Design of Gears

Ch-6: Design of Gears
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST
Design of Gears
Introduction
In precision machines, in which a definite velocity ratio is of importance (as in

watch mechanism), the only positive drive is by gears or toothed wheels
Gear or Cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs,

which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque
Gear
drive is also provided, when the distance between the Driver and the
Follower is very small
Friction Wheels
Motion
and power transmitted by gears is

kinematically equivalent to that transmitted by
Frictional Wheels or discs
o
o
Wheel B will be rotated by Wheel A so long as the

tangential force exerted by the Wheel A does not exceed
the maximum frictional resistance between the two wheels
when tangential force (P) exceeds the frictional resistance
(F), slipping will take place between the two wheels
Design of Gears
Introduction
Friction Wheelscontd--
To avoid slipping, number of Projections (teeth) are provided on the periphery of

the wheel A which will fit into the corresponding Recesses on the periphery of
the wheel B
Friction Wheel with the teeth cut on it is known as Gear or Toothed Wheel
Design of Gears
Introduction
In any pair of gears, smaller one is called Pinion and the larger one is called
Gear immaterial of which is driving the other
When Pinion is Driver, it results in step down drive in which the output speed
decreases and the torque increases
when
Gear is driver, it results in step up drive in

which output speed increases and the torque
decreases
Design of Gears
Introduction
Advantages of Gear Drives
o Transmits exact velocity ratio, without slipping which is not possible in case
o
of belts, ropes etc.

may be used to transmit wide range of power, i.e. 1/10th of HP to several
thousands of HP
may be used for small central distances of shafts
Gear Drives can be used when precise timing is required
o
o
o high efficiency
o compact layout
Disadvantages of Gear Drives
o Manufacturing of gears require special tools and equipment, therefore it is

costlier than other drives
o Error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation
o Requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of applying it

Mechanical Engineering
Dept.the
CEMEdrive
NUST may become bulky
o Not suitable for large distances
because
Design of Gears
Classification of Gears
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts
Axes of the two shafts between which the motion is to be transmitted, may be
(a) Parallel
(b) Intersecting
(c) Non-intersecting and non-parallel
Spur Gears/Spur Gearing
Gears have teeth parallel to the axis of the wheel
two parallel and co-planar shafts connected by

Spur Gears
Design of Gears
1. According to the position of axes of the
shaftscontd-Helical Gears/Spur Gearing
Teeth are inclined to the axis

for the same width, their teeth are longer than
spur gears and have higher load carrying
capacity
Compared to spur gears, these are not as noisy, because of the

more gradual engagement of the teeth during meshing
Inclined Tooth also develops Thrust Loads and Bending

Couples, which are not present with spur gearing
Double Helical Gear balance out the end thrusts that are
induced in single helical gears when transmitting load
o
o
double helical gears are known as Herringbone Gears

manufacturing difficulty makes them costlier than single helical
gears
Design of Gears
1. According to the position of axes of the shaftscontd-Bevel Gears/Bevel Gearing
have teeth formed on conical surfaces and are

used mostly for transmitting motion between
intersecting shafts
complicated both form and fabrication limits
achievement of precision
two non-parallel or
intersecting,
but
coplaner
shafts
connected by gears
Design of Gears
1. According to the position of axes of the shaftscontd-Bevel Gears/Bevel Gearingcontd--
Skew Bevel Gears / Spiral Gear have curved

teeth at an angle allowing tooth contact to be
gradual and smooth
Worms and Worm Gears
Used to transmit rotary motion between

nonparallel and nonintersecting shafts
Worm resembles a screw
Worm is usually meshed with a Spur or a Helical

Gear, which is called the Worm Wheel
Design of Gears
2. According to the Peripheral Velocity of the Gears
(a) Low Velocity
velocity less than 3 m/s
(b) Medium Velocity velocity b/w 3-15 m/s

(c) High Velocity velocity greater than 15m/s
3. According to Type of Gearing
External Gearing
Gears of the two shafts mesh externally with

each other
larger of these two wheels is called Spur

Wheel or Gear and smaller wheel is called
Pinion
motion of the two wheels is always Unlike

10
Design of Gears
3. According to Type of Gearing
Internal Gearing
Gears of the two shafts mesh internally with each other
larger of these two wheels is called Annular

Wheel and smaller wheel is called Pinion
Rack and Pinion
comprises a pair of gears which convert rotational motion

into linear motion
circular gear "The Pinion" engages teeth on a linear

gear bar "The Rack"
11
o
o
o
o
Spur Gears multiply speed or force.

Bevel Gears change vertical movement
into horizontal movement.
Worm Gears change the direction of
horizontal movement.
Rack and Pinion Gears change rotation
into back-and-forth motion.
12
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Pitch Circle: Theoretical circle upon which all calculations are usually based
Pitch Circle Diameter: diameter of the pitch circle
Size of the gear is usually specified by Pitch Circle Diameter
13
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Addendum:
Radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the
tooth
Dedendum: Radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the
tooth
14
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Addendum Circle: Circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric
with the pitch circle
Dedendum
Circle: Circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth and is

concentric with the pitch circle
15
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Clearance: Radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth,
in a meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is
known as Clearance Circle
Total depth: It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum
circle of a gear, i.e. sum of the addendum and dedendum
16
Design of Gears
Working
Nomenclature
Depth: Radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance

circle. It is equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears
Tooth Thickness: Width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle
Tooth space / width of space: space between the two adjacent teeth measured
along the pitch circle
17
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Backlash: difference between tooth space and tooth thickness, as measured on

the pitch circle
Face of the tooth: Surface of the tooth above the pitch surface
Top land: It is the surface of the top of the tooth
Face of the tooth: Surface of the tooth above the pitch surface
18
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Flank of the tooth: It is the surface of the tooth below the pitch surface
Face Width: It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis
19
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Circular Pitch (pc): distance, measured on the pitch circle, from a point on one
tooth to a corresponding point on an adjacent tooth
It is equal to the sum of the Tooth Thickness and the Width of Space
pc = D/T
two gears will mesh together correctly, if two

D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and
T or Z or N = Number of teeth on the wheel. wheels have the same circular pitch
D1 and D2 are the diameters of the two

meshing gears having the teeth T1 and T2
20
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Diametral
Pitch (pd): Ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in

millimetres
T = Number of teeth
Pc . Pd =
D = Pitch circle diameter
Module (m): Ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of
teeth
m=D/T
21
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Variation of Tooth Size with

Diametral Pitch
22
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Actual Size of the Gear Tooth for Different Diametral Pitches
23
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Standard Diametral Pitches
Standard Modules (mm)
24
Design of Gears
Nomenclature
Fillet radius: Small radius that connects the profile of the tooth to the root circle
25
Design of Gears
Condition for Constant Velocity Ratio of GearsLaw of Gearing
Consider portions of the two teeth, one on the wheel

1 (or pinion) and the other on the wheel 2
Q is the point of contact

TT is the common tangent
MN is the common normal to the curves at Q
O1M and O2N are perpendicular to MN
point
Q moves in the direction QC, when

considered as a point on wheel 1, with velocity v1
point
Q moves in the direction QD, when

considered as a point on wheel 2, with velocity v2
If
teeth are to remain in contact, then

components of velocities v1 and v2 along the
common normal MN must be equal
26
Design of Gears
from similar triangles O1MP and O2NP
Angular Velocity Ratio is inversely proportional to the

ratio of the distance of P from centers O1 and O2
27
Design of Gears
To
have a constant angular Velocity Ratio for all

positions of the wheels, P must be the fixed point
(called Pitch Point) for the two wheels
common normal at the point of contact

between a pair of teeth must always pass
through the pitch point
also known as Law of Gearing
This amounts to the following relationship:
velocity ratio is equal to the inverse ratio of the

diameters of pitch circles
28
Design of Gears
Gear Profiles
Profiles which satisfy the Law Of Gearing are called Conjugate Profiles, these
are:
(a) Involute
(b) cycloidal
(c) Circular arc or Novikov
29
Design of Gears
Gear Profiles
Involute Gear Tooth Profile
Involute is the path generated by the end of a thread as it unwinds from a Reel
o
o
o
imagine a reel with thread wound in the clockwise direction

Tie a knot at the end of the thread
Keeping the reel stationary, pull the thread and unwind it to position B0, B1,.
o
o
knot now moves from C0 to C1.

By Connecting these points C0 to C4 by a
smooth curve, obtained profile is an involute
Involute gear
tooth profile
appearance after
generation
30
Design of Gears
Gear Profiles
Involute Gear Tooth Profilecontd--
o
o
o
Involute gears are economical to make because the cutters used to make the gears are
straight
Variation in center distance does not affect the Velocity Ratio
Pressure angle remains constant throughout the engagements which results in

smooth running
31
Design of Gears
Gear Profiles
Cycloidal Gear Tooth Profile
Cycloid
is the locus of a point or

curve traced by a point on the
circumference of a circle when it
rolls on a straight line without
slipping
If
circle rolls on the outside of

another circle or inside of
another circle gives rise to
Epicycloid and Hypocycloid
respectively
32
Design of Gears
Gear Profiles
Cycloidal Gear Tooth ProfileContd--
Two generating circles roll on the pitch circle to trace the cycloidal tooth profile
o
o
outside circle traces the "Face" of the gear tooth
Extensively used in watches, clocks

where strength and interference are
prime considerations, used in crusher
drives in sugar mills
inside circle traces the "Flank" of the gear tooth
Advantages
Less sliding friction and wear
Cycloidal Tooth is generally stronger

than involute tooth owing to spreading
flanks in contrast to radial flanks of an
involute tooth
Have longer life as the contactMechanical

is mostly
rolling
Engineering
Dept. CEME NUST
33
Design of Gears
Gear Terminologies during meshing
Pitch Point: point of tangency of the pitch circles of a pair of mating gears
Common Tangent: The line tangent to the pitch circle at the pitch point
Line of action: A line normal to a pair of mating tooth profiles at their point of
contact.
34
Design of Gears
Pressure angle : Angle between the common normal at the point of tooth contact
and the common tangent to the pitch circles
o Standard values are 14.5, 20 and 25 degrees
o 14.5 were common as the cosine is larger for a smaller angle, providing more power
transmission and less pressure on the bearing
however, teeth with Smaller Pressure Angles are weaker
35
Design of Gears
Pressure angle contd--
o
o
All mating gears must be of the same pressure angle to mesh properly
20-degree tooth form has a greater factor of safety in strength, runs smoother, wears
longer, and is no more expensive to manufacture than the 14.5-degree tooth form
20-degree tooth is wider at the base and consequently is stronger than the 14.5-degree
tooth form
36
Design of Gears
Example 7.1
A gear set consists of a 16 tooth pinion driving a 40 teeth gear. The diametral
pitch is 2. The addendum and addendum are 1/pd and 1.25/pd respectively.
Pressure angle is 20o.
(a) Compute
the circular pitch, the central distance and the radii of base
circles.
mounting these gears the central distance was incorrectly made

larger. Compute the new values of the pressure angle and the pitch circle
diameters.
(a) In
37
Design of Gears
Tooth Systems
Tooth System is a standard that specifies the relationships involving addendum,

dedendum, working depth, tooth thickness, and pressure angle
Standard makes it easy for design, production, quality assurance, replacement etc
Standard and Commonly Used Tooth Systems for Spur Gears

Standardized by the American
Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA).
38
Design of Gears
Tooth Systems
39
Design of Gears
Contact Ratio
Tooth contact begins and ends at the intersections of the two addendum circles
with the pressure line
initial contact occurs at a and final contact at b
Tooth profiles drawn through these points intersect the pitch circle at A and B
o Distance AP is called the arc of approach qa
o Distance PB, the arc of recess qr
40
Design of Gears
Contact Ratio
o qa +qr = qt = Arc of Action
If arc of action is exactly equal to the circular pitch, i.e, qt = p, one tooth and
its space will occupy the entire arc AB
when a tooth is just beginning contact at a, the previous tooth is simultaneously
ending its contact at b
41
Design of Gears
Contact Ratio
If arc of action is greater than the circular pitch, but not very much greater, say,
qt = 1.2p
one pair of teeth is just entering contact at a, another pair, already in contact, will not
yet have reached b
Thus, for a short period of time, there will be two teeth in contact, one in the vicinity of
A and another near B
42
Design of Gears
Contact Ratio
Term Contact Ratio mc is:

a number that indicates the average number of pairs of teeth in contact
Gears should not generally be designed having contact ratios less than about 1.20
A value less than 1 means that at times the teeth are not in contact (bad).
43
Design of Gears
Design Considerations for a Gear Drive
Following data is usually given for the design of Gear Drive:

1. power to be transmitted
2. speed of the driving gear
3. speed of the driven gear or the velocity ratio
4. center distance
Requirements must be met in the design of a Gear Drive:

o
gear teeth should have sufficient strength under static loading or dynamic loading
during normal running conditions to avoid failure
gear teeth should have wear characteristics
use of space and material should be economical
alignment of the gears and deflections of the shafts must be considered to prevent
their effect on the performance of the gears
lubrication of the gears must be satisfactory
44
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Spur Gear Tooth Force Analysis
Normal Force F can be resolved into two components

o
o
Tangential Force Ft which does transmit the power

Radial component Fr which does no work but tends to push the gears apart
Pitch Line Velocity V, in meters per second:

Power Transmitted:
d: Pitch Diameter of the Gear (mm)
N: Rotating speed in rpm
W: Power Transmitted in kW
45
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Spur Gear Tooth Stresses
Two primary failure modes for gears are:

1) Tooth Breakage - from excessive bending stress
2) Surface Pitting/Wear - from excessive contact stress
In both cases, we are interested in the tooth load, which we got from the torque, T.
we compute the tangential force on the teeth as Wt = T/r = 2T/D
Lewis Equation for Tooth Bending Stress
Lewis considered
gear tooth as a cantilever beam with static normal force W
applied at the tip
46
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Spur Gear Tooth Stressescontd-Lewis Equation for Tooth Bending Stresscontd--
Assumptions made in the derivation are:

1. Full load is applied to the tip of a single tooth in static condition.
2. Radial component is negligible.
3. Load is distributed uniformly across the full face width.
4. Forces due to tooth sliding friction are negligible.
5. Stress concentration in the tooth fillet is negligible
o Section BC is the section of maximum stress or the
critical section
o maximum value of the bending stress at the
section BC
47
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
M = Maximum bending moment at the critical section BC = WT h

WT = Tangential load acting at the tooth,
h = Length of the tooth
y = Half the thickness of the tooth (t) at critical section BC = t / 2
I = Moment of inertia about the center line of the
tooth = b.t3/12
b = Width of gear face
48
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
t and h are variables depending upon the size of tooth (i.e. Circular Pitch) and its profile
Let; t = x pc , and h = k pc ; where x and k are constants
Let
, another constant
y is the Lewis Form Factor
WT= w bYm
(Y = y)
Y is the Modified Lewis Form Factor

49
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
As
if Gear is enlarged, distances t, h and pc

will each increase proportionately y will
remain unchanged
y is a function of Tooth Shape (but not size) and vary with the number of teeth in the gear
50
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Spur Gear Tooth Stressescontd--
Lewis Equation for Tooth Bending Stresscontd-Spur Gear - graph for Modified Lewis Form Factor
WT= w bYm
w= WT/(bYm)
Since Y is in denominator, bending stresses w are higher for the 14 pressure angle
teeth, and for fewer number of teeth
Stresses are lower for Stub form

teethEngineering
than for
fullCEME
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51
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Spur Gear Tooth Stressescontd-Drawbacks of Lewis Equation
Tooth Load in practice is not static, It is dynamic and is influenced by pitch line velocity
whole load is carried by Single Tooth is not correct. Normally load is shared by teeth
since contact ratio is near to 1.5
Greatest force exerted at the tip of the tooth is not true as the load is shared by teeth. It
is exerted much below the tip when single pair contact occurs
Stress Concentration effect at the fillet is not considered
52
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Permissible Working Stress for Gear Teeth in the Lewis Equation
permissible
working stress (w) in the Lewis Equation depends upon the

material for which an allowable static stress (o) may be determined
Allowable Static Stress is the stress at the Elastic Limit of the material
To account for the Dynamic Effects which become more severe as the pitch
line velocity increases, the value of w is reduced
According to the Barth Formula, the permissible working stress:

o = Allowable static stress
Cv = Velocity factor
if a pair of gears failed at 500 lbf tangential load at zero velocity and at 250 lbf at
velocity V1, then a velocity factor, designated Cv, of 2 was specified for the gears at
velocity V1
53
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Permissible Working Stress for Gear Teeth in the Lewis Equationcontd--
v is the pitch line velocity in m/sec

54
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Dynamic Tooth Load
Dynamic Loads are due to the

1. Inaccuracies of tooth spacing
2. Irregularities in tooth profiles
3. Deflections of teeth under load
W D = WT + WI
WD = Total dynamic load

WT = Steady load due to transmitted torque
WI = Increment load due to dynamic action
increment load (WI) depends upon the pitch line velocity, the face width,
material of the gears, the accuracy of cut and the tangential load
From Buckingham Equation:

WD = Total dynamic load in N,
WT = Steady transmitted load in N,
v = Pitch line velocity in m/s,
b = Face width of gears in mm, and

C = A deformation or dynamic factor in N/mm
55
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Dynamic Tooth Load
From Buckingham Equation:

K = A factor depending upon the form of the teeth.
= 0.107, for 14.5 full depth involute system.
= 0.111, for 20 full depth involute system.
= 0.115 for 20 stub system.
EP = Young's modulus for the material of the pinion in N/mm2.
EG = Young's modulus for the material of gear in N/mm2.
e = Tooth error action in mm.
Maximum allowable tooth error in action (e) depends upon the pitch line
velocity (v) and the class of cut of the gears. Table 28.6 Book R.S. Khurmi
Static Tooth Load
Wear Tooth Load
56
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Design Procedure for Spur Gears
Step-1: designed tangential tooth load is obtained from the power transmitted and
the pitch line velocity by using the following relation:
WT = Permissible tangential tooth load in N

P = Power transmitted in watts
v = Pitch line velocity in m/sec
m = Module in metres
T = Number of teeth
D = Pitch circle diameter in meters

N = Speed in r.p.m.
CS = Service factor
57
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Design Procedure for Spur Gearscontd--
Step-2: Apply the Lewis equation
58
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Design Procedure for Spur Gearscontd--
Lewis Equation is applied only to the weaker of the two wheels (i.e. pinion or gear)
When pinion and the gear are made of same material, then pinion is the weaker
When the pinion and the gear are made of different materials, then Lewis Equation is
used to that wheel for which (w y) or (o y) is less.
Face width (b) may be taken as 3pc to 4pc (or 9.5 m to 12.5 m) for cut teeth and 2pc to
3pc (or 6.5m to 9.5m) for cast teeth
Step-3: Calculate the dynamic load (WD) on the tooth by using Buckingham
Equation
59
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Example 7.2
A pair of straight teeth spur gear is to transmit 135 kW at pinion speed of

300 r.p.m. The velocity ratio is 1:3. The allowable stress for pinion and
gear materials are 1000 N/cm2 and 1200 N/cm2, respectively. The pinion
has 15 teeth and its breadth is 14 times the module. Assuming 20o full
depth involute system, determine the module, the face width and pitch
circle diameters of both pinion and gear, taking into account the effect of
the dynamic load
60
Design of Gears
Spur Gear Design
Example 7.3
A reciprocating compressor is to be connected to an electric motor with

the help of spur gears. The distance between the shafts is to be 500 mm.
The speed of the electric motor is 900 r.p.m. and the speed of the
compressor shaft is desired to be 200 r.p.m. The torque, to be transmitted

is 5000 N-m. Taking starting torque as 25% more than the normal torque,
determine :
1. Module and face width of the gears using 20 degrees stub teeth, and
2. Number of teeth and pitch circle diameter of each gear. Assume
suitable values of velocity factor and Lewis factor.
61
Design of Gears
Gear Trains
Gear Train is any collection of two or more Meshing Gears

Simple Gear Trains
Each shaft carries only one gear

Expression for Trains Velocity Ratio:
o
o
For Simple (Series) Train, numerical effects of all gears except the
first and last cancel out, i.e., Train Ratio is just the ratio of first gear
over the last
Intermediate gears are the Idlers, which changes only the sign of
the overall Train Ratio
If all gears in a Train are External and Even in numbers, Output

direction will be opposite to that of the input
If all gears in a Train are Odd in numbers, Output direction will be in

the same direction as the input
NUST
Simplest form of gear train isMechanical
usuallyEngineering
limitedDept.
to aCEME
ratio
of about 10:1
62
Design of Gears
Gear Trains
Compound Gear Trains
Gear Train in which at least one shaft carries more than one gear
o
o
Parallel or Series-parallel arrangement

Expression for Trains Velocity Ratio:
Generalized Expression for Trains

Velocity Ratio:
Pitch Diameters can be used in Eq.

mV is + if last gear rotates in the same
sense as the first, and -ve if last rotates
in opposite sense
Intermediate Ratios do not cancel

each other and overall train ratio is
the product of the ratios of parallel
gear sets
63
Final Exam Pattern
Total Marks: 100

Max. Time: 3 hrs
Subjective
Numerical Problems,
Ch: 1, 2, 4
20-30 Marks
Derivations,
Ch: 5
20-30 Marks
Short Questions
Ch: 6, 7
50 Marks
Formula sheet, standard tables etc. will be given within the Question Paper
Students are not allowed to bring any Formula Sheet/Table with them
64

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Design of Gears

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Ch-6: Design of Gears

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

In precision machines, in which a definite velocity ratio is of importance (as in

Gear or Cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs,

and power transmitted by gears is

Wheel B will be rotated by Wheel A so long as the

To avoid slipping, number of Projections (teeth) are provided on the periphery of

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Gear is driver, it results in step up drive in

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

of belts, ropes etc.

Disadvantages of Gear Drives

o Manufacturing of gears require special tools and equipment, therefore it is

o Requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of applying it

Spur Gears/Spur Gearing

Gears have teeth parallel to the axis of the wheel

two parallel and co-planar shafts connected by

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Teeth are inclined to the axis

Compared to spur gears, these are not as noisy, because of the

Inclined Tooth also develops Thrust Loads and Bending

double helical gears are known as Herringbone Gears

have teeth formed on conical surfaces and are

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Skew Bevel Gears / Spiral Gear have curved

Worms and Worm Gears

Used to transmit rotary motion between

Worm resembles a screw

Worm is usually meshed with a Spur or a Helical

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

velocity less than 3 m/s

(b) Medium Velocity velocity b/w 3-15 m/s

Gears of the two shafts mesh externally with

larger of these two wheels is called Spur

motion of the two wheels is always Unlike

Gears of the two shafts mesh internally with each other

larger of these two wheels is called Annular

Rack and Pinion

comprises a pair of gears which convert rotational motion

circular gear "The Pinion" engages teeth on a linear

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Spur Gears multiply speed or force.

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Circle: Circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth and is

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Depth: Radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Backlash: difference between tooth space and tooth thickness, as measured on

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

two gears will mesh together correctly, if two

D1 and D2 are the diameters of the two

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Pitch (pd): Ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Variation of Tooth Size with

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Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST

Standard Modules (mm)

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST