Generators and Motors

Generators

Are rotating
electrical machines
that convert
mechanical energy
input to usable
electrical energy

Main Parts

Yoke
Pole and Pole Shoe
Field Winding
Armature
Commutator
Brushes

Main Parts
Yoke

Field Winding

Support the field

coil and spread
the flux over large
area

It is cylindrical
in shape to
which even
number of
poles is bolted

Main Parts
Pole and Pole Shoe

It is cylindrical in
shape to which even
number of poles is
bolted

Armature
A cylindrical core
Made of sheet steel
laminations and
insulated from each
other by a thin layer of
paper and varnish to
reduce iron loss

Main Parts
Commutator

Cylindrical in shape and consists of segments

of hard drawn copper . A mica strip insulates
each segment from each other. Windings of
armature are terminated on it
Brushes

Used to connect the external circuit to the

armature

General Types of AC Armature Winding

Lap Winding
Type of winding which
coil end are connected
to commutator segments
that are near to one
another.

Wave Winding
Type of winding which
the coil ends are
connected to
commutator segments
that are of some
distance from one
another; nearly 360
degrees

Parallel Paths
For Lap
Winding

a = mP

For Wave
Winding

a = 2m

a = Armature current paths for both DC motor and DC

generator
M = plex or degree of multiplicity of the winding
P = number of poles

Parallel Paths
Winding

Simplex

Duplex

Triplex

Quadruplex

General Voltage of a DC Generator

(EMF)
Voltage across the armature of the DC generator
AC not DC
Commutator

Commutation

responsible in
converting the
generated AC voltage
in the armature to DC

the reversal of current

in the coil passes
through the brush
position

General Voltage of a DC Generator

(EMF)

Eg =

ZPN
60a

-8

X 10 V

Eg = generated voltage/induced voltage

= flux per pole, lines or maxwells
N = speed of rotation of the armature; rpm
Z = number of active conductors
a = number of parallel paths

Armature Reaction

When the generator is loaded, the armature

conductor carries current and hence current
carrying conductors produce a magnetic flux of its
own which affects the flux created by the main
poles.

Effects of Armature Reaction

Field Strength in the gap is

weakened under the leading
pole tips and strengthens
under the trailing pole tips.

Magnetic field of the

machine is distorted.

Compensating Windings

Neutralizes the cross-magnetizing

effects of armature reaction

Connected in series with armature such

that the current in it flows in opposite
direction to that flowing in armature
conductors directly below the pole shoes

Interpoles

Does not reduce armature reaction

A better method of providing commutating field.

Types of DC Generators

Separately Excited
DC Generator

Self Excited Generator

Shunt

Series

Long Shunt

Compound

Short Shunt

Separately Excited DC Generator

The field winding is energized from an external DC

source is called exciter. The exciter maybe a battery
or another DC generator.

Ia = IL
If = V/Rf
Eg = VT + Va + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia( ra + rbc )

Self Excited DC Generator

The field winding is energized by its own

armature( shunt, series or compound)

Shunt Generator

Ia = ISH +IL
If = VT/RSH
Eg = VT + Va + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia( ra + rbc )

Self Excited DC Generator

Series Generator

Ia = IS = IL
Eg = VT + Va +Vs + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia( ra + Rs + rbc )

Self Excited DC Generator

Compound Generator
Long Shunt

Ia = ISH = IS = IL
ISH = VT/RSH
Eg = VT + Va + VS + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia(ra + rbc + RS)

Self Excited DC Generator

Compound Generator
Short Shunt

IS = IL
Ia = ISH + IL
Eg = Va + Vbc + VSH
Eg = VT + Va + VS + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia(ra + rbc) + IsRs

Self Excited DC Generator

Where:
Eg = generated voltage/induced voltage of the generator
Ia = armature current; A
IL = load current / line current; A
ISH = shunt field current; A
IS = series field current; A
ra = armature winding resistance;
Rbc = brush contact resistance;
RSH = shunt field resistance;
RS = series field resistance;
RL = Load resistance;

Self Excited DC Generator

VT = load voltage / terminal voltage; V
VSH = shunt field winding resistance drop; V
VS = series field winding resistance drop; V

Va = armature winding resistance drop; V

Vbc = brush contact resistance drop; V

Losses in DC Generator

Copper Loss

Losses due to current in the various windings of the machine

Armature copper loss
Field copper loss
Brush contact loss

Losses in DC Generator

Iron Loss

Magnetic or core losses

Hysteresis Loss
Eddy Current Loss

Losses in DC Generator

Mechanical Losses

Air friction of rotating armature

Bearing friction
Brush friction

Alternators

Machine designed to generate alternating curves

Operating Principle

When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors are cut by the
magnetic flux, hence they have induced emf produced in
them. Because of the magnetic poles are alternately N and
S poles, they have induced an emf and hence current in the
armature conductors, which first flow in one direction and
then in the other. Hence an alternating emf is produced in
the stator conductors whose frequency depends on the
number of poles moving past in a conductor in one second
and whose direction is given by Flemingss Right hand Rule.

Alternators

Frequency of the Generated Voltage

P(rpm)
f =

Hertz
120

Where:

F = frequency, Hz

P = no. of poles

rpm = speed of
rotation

Alternators

Generated Voltage
of an Alternator

E = 4.44Nkdkp x 10-8 V

Where:
E = total generated voltage, V
N = no. of turns per coil
= flux per pole, maxwells
kd = distribution factor
kp = pitch factor

Note:
For full winding, kp = 1
For concentric winding, kd = 1

Alternators

Effects of Various Types of Load

on the Alternator Terminal Voltage

Resistive Loads
Inductive Loads
Capacitive Loads

Alternators
Resistive Loads

Incandescent
lamps,
heating
devices or
loads with
unity power
factor

8% to 20%
drop in
terminal
voltage below
its no-load
value

Inductive Loads
Induction motors,
electrical
welders,
fluorescent
lighting or loads
with lagging
power factor.
25% to 50% drop
in terminal
voltage below
the no-load value

Capacitive Loads
Capacitor devices
or special types of
synchronous
motor or loads
with leading power
factor.
Tend to raise or
increase the
terminal voltage of
the alternator
above the no load
value.

Motors

Rotating electrical machines that convert

electrical energy into mechanical energy
It has a reverse operation with generators
The presence of back emf causes the armature
current to automatically changes with the
increase of load on the motor. If there is no
back emf, the armature may take very high
current and winding may be damaged (like
during starting, the current is high

DC Motors
Utilizes DC energy as input to produce mechanical actions
Counter EMF of Motors

ZPN
Ec =
60a

-8

X 10 V

Where:
Ec = back emf or counter emf,V
P = no. of poles
= flux per pole, lines or
maxwells
N = speed of rotation of the
armature; rpm
Z = number of active conductors
a = number of parallel paths

Types of DC Motors

Series

Shunt

Compound

Shunt Motor

Its field winding is connected across the armature

Nearly constant or adjustable
Medium starting torque
Used for fan, blower, pump, grinder, etc

Note:
To reverse the direction of rotation, interchange the brush
or reverse the connection of the shunt field
Never open the field circuit while the motor is operating
for it will race or run away

Shunt Motor

IL = Ia + ISH
ISH = Vs/RSH
Ec = Vs Va Vbc
Ec = Vs Ia(ra + rbc)

Series Motor

The field winding is connected in series with the

armature
Variable speed
High starting torque
Used for elevators, crane, conveyor, hoist, gear drive,
etc.

Note:
To reverse the direction of rotation, interchange the
brushes
Never start this series motor without load or remove the
load while operating for it will race or run away.

Series Motor

IL = Is = Ia
Ec = Vs - Va - Vbc - VSF
Ec = Vs IL(ra + rbc + Rs)

Compound Motor

Variable-speed or adjustable speed

Has a series and shunt field coils similar to
compound generator
High starting torque
Used for elevators, conveyor, crane, milling
machine, punching machine, etc

Torque Developed in the Armature

Ia x Ec
T = 9.55 (

)N-m
N

Where:
T = torque developed, N-m
N = speed of rotation, rpm
= flux per pole, weber

K = proportinality constant

T = kIa

Mechanical Power Output

2NT
HP =

33,000

Where:

HP = horsepower

2NT
HP =

44,760

Speed Regulations

Percentage rise in the speed of the motor

when the mechanical load is removed

%NR =

NNL - NFL
NFL

Where:
NNL = no-load speed
NFL = full-load speed

x 100%

Synchronous Motors

An Arc machine that operates at synchronous

speed and converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy

Parts of Synchronous Motors

Stator

Houses 3 phase armature windings in the slots
of the core and receives power from 3-phase
supply
Rotor

Has a number of alternate N and S poles. The
rotor poles are excited by an exciter, which is a
DC generator, mounted on the rotor shaft

Characteristics of Synchronous Motors

Under-excitation

the field excitation that the back emf is less
than the applied voltage. The motor has
lagging power factor
Normal Excitation

Operates at almost unity power factor
Over-Excitation

Operates in leading power factor

Uses of Synchronous Motors

Used where a constant speed is required

Used in power factor correction in the factories

Induction Motors
Principles of Induction Motors

When a 3-phase supply is applied to the stator, a

rotating magnetic field is produced. This
rotating magnetic field produces induced emf
in the rotor windings that cause induced
current to circulate.

Induction Motors
Principles of Induction Motors

By Lenzs Law, the induced current tends to

oppose the action producing it and therefore
circulate in such a manner that a torque is
produced. However, the rotor not rotate as fast
as the rotating magnetic field.

Speeds of Induction Motors

Synchronous Speed

The
speed at
which
the
rotating
flux
rotates

Rotor Speed

Actual speed of
the motor
It cant be
calculated but it
can be
measured using
tachometer or
speedometer

Slip

The difference
between the
synchronous
speed and the
actual speed

Types of Induction Motors

Squirrel Cage Motor

Used where low
power needed and
speed control is
needed

Slip Ring
Used only when high
starting torque is
required

Advantages of Induction Motors

Simple in construction,
robust and almost
unbreakable

Requires minimum care

and maintenance

Good power factor

High efficiency

Self-starting

Disadvantages of Induction Motors

Speed cannot be varied
without loss of
efficiency
Has inferior starting
torque
Speed decreases with
the increase load

Converters
and
Rectifiers

Methods of Converting AC to DC

Motor-Generator Set

An AC and DC generator
mechanically coupled; AC
motor can be synchronous
or induction motor

Rotary Converters

Single machine with one

armature and one field
Combines the function of a
synchronous motor and DC
generator

Methods of Converting AC to DC

Motor Converters

Rectifiers

consists of ordinary slip

ring induction motor
coupled both mechanically
and electrically to a DC
generator

Converts AC to
unidirectional current by
virtue of permitting flow of
currents in only one
direction

Applications of Generators and Motors

Amplidyne

Trade name for rotating amplifiers

Quick response DC generator, output of which
is controlled by a very small field power
Power amplifier; most suitable use as an exciter
in a closed loop control system

Applications of Generators and Motors

Brushless Generators

Generator employing silicon rectifiers as static

commutation devices
Aircraft generator

Applications of Generators and Motors

Dyna-motor

Rotary transformer
A composite machine having a single magnet
frame but two separate armature windings,
one acting as a generator and the other as a
motor, and independent commutators

Applications of Generators and Motors

Rototrol

A single-stage
rotating
amplifier
relying on the
use of positive
feedback

Magnicon
Trade name
for rotating
amplifiers with
cross field
excitation

Applications of Generators and Motors

Magnetohydrodynamic Generator

Converts thermal energy into electric by

breaking a stream of hot ionized gas
Plasma hydrodynamic generator

Applications of Generators and Motors

Electrohydrodynamic Generator

A stream of gas is ionized, the positive ions

being carried away by the stream while the
electrons are collected by an electrode ring
causing a current to flow through a wire
between the ring and a collecting grid

Applications of Generators and Motors

Metadyne Generator

Rotating amplifier
Similar to the nature of amplidyne

Applications of Generators and Motors

Motor Converter

An induction motor and a synchronous

converter mechanically and electrically
coupled
Converts AC to DC

Applications of Generators and Motors

Motor Generator

A converter consisting of an AC motor directly

coupled to a DC generator
No electrical connection between the two
machines

Applications of Generators and Motors

Static Converter

A converter based on electronic devices of the

semiconductor, mercury arc or gaseous type,
usually in combination with a transformer

Applications of Generators and Motors

Thermocouple Generator

Thermal-electrical conversion device

Transformers

It is an AC device that transfers power from

one circuit to another without rotating and
change of frequency

Transformer Construction

Core Type

The windings are

placed on outside of
the core

Transformer Construction

Shell Type

The windings are

placed on inside of the
core such that the
magnetic circuit
completely surrounds
the winding

Parameters of Transformer

For Ideal Transformers

Pp = PS

Equivalent Circuit of an ideal Transformer

Parameters of Transformer
Voltage Ratio

Current Ratio

a=

ES

ZP
a =
ZS

NP
NS

NS

IP
=

=
a

Impedance Ratio

EP

IS
=(

NP
NP
NS

Parameters of Transformer
Where

A = ratio of transformer/ turn ratio

EP = primary line (impressed) voltage

ES = secondary line (impressed) voltage

NP = no. of primary turn

NS = no. of secondary turn

IP = primary line current

IS = secondary line current

Losses in Transformers

Iron Losses

Hysteresis

Eddy Current

Copper Losses

Losses in Transformers

Hysteresis

Eddy Current

Heating loss due to the

collision of irons magnetic
particles when it aligned to
the external magnetic
induction

Loss due to eddy

current(eddy currents are
currents circulating around
the magnetic core of the
transformer

Condition for Maximum Efficiency

Copper Loss = Core Loss

Transformer

Open Circuit Test or No-load Test

Determine the no-load loss or core loss

Transformer

Short Circuit Test or Impedance test

Equivalent impedance, leakage reactance

and total resistance of the transformer as
referred to the winding in which the
measuring instruments are placed

Rated or Full-load copper loss

Autotransformer

Has only one winding which performs

the function of both primary and
secondary winding. These
transformers are used as regulating
transformers where only a small
variation of voltage is required

Electrolysis and Batteries

Electrolysis

The conduction of electric current

through the solution of an electrolyte
together with the resulting chemical
changes

Important Terms
Anode

plate or electrode connected to the + terminal

Cathode

plate or electrode connected to the - terminal

Ions

The electrolyte gets chemically decomposed

Anions

Ions having + charge

Cations

Ions having - charge

Faradays Law of Electrolysis

First Law
The mass of an ion set free by a current in the process
of electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of charge
that has passed through the electrolyte
W Q It

W = ZIt

Where
W = mass of ion liberated
I = current in amperes
t = time in seconds
Z = a constant value that depends upon the nature of substance

Faradays Law of Electrolysis

Second Law
When the same current passes through several electrolyte for the same
time, the mass of various ions deposited at each of the electrodes are
proportional to their chemical equivalents

m1
m2

E1
E2

Z1
Z2

Where
m1 & m2 = mass of ion deposited or liberated
E1 & E2 = chemical equivalent weights (atomic weight / valency)
Z1 & Z2 = electromechanical equivalent

Applications of Electrolysis
Electroplating
Depositing a thin layer of precious metal (silver,
gold) over an inferior metal

Extraction and Purification of Metals

Battery
An assembly of voltaic primary and secondary cell

Primary Cells

Secondary Cells

Chemical action not

reversible

Also known as
accumulators
or storage
batteries

Acid Cells

Uses acid as an
electrolyte

Alkali Cells

Uses alkali as an
electrolyte

Local Action
The continuous dissolution of the zinc rod even
when the cell is not connected to the external circuit

This is due to impurities present in commercial zinc. The impurities

form small tiny cells, which are short circuited by the main body of
the zinc rod

Can be minimized by using amalgamated zinc

Polarization
The collection of hydrogen bubbles on the surface of
the copper plate
Effects of Polarization
The bubbles act as insulators and hence increase the internal
resistance of the cell
Sticking H2 ions on the +Ve plate exert repulsive
force on the other H2 ions coming towards the Cu
plate. Minimized by surrounding the cathode by
depolarizers, which oxidizes H2 bubbles as soon as
they are produced

Charging the Battery

Process of reversing the current flow through the battery
to restore the battery to its original position
5 Types of Charge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Initial Charge
Normal Charge
Equalizing Charge
Floating Charge
Fast Charge

List of Batteries and their Corresponding Output

Primary
Alkaline Mn02

1.15 V

Carbon Zinc

1.5 V

Electrolyte

2.8 V

Leclanche

1.2 V

Li-organic

2.8 V

Magnesium

1.5 V

Manganeses dioxide (alkaline)

1.5 V

Mercad

0.85 V

Mercury

1.2 V

Mercuric Oxide

1.35 V

Silver Oxide

1.5 V

Solid

1.9 V

Zinc-Air

1.1 V

Zinc-Chloride

1.5 V

List of Batteries and their Corresponding Output

Secondary
Edison

1.2 V

Lead - Acid

2.1 V

Manganese Dioxide (alkaline)

1.5 V

Nickel - Cadmium

1.25 V

Nickel - Hydrogen

1.2 V

Nickel - Iron

1.2 V

Silver - Cadmium

1.05 V

Silver - Zinc

1.5 V

Zinc - Chloride

2.0 V

Zinc - Nickel Oxide

1.6 V

Most Commonly Used Cells

Primary
Type

Voltage (V)

Remarks

Carbon - Zinc

1.5

used for flash lights

and toys; low cost
and low current
capacity

Zinc - Chloride

1.5

higher current
capacity

Manganese Alkaline

1.5

hydroxide electrolyte
and high current
capacity

Silver Oxide

1.5

hydroxide electrolyte

Lithium

2.8

long life, high cost

Most Commonly Used Cells

Secondary
Type

Voltage (V)

Lead Acid

2.1

wet electrolyte

Silver - Zinc

1.5

rechargeable dry cell,

high current
capacity

Silver - Cadmium

1.05

rechargeable dry cell,

high efficiency

Nickel - Cadmium

1.25

rechargeable dry
battery

Remarks

Review
Questions

Review Questions
1.

A 4-pole DC generator with duplex lap

winding has 48 slots and four elements per
slot. The flux per pole is 2.5 x 106 maxwells and
it runs at 1500 rpm. What is the output
voltage?

a.

60
360
225
120

b.
c.
d.

Review Questions
2. Find the frequency in kilocycles per second in
the armature of a 10 pole, 1200 rpm generator?
a.
b.
c.
d.

100
1000
10
.1

Review Questions
3. What is the voltage regulation when the full
load voltage is the same as no-load voltage
assuming a perfect voltage source?
a.
b.
c.
d.

100%
10%
1%
0%

Review Questions
4. In DC motors, the emf developed which opposes
to the supplied voltage
a.
b.
c.
d.

Residual emf
Coercive emf
Induced emf
Counter emf

Review Questions
5. What will happen to a DC series motor when its
load is removed?
a.
b.
c.
d.

the motor will stop

the motor speed remains the same
the torque remains the same
the motor will over speed

Review Questions
6. The armature of a DC generator is laminated to
_________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Reduce the bulk

Provide passage for cooling air
Reduce eddy current losses
Insulate the core

Review Questions
7. Which of the following helps in reducing the
effect of armature reaction in DC generators?
1.
Interpoles
2.
Compensating Windings
a.
b.
c.
d.

1 only
2 only
Both 1 & 2
Neither 1 & 2

Review Questions
8. The loss in DC generator that varies with the
load is ___________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Copper loss
Eddy current Loss
Hysteresis Loss
Windage Loss

Review Questions
9. Magnetic field in a DC generator is produced by
_________.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Electromagnets
Permanent Magnets
Iron Core
Steel Laminations
1 only
2 only
1 & 2 only
1,2,3 & 4

Review Questions
10. In DC generator, the cause of rapid brush wears maybe
_________.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Severe sparking
Rough commutation surface
Imperfect contact
Slots disorientation
1,2 & 3 only
1,2 & 4 only
2,3 & 4 only
1,2,3 and 4

Review Questions
11. Which of the following components of a DC
generator plays vital role for providing direct
current of a DC generator
a.
b.
c.
d.

Dummy coils
Commutator
Eye bolt
Equalizer ring

Review Questions
12. Find the voltage regulation of a generator when
full load voltage is 110 V and the no load
voltage is 120 V.
a.
b.
c.
d.

1%
9.09%
90.9%
10%

Review Questions
13. Where does voltage generated in a DC generator depends?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Field resistance
Speed
Flux
Field current
Armature resistance
1,2 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
2,3 and 4 only
1,3 and 5 only

Review Questions
14. Generators are often preferred to be run in parallel
because of ___________.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Great reliability
Meeting greater load demands
Higher efficiency
1,2 and 3
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only

Review Questions
15. DC generator preferred for charging
automobile batteries is __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Shunt generator
Long shunt compund generator
Series generator
Any of these

Review Questions
16. The purpose of providing dummy coils in a
generator is __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

To reduce eddy current losses

To enhance flux density
To amplify voltage
To provide mechanical balance for the rotor

Review Questions
17. Which of the following generating machine will
offer constant voltage on all loads?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Self excited generator

Separately excited generator
Level compounded generator
All of the above

Review Questions
18. A DC generator works on the principle of
a.
b.
c.
d.

Lenzs Law
Ohms Law
Faradays Law of Electromagnetism Induction
None of the above

Review Questions
19. With a DC generator, which of the following
regulation is preferred?
a.
b.
c.
d.

100% regulation
Infinite regulation
50% regulation
1% regulation

Review Questions
20. The purpose of an amperite regulator
a.
b.
c.
d.

Power regulation
Loss regulation
Current regulation
Voltage regulation

Review Questions
21. The only purpose of a DC generator that has
been modified to function as an amplidyne is
to
a.
b.
c.
d.

Serve as a booster
Serve as a regualtor
Serve as a meter
Serve as power amplifier

Review Questions
22. A simple method of increasing the voltage of a
DC generator is ________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Increase the length of the armature

Decrease the length of the armature
Increase the speed of rotation
Decrease the speed of rotation

Review Questions
23. A 4-pole lap wound armature has 120 slots and
4 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 50
mWb and it generates 240 volts. Find the
speed.
a.
b.
c.
d.

1200 rpm
800 rpm
600 rpm
300 rpm

Review Questions
24. The power stated on the nameplate of any
motor is always the ________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Gross Power
Output power at the shaft
Power drawn in kVA
Power drawn in kW

Review Questions
25. A DC motor is used to ___________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Generate power
Change mechanical to electrical energy
Change electrical to mechanical energy
Increase energy put to it

Review Questions
26. A DC motor is still used in industrial
applications because it
a.
b.
c.
d.

Is cheap
Is simple in construction
Provides fine speed control
None of the above

Review Questions
27. Carbon brushes are preferable to copper brushes
because

a.
b.
c.
d.

They have longer life

They reduce armature reaction
They have lower resistance
They reduce sparking
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
3 and 4 only
1 and 4 only

Review Questions
28. The field poles and armature of a DC machine
are laminated to ________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Reduce the weight of the machine

Decrease the speed
Reduces eddy current
Reduce armature reaction

Review Questions
29. Steam turbo alternators are much smaller in size than water turbine
alternators for a given output. This is so because _________.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Steam turbo alternators are built with smaller capacities

Steam turbo alternators run at high speed
Steam turbo alternators have long rotors
1 & 2 only
1 & 3 only
2 & 3 only
1,2 and 3

Review Questions
30. When the speed of a DC motor increases, its
armature current ________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Increases
Decreases
Remains constant
None of the above

Review Questions
31. The amount of the back emf of a shunt motor
will increase when __________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Load is increased
The field is weak
The field is strengthened
None of the above

Review Questions
32. The speed of a DC motor is ________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Directly proportional to the flux per pole

Inversely proportional to the flux per pole
Inversely proportional to the applied voltage
None of the above

Review Questions
33. The torque developed by a DC motor is directly
proportional to ______
a.
b.
c.
d.

Flux per pole x armature current

Armature resistance x applied voltage
Armature resistance x armature current
None of the above

Review Questions
34. The speed of a _______ motor is practically
constant
a.
b.
c.
d.

Cumulatively compounded
Series
Differentially compounded
Shunt

Review Questions
35. ________ motor is a variable speed motor.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Series Motor
Shunt Motor
Cumulatively Compounded
Differentially Compunded

Review Questions
36. What do you call an electromagnet with its core
in a form of a magnetic ring?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Paraboloid
Solenoid
Toroid
Motor

Review Questions
37. The working principle of a transformer is
________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Self induction
Static induction
Mutual induction
Dynamic induction

Review Questions
38. A type of transformer that is protect technicians
from deadly electrical shock is called a/an
______
a.
b.
c.
d.

Absorber transformer
Step down transformer
Step up transformer
Isolation transformer

Review Questions
39. What is the typical use of an autotransformer?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Toy transformer
Control transformer
Variable transformer
Isolating transformer

Review Questions
40. Synchronous motor is capable of beig operated
at _________
a.
b.
c.
d.

Lagging pf only
Unity pf only
Leading pf only
All of the above