ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

GROUP 1

FRANCO, Bryan C.
GARCIA, Michael Vincent B.
GUZMAN, Michael Angelo V.
HONOFRE, Orven Laurence D.

Submitted to

Engr. Romeo G. Fernandez

July 12, 2013

WHAT are ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS?

Electrical Equipments includes any machine powered by

electricity. They usually consist of an enclosure, a variety of electrical
components, and often a power switch. Examples of this include:

Electrical Distribution and Protection Equipment

- Fuses
- Fuse Holders
- Circuit Breakers
- Intrinsic Safety Barriers
- Transfer Switches
- Terminal Blocks
Switches
- Switches
- Emergency Stop Switches
- Keylock Switches
- Pushbutton Switches
- Thermostats and Thermal Switches
- DIP Switches

Relays
- Solid State Relays
- Electromechanical Relays

Wire and Cable Accessories

- Wire and Cable
- Cable Assemblies
- Cable Clamps
- Cable Glands
- Cable Trays
- Heat Shrink Tubing
- Magnetic Shielding
Power Supplies and Conditioners
- AC Power Sources
- Electrical Power Generators
- Power Conditioners
- Power Supplies
- UPS - Single Phase
- UPS - Three Phase
Transformers
- Power Transformers
- Current Transformers
- Voltage Transformers
Proximity Sensors
- Proximity Sensors Overview
- Capacitive Proximity Sensors
- Inductive Proximity Sensors
- Magnetic Proximity Sensors

Meters and Indicators

- Analog Panel Meters
- Digital Panel Meters
- Flat Panel Displays
- Touch Screen Displays

Recorders and Loggers

- Chart Recorders / Strip Charts
- Data Aquisition
- Data Loggers and Data Recorders

Industrial Computer Equipment

- Industrial Computers
- Industrial Printers and Plotters
- Industrial Keyboards
- KVM Switches
- Network Cables
- Computer Mouse and other Pointing Devices
- Network Switches

Pneumatic Equipment
- Air Compressors
- Air Pressure Regulators
- Electro-Pneumatic Transducers
- Filter, Regulator, Lubrication FRL Assemblies

Generator

Importance and Application of Electrical Equipment

Electrical equipment is essential to the continued success of industry. The processes of refining,
construction and manufacturing depend on specialized electrical devices to ensure their smooth operation
and competitive output. These electrical devices usually perform tasks that would be too difficult,
monotonous, dangerous or overly costly for a human worker to carry out.

Electrical Distribution and Protection Equipment

FUSES
It protects electrical devices and components from overcurrents and short
circuits that occur in improperly operating circuits. When fault current reaches a
predetermined magnitude for a fixed period of time, current flow is interrupted
through the melting of an internal element.

FUSE HOLDER
Are devices for containing, protecting and mounting fuses. Fuse holders come
in two basic types, open or fully enclosed. Open fuse holder types are fuse clips,
fuse blocks, socket and plug-on cap varieties. The fully enclosed variety may use a
fuse carrier that is inserted into a holder or have other means to fully enclose the
fuse.

TRANSFER SWITCH
Transfer electrical power back and forth between two power systems or buses
such as a utility power line and a back-up motor-generator power supply.

TERMINAL BLOCK
- Modular, insulated blocks that secure two or more wires together.
- consist of an insulating body and a clamping device.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Switching devices that are capable of making, carrying and breaking currents
under normal circuit conditions and making, carrying for a specified time, and
breaking current under specified abnormal conditions such as a short circuit. Low
voltage circuit breakers have voltage ratings from 250 to 600 V AC and 250 to 700 V
DC.

SWITCHES
SWITCHES
Are devices used to allow electric current to flow when closed, and when
opened, they prevent current flow.

EMERGENCY STOP SWITCHES

Are devices that users manipulate to initiate the complete shutdown of a
machine, system, or process.

PUSHBUTTON SWITCHES
Mechanical switches defined by the method used to activate the switch. The
activation method is typically in the form of a plunger that is pushed down to open
or close the switch.

THERMOSTATS AND THERMAL SWITCHES

An electro-mechanical on/off switch that is activated by temperature
changes.

DIP SWITCHES
Dual in-line package (DIP) switches are electronic packages that consist of a
series of tiny switches. DIP switches are used to configure computers and
peripherals such as circuit boards and modems.

RELAYS
SOLID STATE RELAYS
Solid state relays or semiconductor relays (also called SSRs) are
semiconductor devices that can be used in place of mechanical relays to switch
electricity to a load in many applications. They are purely electronic devices,
normally composed of a low current control side and a high current load side
(switching side). Many solid state relays feature electrical isolation in the thousands
of volts between the control side and the load side. This is usually achieved through
optical isolation using an optoelectronic device (a photocoupler).

ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
-Are devices that complete or interrupt a circuit by physically moving
electrical contacts into contact with each other.
- A relay involves two circuits: the energizing circuit and the contact circuit.
-The coil is on the energizing side and the relay contacts are on the
contact side. When a relay coil is energized, current flow through the coil
creates a magnetic field.

WIRES AND CABLE ACCESSORIES

WIRES AND CABLES
Use to bundle, clip, clamp, label, guide, and protect. The accessories include
tubing, heat shrinkable tubing, festoons, wraps clips, clamps, markers, ties, strain
reliefs, and others.

CABLE TRAYS
a unit or assembly of units or sections and associated fittings forming a rigid
structural system used to securely fasten or support cables and raceways.
- Cable trays support cable the way that roadway bridges support traffic.
- A bridge is a structure that provides safe passage for traffic across open spans.
- Cable tray is the bridge that allows for safe transport of wires across open spans

POWER SUPPLIES
AC POWER SOURCES
Provide output often with adjustable ranges of current, voltage and frequency.
They are used in testing motors and many other kinds of electrical equipment for
which input values may vary.

POWER CONDITIONERS
Regulate, filter, and suppress noise in AC power for sensitive computer and other
solid state equipment. Power conditioners typically consist of voltage regulators in
combination with output isolation transformers and transient voltage suppression
circuitry. They provide electrical isolation and noise and spike attenuation to ensure
the quality and consistency of power to sensitive medical, laboratory, computer,
and other high technology equipment.

ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATORS

Electrical devices that convert mechanical, chemical, or other forms of
energy into electrical energy.

UPS SINGLE PHASE

Single phase uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) sit between an AC outlet
(i.e., a wall outlet or power strip) and an electronic device (such as a computer,
server, or phone equipment) to provide power conditioning, back-up protection and
distribution for electronic equipment loads and to prevent power disturbances
(outages, sags, surges, spikes, noise, etc.) from affecting the performance and life
of the electronic device and vital data.

UPS THREE-PHASE
Three phase uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) are devices that operate in
conjunction with existing electrical system to provide power conditioning, back-up
protection and distribution for electronic equipment loads and to prevent power
disturbances (outages, sags, surges, spikes, noise, etc.) from affecting the
performance and life of the electronic device and vital data.

TRANSFORMERS

POWER TRANSFORMERS
Convert power-level voltages from one level or phase configuration to
another. They can include features for electrical isolation, power distribution, and
control and instrumentation applications. Transformers typically rely on the
principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage and/or current
levels.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
Are devices used to measure voltage in electric circuits. Their main role is to
condition (step down) the voltage to be measured to levels suitable to the
measuring instrument.

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Measure power flow and provide electrical inputs to power transformers and
instruments. Current transformers produce either an alternating current or
alternating voltage that is proportional to the measured current.
There are two basic types of current transformers: wound and toroidal.
-Wound current transformers consist of an integral primary winding that is
inserted in series with the conductor that carries the measured current.
-Toroidal or donut-shaped current transformers do not contain a primary
winding. Instead, the wire that carries the current is threaded through a window in
the toroidal transformer.

PROXIMITY SENSORS
PROXIMITY SENSORS
Can be classified in two: contact or non-contact type. Contact proximity
sensors are the least expensive. Proximity sensors can have one of many
technology types. These include capacitive, eddy current, inductive, photoelectric,
ultrasonic, and Hall Effect.

CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS

Uses the face or surface of the sensor as one plate of a capacitor, and the
surface of a conductive or dielectric target object as the other. The capacitance
varies inversely with the distance between capacitor plates in this arrangement,
and a certain value can be set to trigger target detection.

INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS

Are noncontact proximity devices that set up a radio frequency field with an
oscillator and a coil. The presence of an object alters this field and the sensor is able
to detect this alteration. An inductive proximity sensor comprises an LC oscillating
circuit, a signal evaluator, and a switching amplifier.

MAGNETIC PROXIMITY SENSORS

Are noncontact proximity devices utilize inductance, Hall effect principles,
variable reluctance or magneto resistive technology. Magnetic proximity sensors are
characterized by the possibility of large switching distances, available from sensors
with small dimensions. They detect magnetic objects (usually permanent magnets),
which are used to trigger the switching process. As the magnetic fields are able to
pass through many non-magnetic materials, the switching process can also be
triggered without the need for direct exposure to the target object. By using
magnetic conductors (e.g., iron), the magnetic field can be transmitted over greater

distances so that, for example, the signal can be carried away from high
temperature areas.

METERS AND INDICATORS

ANALOG PANEL METERS
Are instruments that measure variables such as pressure, flow, temperature,
speed, current, and voltage. They display values on a dial, usually with a moving
pointer or needle.

DIGITAL PANEL METERS

Measure and display all types of processes and electrical variables, such as
pressure, flow, temperature, speed, current and voltage in an alphanumeric or
numeric format, often as a bar graph. Many of these displays have totalizing,
recording, conditioning, and other functionalities.

TOUCH SCREEN DISPLAYS

Are the most user-friendly PC interface. They are input devices, a way to
communicate with the PC. The user touches the screen to select options presented
on the screen. Associated hardware and software are used to determine the location
of the press.

RECORDERS AND LOGGERS

DATA LOGGERS AND DATA RECORDERS
Acquires digital data from sensors and other signals. They are primarily used
to store data for subsequent downloads to a host PC, but may also include real-time
features such as monitors and alarms.

INDUSTRIAL COMPUTER EQUIPMENT

INDUSTRIAL COMPUTERS
Programmable electronic devices that accept data, execute prerecorded
instructions, perform mathematical and logical operations, and output results.
Software provides information to a central processing unit (CPU) that executes

instructions and controls the operation of other hardware components. Memory

allows computers to store data and programs temporarily. Mass storage devices
such as tape and disk drives provide long-term storage for large amounts of data.
Input devices such as a keyboard and mouse allow users to enter information that
can be output on a display screen, printer, self-serve kiosk, or personal digital
assistant (PDA).

INDUSTRIAL PLOTTERS AND PRINTERS

Portable or stationary pieces of equipment used to output industrial data in
printed form. General printer specifications, performance specifications, physical
specifications, and features are important to consider when searching for industrial
printers and plotters, computer.

EHTERNET NETWORK SWITCHES

Route packets between ports at the OSI layer 2, which means that (in
Ethernet) the network switches decide where incoming packets are transferred to,
based on the NIC's 48-bit address. Upon receipt of a packet, the switch forwards the
packet to its destination port. Form factor, protocol, performance, port, and
features are all important to consider when selecting network switches.

PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT
AIR COMPRESSOR
Provide air at pressures higher than atmospheric via many pump drive types
such as DC, AC, and gas or diesel engines. Pump technologies include positive
displacement (piston, diaphragm, rotary vane and screw styles) and nonpositive
displacement (centrifugal, axial and regenerative blowers). Compressors may have
integral tanks for compressed air storage or discharge directly to the output valve.

AIR PRESSURE REGULATOR

Controls the pressure in air lines used by pneumatic tools and machines. To
provide consistent pressures, they remove fluctuations in the air supply and are
adjustable. Some air pressure regulators attach to devices such as gauges, filters,
lubricators, and displays.

ELECTRO-MECHANIC TRANSDUCERS
Converts current or voltage input signals to proportional output pressures.
They are used as process control elements in valves, pneumatic relays, and flow
regulators for applications such as spray and damper control. There are three basic
types of electro-pneumatic transducers: voltage-to-pressure (E/P), current-topressure (I/P), and digital-to-pressure (D/P). Voltage-to-pressure devices offer finite
control ranges such as 0 5 V or 0 10 V. Current-to-pressure devices provide current
loop control and signal ranges such as 4 20 mA or 0 20 mA. Digital-to-pressure
devices use either serial or parallel controls.