113
Segunda Parte
del ejercicio de la
complementariedad y los
derechos de las vctimas
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Sumario:
Introduccin. I. EL PRINCIPIO DE COMPLEMENTARIEDAD, A.) Nocin
del principio de complementariedad, B.) Justificacin, C.) Alcance. II. LA
ADMISIBILIDAD ANTE LA CPI, A.) El test de admisibilidad ante la CPI, B.) En
qu momento se puede hacer un anlisis de la complementariedad?, C.) Quin debe
decidir la admisibilidad?, D.) Efectos prcticos de la admisibilidad. III. EL CASO
COLOMBIANO, A.) El contexto convencional, B.) La salvaguarda de Colombia, 1.
Distincin entre reservas y declaraciones interpretativas, 2. Las declaraciones
interpretativas de Colombia y la ley de justicia y paz. Conclusiones.
INTRODUCCIN
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EL PRINCIPIO DE COMPLEMENTARIEDAD
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a)
b)
c)
La ausencia de accin, la no voluntad, o la inhabilidad de las jurisdicciones nacionales para investigar apropiadamente los crmenes
supuestamente cometidos en esa situacin de crisis
d)
e)
f)
Olsolo, H., The triggering procedure of the International Criminal Court, Procedural treatment
of the principle of complementarity, and the Role of Office of the Prosecutor, International
Criminal Law Review 5, 2005, p. 124.
4
Estatuto de Roma: Destacando que la Corte Penal Internacional establecida en virtud del presente
Estatuto ser complementaria de las jurisdicciones penales nacionales.
5
Estatuto de Roma: Se instituye por el presente una Corte Penal Internacional (la Corte).
La Corte ser una institucin permanente, estar facultada para ejercer su jurisdiccin sobre
personas respecto de los crmenes ms graves de trascendencia internacional de conformidad con
el presente Estatuto y tendr carcter complementario de las jurisdicciones penales nacionales.
La competencia y el funcionamiento de la Corte se regirn por las disposiciones del presente
Estatuto.
6
Estatuto de Roma: 1. La Corte teniendo en cuenta el dcimo prrafo del prembulo y el artculo
1, resolver la inadmisibilidad de un asunto cuando:
a) El asunto sea objeto de una investigacin o enjuiciamiento en el Estado que tiene jurisdiccin
sobre l salvo que ste no est dispuesto a llevar a cabo la investigacin o el enjuiciamiento o no
pueda realmente hacerlo;
3
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b) El asunto haya sido objeto de investigacin por el Estado que tenga jurisdiccin sobre l y
ste haya decidido no incoar accin penal contra la persona de que se trate, salvo que la decisin
haya obedecido a que no est dispuesto a llevar a cabo el enjuiciamiento o no pueda realmente
hacerlo;
c) La persona de que se trate haya sido ya enjuiciada por la conducta a que se refiere la denuncia,
y la Corte no pueda incoar el juicio con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el prrafo 3 del artculo 20;
d) El asunto no sea de gravedad suficiente para justificar la adopcin de otras medidas por la
Corte.
7
Accordingly, admissibility can be regarded as the tool allowing the implementation of the
principle of complementarity in respect of a specific scenario. Corte Penal Internacional,
Situacin en la Repblica Democratica del Congo, Decision on the Prosecutors Application
for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, Pre-Trial Chamber I, No. ICC-01/04-01/07, 10 Marzo 2009. p
36
8
Triffterer, O. Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Second Edition.
p. 57.
9
International Criminal Court, Situation in Uganda, The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti,
Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen, Decision on the admissibility of the case under article 19 (1) of the
Statute, Pre-Trial Chamber II, No. ICC-02/04-01/05, Original in English, 10 March 2009. Prrafo 34
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10
11
In the Chambers view, when the President of the DRC sent the letter of referral to the Office
of the Prosecutor on 3 March 2004, appears that the DRC was indeed unable to undertake the
investigation and prosecution of the crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the Court committed
in the situation in the territory of DRC since 1 July 2002. In the Chambers view, this is why the
self-referral of the DRC appears consistent with the ultimate purpose of the complementarity
regime, according to which the Court by no means replaces national criminal jurisdiction, but
it is complementary to them Corte Penal Internacional, Situacion en la Republica Democratica del
Congo, Decision on the Prosecutors Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, Pre-Trial Chamber
I, No. ICC-01/04-01/07, 10 February 2006, Prrafo 36.
It is well known that the cornerstone of the Statute and of the functioning of the Court is the
principle of complementarity, according to which the Court shall have the power to exercise
its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern ... and shall
be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions. International Criminal Court, Situation
in Uganda, The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen,
Decision on the admissibility of the case under article 19 (1) of the Statute, Pre-Trial Chamber II,
No. ICC-02/04-01/05, Original in English, 10 March 2009. Prrafo 34.
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B.)
Justificacin
12
13
14
so long as the legal system of a State can efficiently investigate and prosecute the serious
crimes prohibited in the Statute, the sovereignty of the State will remain unaffected, free of any
interference by the ICC. YANG, L, On the Principle of Complementarity in the Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court, 4 Chinese Journal of Internal Law, p. 123.
The basic idea for the complementarity is to maintain State sovereignty, under which it is the
duty of every State to exercise its criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for international
crimes. Id. p. 122.
Ver [http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc694962.pdf].
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C.)
121
Alcance
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A.)
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24
25
26
27
28
Corte Penal Internacional, Situacion en la Repblica Democrtica del Congo, Decision on the
Prosecutors Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, Pre-Trial Chamber I, No. ICC-01/04-01/07,
10 Febrero 2006, prrafo 29.
Id, Febrero 2006, prrafo 30.
Corte Penal Internacional, Situacin en la Repblica Democrtica del Congo, The Prosecutor v.
Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Reasons for the Oral Decision on the Motion Challenging
the Admissibility of the Case (Article 19 of the Statute), Sala Preliminar II, No. ICC-01/04-01/07, Junio
16 de 2009. prrafo 21.
It is not due to its inability or unwillingness to effectively prosecute, but is rather due to its wish to rely
on the Court, Junio 2009, prrafo 22.
Ibd., prrafo 90-93.
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29
32
30
31
33
34
Ibd., prrafo 76. the absence of intention the part of the State concerning to bring the person concerned
to justice.
Ibd., prrafo 77. because it [the State] wants to shield that person from criminal responsibility.
Ibd., aims to see the person brought to justice, but not before national courts.
Ibd., a State which causes not to investigate or prosecute a person before its own court, but nevertheless
every intention of seeing that justice is done, must be considered as lacking the will referred to in article
17.
Ibd., prrafo 78. to put an end to impunity.
Ibd., prrafo 80. the state considers itself unable to hold a fair and expeditious trial or because it considers
that circumstances are not conducive to conduction effective investigations or holding a fair trial.
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B.)
35
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37
38
39
Junio 2009, prrafo 55. The Statute provides a three-phase approach in respect of challenges to admissibility.
During the first phase, which runs until the decision on the confirmation of charges is filed with the
Registry, all types of challenges to admissibility are permissible, subject to the requirements, for States,
to make them at the earliest opportunity. In the second phase, which is fairly short, running from the
filing of the decision on the confirmation of charges to the constitution of the Trial Chamber, challenges
may still be made if based on the ne bis in idem principle. In the third phase, in other words, as soon as the
chamber is constituted, challenges to admissibility (based on the ne bis in idem principle) are permissible
only in exceptional circumstances and with leave of the Trial Chamber.
Corte Penal Internacional, Situacin en Uganda, The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot
Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen, Decisin en cuanto a la admisibilidad del caso bajo el artculo 194(1)
del Estatuto, Sala Preliminar I, No. ICC-02/04-01/05, Marzo 10 2009, prrafo 16.
Ibd., prrafo 25. the statute does not rule out the possibility that multiple determinations of admissibility
may be made in a given case.
Ibd., prrafo 26. it appears beyond controversy that the accused will always be entitled to raise a
challenge under article 19(2) of the Statute, whether or not the Chamber has exercised its powers under
article 19(1).
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Y agrega:
Cualquier cuerpo judicial, incluyendo cualquier tribunal internacional,
conserva el poder y la tarea de determinar los lmites de su propia jurisdiccin
y competencia. Semejante poder y deber, comnmente reconocido como
Kompetenz-Kompetenz est consagrado en la primera frase del artculo 19
(1), la cual prev que la Corte se cerciorar de tener jurisdiccin en todas las
casos que le sean sometidos(traduccin libre)42.
40
41
42
Ibd., prrafo 27. In exceptional circumstances, the Court may grant leave for a challenge to be brought
more than once or at a time later than the commencement of a trial.
Ibd., prrafo 28. the determination of admissibility is meant to be an ongoing process throughout the
pre-trial phase, the outcome of which is subject to review depending on the evolution of the relevant factual
scenario.
Ibd., prrafo 45. Once the jurisdiction of the Court is triggered, it is for the alter and not for any national
judicial authorities to interpret and apply the provisions governing the complementarity regime and to
make a binding determination on the admissibility of a given case. Any judicial body, including any
international tribunal, retains the power and the duty to determine the boundaries of its own jurisdiction
and competence. Such a power and duty, commonly referred to as Kompetenz-Kompetenz is enshrined
in the first sentence of article 19(1), which provides that the Court shall satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction
in any case brought before it.
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EL CASO COLOMBIANO
A.)
El contexto convencional
44
Corte Penal Internacional, Situacin en la Repblica Democrtica del Congo, Decision on the
Prosecutors Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, Pre-Trial Chamber I, No. ICC-01/0401/07, 10 February 2006, prrafo 18. It is the Chambers view that an initial determination on whether
the cases against Mr. Thomas Luganga Dyilo and Mr Bosco Ntaganda fall within the jurisdiction of the
Court and are admissible is a prerequisite to the issuance of a warrant of arrest.
Schermers, H. y Blokker, N. International Institutional Law: unity within diversity, Martinus Nijhoff,
2003, p. 27 ss.
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46
47
48
49
50
51
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La salvaguarda de Colombia
No obstante que las reservas son una figura comn en el marco del derecho
de los tratados, tal como lo contempla la Convencin de Viena sobre el
Derecho de los Tratados de 196953, el Estatuto de Roma incluy una disposicin
expresa prohibindolas, lo que impide que por regla general algn Estado
parte del tratado pueda excluir o modificar el alcance de ciertas provisiones
particulares del Estatuto54.
Sin embargo, y de manera transitoria y excepcional, el Estatuto permiti
que los Estados tuvieran la facultad de posponer por siete aos la vigencia
de la competencia de la Corte respecto de los crmenes de guerra sealados
en el artculo 8 del Estatuto55. Al efecto, el artculo 124 respectivo reza:
Disposiciones de Transicin () un Estado, al hacerse parte en el presente
Estatuto, podr declarar que, durante un periodo de siete aos contados a
partir de la fecha en que el Estatuto entre en vigor a su respecto, no aceptar la
52
53
54
55
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59
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60
63
61
62
64
Ver Fitzmaurice M., The Practical Work of the Law of the Treaties, en International Law, Second
Edition, ed. por Evans M.D. Oxford. 2006. P. 208.
Informe de la Comisin de Derecho Internacional, 54 Periodo de Sesiones, 2002, p. 34.
Ibd.
Ver Walter J.K. Professionals definitions and states interpretative declarations (understanding,
statements or declarations) for the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, 21 Emory International Law
Review, 2007, p. 641.
Ver Shaw M., International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2003, p. 822.
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68
therein, the Government of Colombia declares that it does not accept the jurisdiction of the Court with
respect to the category of crimes referred to in article 8 when a crime is alleged to have been committed
by Colombian nationals or on Colombian territory. Disponible en [http://treaties.un.org/Pages/
ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&lang=en#EndDec consultado
el 23 de Junio de 2009].
Ibd., 1. None of the provisions of the Rome Statute concerning the exercise of jurisdiction by the
International Criminal Court prevent the Colombian State from granting amnesties, reprieves or judicial
pardons for political crimes, provided that they are granted in conformity with the Constitution and with
the principles and norms of international law accepted by Colombia.
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69
70
71
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136
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137
76
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138
77
78
Ver la Declaracin de Colombia adjunta al acto de Ratificacin del Estatuto de Roma, 2002.
Ver Crdenas Castaeda, F. A., La Unin Suramericana de Naciones: Fundamentos de Soft Law
y Hard Law para la construccin jurdica de la integracin en la regin, en Revista Orbis, n14,
enero de 2009, pp. 41-50.
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79
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140
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