Original Article
Practical Methods for Compensating for Missed Treatment
Days in Radiotherapy, with Particular Reference to Head
and Neck Schedules
R. G. Dale*, J. H. Hendry, B. Jones*, A. G. Robertson, C. Deehan,
J. A. Sinclair*
*Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust/Imperial College School of Medicine, London, U.K.; Paterson Institute for
Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, U.K.; Beatson Oncology Centre, Western Infirmary,
Glasgow, U.K.; Department of Medical Physics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, U.K.
ABSTRACT:
Unscheduled interruption of a radiotherapy treatment can lead to significant loss in local tumour control, particularly in tumours
that repopulate rapidly. General guidelines for dealing with such treatment gaps have been issued by the Royal College of
Radiologists and more specific advice on the use of compensation methods has been published previously [Hendry et al., Clin Oncol
1996;8:297307; Slevin et al., Radiother Oncol 1992;24:215220]. This article further elaborates on the practical application of these
methods. It sets out the main considerations arising in the especially critical case of head and neck treatments and simple
calculations are used to illustrate the approaches which may be adapted for particular situations. Radiobiological parameter values
are suggested for use in the calculations, but these may require modification in the light of further research in this important area.
Dale, R. G. et al. (2002). Clinical Oncology 14, 382393
2002 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Key words: Cancer, cell kinetics, fractionation, overall time, radiotherapy, time factors in radiotherapy, treatment interruptions
Received: 5 July 2001
Introduction
2002 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
383
Fig. 1 Schematic showing how the total dose required for a given tumour control probability (TCP) changes with increasing
treatment duration. The horizontal and sloped lines demonstrate how the dose rises steadily after an initial delay period.
384
Fig. 2 Showing the eect of a treatment extension, caused by an earlier unscheduled gap. If the treatment extends into the time
period where steady tumour repopulation is occurring, extra dose (X) is required to compensate for this. It should be noted that this
will be the case even if, as here, the unscheduled gap occurred during the period prior to the initiation of tumour repopulation.
on-going tumour cell repopulation. K is the BEDequivalent of 1 days worth of repopulation [9]. The
expression in square brackets in Eqn (1) is termed the
Relative Eectiveness factor (RE).
Both / and K are tissue-specific and appropriate
values must be selected for each when calculating
tumour BEDs.
As applied to a tumour, Eqn (1) may be remembered
in words as:
BED=Total physical dose RERepopulation Factor
(RF)
For most late-responding normal tissues the proliferation rate is usually so small (except in cases where
consequential late reactions are dose-limiting [10])
that K can be neglected, i.e. K=0 and RF=0 in such
cases.
It has become conventional practice to place the /
value used in the BED calculation as a subscript to both,
the BED symbol and its associated numerical value. For
example, a stated BED3 of 100 Gy3 indicates that
/=3 Gy was used in calculating that particular biological dose. The use of the subscript reinforces the point
that biological dose is conceptually dierent to physical
dose, even though both are in similar dimensions. Biological doses expressed in (for example) Gy10 can be
added to other Gy10 values to provide a measure
of resultant eect, but it is not permissible to add (say)
Gy3 values to Gy10 values.
Eqn (1) is valid in cases where the fractions are
relatively well-spaced. When two or more fractions are
delivered per day there may be incomplete repair of
Recommended values of /, K and Tdelay
385
386
Method
Benefit
Diculty
As above.
As above.
fractions or more are to be given at twice-daily intervals
(or more frequently) then the eects of incomplete repair
should always be considered.
Worked examples
387
388
The tumour BED (BED10), also from Eqn (1) but with
K=0.9 and Tdelay =28 days is:
389
i.e.
i.e.
390
i.e.
391
Conclusion
a reduction of 13.1%.
In short-duration treatments of this type the dose
per fraction is already relatively large and any further
increase (as may be required to strike a balance between
normal tissue and tumour BEDs) should be considered
with caution. As an example, to achieve a tumour
BED10 with an intermediate value 65.0 Gy10 requires a
dose per fraction (d) which is obtained from:
BED10 (pre-gap)+BED10 (post-gap)Tumour
Repopulation Factor=Required BED10
i.e.
392
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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APPENDIX
Calculation of h values for closely-spaced fractions
393