Aktiviti Sains : "Pepejal + Cecair = Gas!

"

Pengenalan
Cubalah eksperimen mudah ini untuk memperkenalkan pelajar dan
anak-anak tentang tiga fasa atau keadaan jirim. Ia hanya
memerlukan barang-barang yang mudah didapati dan tidak sukar
untuk disediakan. Ekperimen ini pasti akan membuat mereka tertarik
untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang fasa atau keadaan jriim!

Apakah yang diperlukan?

Serbuk penaik (baking powder)
Sudu besar
Corong
Cuka makan
Botol
Belon
cawan
Sudu
Apakah yang perlu dibuat?

1. Masukkan satu sudu besar serbuk penaik ke dalam botol dengan

menggunakan corong.
2. Ketuk-ketukkan corong itu supaya serbuk penaik itu turun masuk
ke dalam botol.
3. Pastikan anda sudah bersedia dengan belon untuk dimuatkan ke
mulut botol kerana ia bahan-bahan yang akan digunakan agak cepat
bertindak balas!
4. Tuangkan setengah cawan cuka ke dalam botol dengan
menggunakan corong tadi.
5. Dengan cepat, muatkan belon itu kepada mulut botol itu untuk
memerangkap gas yang terbebas.
Apakah yang berlaku / Pengisian Sains
Melalui eksperimen ini pelajar boleh melihat sendiri kedaan jirim yang
terhasil apabila sesuatu tindak balas kimia berlaku. Di dalam tindak
balas kimia ini, serbuk penaik (pepejal) bertindak balas dengan cuka
(cecair) dan menghasilkan karbon dioksida (gas).
Gas karbon dioksida adalah lebih berat daripada udara. Gas ini
menyebabkan udara yang ada di dalam botol itu terpaksa bergerak

ke atas dan memenuhi belon. Belon itu seterusnya membesar

dengan campuran udara dan juga gas karbon dioksida.

Eksperimen ini boleh digunakan untuk melihat adanya tiga fasa atau
keadaan jirim. Ini dilakukan dengan membuat perbandingan dan
melihat perbezaan di antara sifat-sifat keadaan jirim yang berbeza
sebelum dan selepas dicampurkan.
Tahukah anda?
Mengikut spesifikasi kurikulum kebangsaan, kita dikehendaki belajar
tentang tiga fasa atau keadaan jirim. Menurut kajian saintifik yang
terbaru, terdapat lima fasa atau keadaan utama jirim.
Fasa-fasa atau keadaan-keadaan itu ialah pepejal, cecair, gas,
plasma dan kondensasi Bose-Einstein (Bose-Einstein condensates).

Unsur-unsur dan sebatian-sebatian boleh berubah dari satu fasa ke

fasa yang lain apabila hadirnya kesan-kesan fizikal yang khas. Satu
contoh kesan ini ialah suhu. Fasa atau keadaan jirim boleh berubah
apabila suhu berubah. Secara amnya, apabila suhu meningkat, jirim
berubah kepada keadaan yang lebih aktif.

Fasa menerangkan tentang keadaan fizikal jirim. Kata kunci yang

penting di sini ialah perkataan "fizikal". Sesuatu benda hanya
bergerak dari satu fasa ke fasa yang lain dengan cara fizikal.
Sebagai contoh, jika tenaga ditambah dan menyebabkan
peningkatan suhu atau penambahan tekanan, satu perubahan fizikal
akan berlaku. Jika tenaga diambil seperti proses pembekuan atau
penurunan tekanan, satu perubahan fizikal juga akan berlaku.

Satu sebatian atau unsur boleh berubah dari satu fasa ke fasa yang
lain tetapi masih menjadi bahan yang sama. Anda boleh melihat wap
air di atas seperiuk air yang mendidih. Wap air itu (atau gas), boleh
terpeluwap dan menjadi setitik air.
Jika anda letakkan titis air itu di dalam peti ais, ia akan berubah
menjadi pepejal. Tidak kira apa perubahan fasa pun, ia tetap air dan
sentiasa mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama. Itu ialah perubahan
fizikal. Dalam erti kata lain, perubahan fizikal tidak merubah sifat
kimia sesuatu bahan itu.
Sebaliknya, jika ada perubahan kimia pada air, ia akan merubah cara
ia bertindak. Ini adalah kerana perubahan kimia menukar air kepada
sesuatu yang baru.
Cubalah!

Ada pelbagai cara lain untuk anda lakukan aktiviti di atas:

1. Masukkan serbuk penaik ke dalam belon. Kemudian masukkan
cuka pula ke dalam botol. Muatkan belon di mulut botol. Apabila anda
sudah bersedia, masukkan serbuk penaik ke dalam botol melalui
belon yang bertindak sebagai "kantung simpanan sementara".
2. Anda juga boleh buatkan aktiviti ini secara berkumpulan. Sediakan
barang-barang di atas meja. Pastikan setiap kumpulan mendapat
bahan yang sama. Berikan juga secawan air sebagai bahan
tambahan. Cabaran setiap kumpulan ialah untuk mencampurkan air,
cuka dan serbuk penaik di dalam botol dan menangkap gas yang
terhasil di dalam belon. Kumpulan dengan belon yang terbesar akan
dikira sebagai pemenang. Aktiviti ini bukan sahaja menyeronokkan, ia
juga menggalakkan pelajar untuk menggunakan kemahiran proses
sains untuk mendapatkan hasil yang terbaik!
Kurikulum Sekolah
Year 5 / Investigating Materials / States of Matter
Selamat mencuba!

Photo credit:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N6FtAqvMdKc/Twz4GpYOWHI/AAAAAAAAG04/TficysLe9qI/s1600/IMG_1433.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dOJGn2J-VHg/TNr603i83nI/AAAAAAAAAr8/bhwYvWpRaV8/s400/ThreeStatesofMatter.jpg
http://notjustcute.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/blog-posts3.jpg
http://static.prometheanplanet.com/images/resources/themes/chemistry/image-chemistry-matter.jpg
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/matter_states1.jpg
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/matter_changes1.gif
http://www.linkstolearning.com/Images/matter_states2.gif
http://www.plasmas.org/E-4phases2.jpg
http://lh4.ggpht.com/_khjKTH0Ul6Y/SxCPhmaB3tI/AAAAAAAAHh4/dAT4Z7vvESY/Nov%252024,%252020092.jpg

Bacaan tambahan:
www.chem4kids.com

Science Activities About

Matter
Bruce Pohlmann
eHow Contributor

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Liquid is one of the three states of matter.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Matter exists in three normal states: solid, liquid and
gas. Each state has different properties and
characteristics. Activity-based learning can provide
students with concrete examples of the states and
properties of matter. According to the Center for
Environmental and Conservation Education Online, "For
many students spending time in a participatory way
allows them to understand science for the first time."
The Center advocates learning by doing as a way to help
students fully grasp science lessons and concepts about
matter.

Other People Are Reading

1st Grade Lesson Plans for Properties of Matter

Science Matter Activities for First Grade

1.
o

States of Matter

Introduce primary students to the states of

matter with this activity. Materials include a paper cup, a
zip-lock plastic bag filled with water, two empty zip-lock
bags and a rubber ball. Have students work in groups.
Students place the ball in an empty bag. Explain that the
ball is a solid. Tell them to describe its properties, such
as having weight, taking up space and holding its shape.

Write these on the board. Ask for other examples of

solids. Explain that the water in the bag is a liquid and
ask students to describe its properties. Lead them to see
that it does not keep its shape. They can see this by
pouring the water from the bag into the cup. Have
students blow air into the third baggie. It inflates. Ask
them about what is in the bag and its properties. Write
their responses down and discuss other examples of the
gas state. Ask students to compare the three states of
matter and their properties.

Space in a Container
o

Teach students about molecules of matter

through the use of models. Break students into groups of
four. Materials for each group include a transparent
plastic container, marbles, sand and water. Tell students
to fill their containers to the top with marbles. Ask them
if the container is full. When they say yes, ask them to
add sand to the container. They will see the sand fill the
spaces between their marbles. Ask students again if the
container is full. Then tell them to add water to the
container. Ask students to discuss what has happened.
Explain that the activity demonstrates how molecules
behave and that molecules come in different sizes. The
smaller molecules fill the spaces in between the larger
molecules, just like the sand and the water fill the
spaces in between the marbles. Ask students if they
could repeat this demonstration with other types of
matter, then ask them what would have happened if the
order of materials had been reversed.

Read more : http://www.ehow.com/list_6591046_scienceactivities-matter.html

Dissolving Sugar at Different Heats

Learn about solutions as you add more and more sugar cubes to different
temperature water. This easy experiment shows that you can only dissolve a certain
amount and that this changes as the water gets hotter.

'll need:

ar cubes
d water in a clear glass

water in a clear glass (be careful with the hot water)

on for stirring

Sponso

ns:

e sure the glasses have an equal amount of water.

a sugar cube into the cold water and stir with the spoon until the sugar disappears. Repeat this
ess (remembering to count the amount of sugar cubes you put into the water) until the sugar
s dissolving, you are at this point when sugar starts to gather on the bottom of the glass rather
dissolving.

e down how many sugar cubes you could dissolve in the cold water.

eat the same process for the hot water, compare the number of sugar cubes dissolved in each
d, which dissolved more?

appening?

ater isn't able to dissolve as much sugar as the hot water, but why? Another name for the liquids
cups is a 'solution', when this solution can no longer dissolve sugar it becomes a 'saturated
his means that sugar starts forming on the bottom of the cup.

n the hot water dissolves more is because it has faster moving molecules which are spread
rt than the molecules in the cold water. With bigger gaps between the molecules in the hot
e sugar molecules can fit in between.

er Molecules on the Move

ment is great for testing if hot water molecules really move faster than cold
some water, drop in some food coloring and compare results.

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'll need:

ear glass filled with hot water

ear glass filled with cold water

d coloring

eye dropper

ns:

he glasses with the same amount of water, one cold and one hot.
one drop of food coloring into both glasses as quickly as possible.

ch what happens to the food colouring.

appening?

h closely you will notice that the food coloring spreads faster throughout the hot water than in
he molecules in the hot water move at a faster rate, spreading the food coloring faster than the
molecules which mover slower.

l Wool & Vinegar Reaction

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wool in vinegar and watch what happens as the iron in the steel begins to
he oxygen around it. This fun science experiment for kids is great for
out chemical reactions.

'll need:

el Wool
gar
beakers

er or a lid (something to cover the beaker to keep the heat in)

rmometer

ns:

e the steel wool in a beaker.

r vinegar on to the steel wool and allow it to soak in the vinegar for around one minute.

move the steel wool and drain any excess vinegar.

p the steel wool around the base of the thermometer and place them both in the second beaker.

er the beaker with paper or a lid to keep the heat in (make sure you can still read the temperature

he thermometer, having a small hole in the paper or lid for the thermometer to go through is a
d idea).

ck the initial temperature and then monitor it for around five minutes.

appening?

rature inside the beaker should gradually rise, you might even notice the beaker getting foggy.
soak the steel wool in vinegar it removes the protective coating of the steel wool and allows the
steel to rust. Rusting (or oxidation) is a chemical reaction between iron and oxygen, this chemical
eates heat energy which increases the temperature inside the beaker. This experiment is an
an exothermic reaction, a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat.

Coke & Mentos Eruption

most popular experiments of modern times is the Diet Coke and Mentos
ade popular by Steve Spangler, this experiment is a lot of fun and sure to
r friends and family (assuming you do it outside rather than in the living

What you'll need:

Large bottle of Diet Coke

About half a pack of Mentos

Geyser tube (optional but makes things much easier)

Instructions:

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1. Make sure you are doing this experiment in a place where you won't get in trouble for getting Diet
Coke everywhere. Outside on some grass is perfect, please don't try this one in your family lounge!!
2. Stand the Diet Coke upright and unscrew the lid. Put some sort of funnel or tube on top of it so you
can drop the Mentos in at the same time (about half the pack is a good amount). Doing this part can
be tricky if you don't have a specially designed geyser tube, I recommend buying one from a local
store such as Natures Discoveries (NZ) or online.
3. Time for the fun part, drop the Mentos into the Diet Coke and run like mad! If you've done it properly
a huge geyser of Diet Coke should come flying out of the bottle, it's a very impressive sight. The
record is about 9 metres (29 feet) high!

What's happening?
Although there are a few different theories around about how this experiment works, the most favoured
reason is because of the combination of carbon dioxide in the Diet Coke and the little dimples found on
Mentos candy pieces.
The thing that makes soda drinks bubbly is the carbon dioxide that is pumped in when they bottle the drink
at the factory. It doesn't get released from the liquid until you pour it into a glass and drink it, some also
gets released when you open the lid (more if you shake it up beforehand). This means that there is a whole
lot of carbon dioxide gas just waiting to escape the liquid in the form of bubbles.
Dropping something into the Diet Coke speeds up this process by both breaking the surface tension of the
liquid and also allowing bubbles to form on the surface area of the Mentos. Mentos candy pieces are
covered in tiny dimples (a bit like a golf ball), which dramatically increases the surface area and allows a
huge amount of bubbles to form.
The experiment works better with Diet Coke than other sodas due to its slightly different ingredients and
the fact that it isn't so sticky. I also found that Diet Coke that had been bottled more recently worked better
than older bottles that might have lost some of their fizz sitting on shop shelves for too long, just check the
bottle for the date.