine the NPV for this purchase.
a. The last issue of the magazine sold 500 copies. If each issue of the magazine
printed in color sells 100 copies more than the previous issue, is the
printer a good investment after one year? Explain. No, after one
1. If the NPV is greater than the cost, the investment will pay for itself.
Based on the spreadsheet shown above, would it be cost-effective for the
company to buy the van? Explain. The cost is actually about $75
Exercises
n
dollars. NPV
, where
(1 r)n
CFn the cash
CF
Glencoe Algebra 2
$2,066.12
$1,878.29
$1,707.53
$7,924.66
You have learned how to use exponential and logarithmic functions to perform
a number of financial analyses. Spreadsheets can be used to perform many
types of analyses, such as calculating the Net Present Value of expenditures
or investments. For example, when a business owner is considering a major
purchase, it is a good idea to find out whether the investment will be
profitable in the future. Consider the example of a local restaurant-delivery
service that is debating whether to buy a used van for $8000. The owners
of the company estimate that the
van will bring in $2500 per year
over four years. They can use the
A
B
C
following formula to find the
$8,000.00
1 Cost of Asset
present value of the future cash
2 Cost of Capital (r)
0.1
flow to find the Net Present Value
3
(NPV), that is, how much the
CF
CF/(1R)^n
4 Period (n)
profits would be worth in todays
5
$2,272.73
$2,500.00
1
9-6
Answers
Answers
(Lesson 9-6)
Glencoe Algebra 2