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A Miniaturized Elliptic-Card UWB Antenna With

WLAN Band Rejection for Wireless Communications
Keyvan Bahadori, Student Member, IEEE, and Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractAn elliptic-card ultra-wideband (UWB) (311 GHz)

planar antenna is designed and miniaturized. It consists of an elliptic radiating element and a rectangular ground plane. A novel
feeding mechanism is proposed to feed the antenna by using a microstrip line on the other side of the substrate and connecting the
line to the elliptic element by a via. The structure of the antenna
is miniaturized by optimizing its elliptic profile and the required
ground plane to obtain only 22 40 mm dimension. The antenna
is then modified to possess band rejection at the wireless local area
network (5.15.8 GHz) band by adding two slits within the elliptic
element. Critical antenna characteristics are verified by measurements including the antenna transfer function. Housing effects on
the antenna performance are also studied. The satisfactory overall
performance with such a simple structure and small size makes
this antenna a viable candidate for UWB wireless communications
applications.
Index TermsMiniaturization, patch antennas, ultra-wideband
(UWB), ultra-wideband antennas, wireless local area network
(WLAN).

I. INTRODUCTION

N 2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC)

adopted ultra-wideband (UWB) for short-range ( 10 m)
peer-to-peer ultra-fast communications. The spectrum from
3.1 to 10.6 GHz is allocated for unlicensed UWB measurements and communication applications with EIRP less than
41.3 dBm/MHz [1]. This allocation has excited antenna
designers to seek for challenging designs of low-cost UWB
antennas. In general, designing antennas for UWB systems is
a very demanding task. Several monopole-like antennas over
the ground plane have been proposed to support UWB communications [2], [3]. However, these antennas are relatively large
and their volumetric structures make them difficult to integrate
in the device. They are reported to have high electric near fields
that easily cause unwanted coupling to nearby objects [4].
Frequency independent antennas are not also also good candidates for UWB applications due to their dispersive operations
[5]. Planar dipole antennas as another class of UWB antennas
have been receiving considerable attention due to their low
cost, lightweight, and ease of construct. Their flat structures
facilitate using them in PC devices for personal computers or
inside mobile phone handsets [6]. Among planar antennas with
various shapes, circular and square antennas have been shown

Manuscript received August 30, 2006; revised July 7, 2007.

The authors are with the Antenna Research, Analysis, and Measurement Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los
Angeles, CA 90095 USA (e-mail: rahmat@ee.ucla.edu).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2007.908800

to suffer from relatively narrow bandwidth [7], [8]. Elliptic

planar antennas, on the other hand, exhibit superior broadband
performances. It has been shown that they have a return loss
10 dB or better for minor axis larger than 0.2 [9]. However,
there are some challenging problems in the design of these
antennas. One of them is the feeding network. For most planar
dipole antennas, the gap distance between the radiating element
and ground plane is very small. Therefore, the feeding of the
antenna can be a challenging problem in general. In addition,
since the performance of this class of antennas degrade significantly in the vicinity of PEC circuit boards, it cannot be
located close to PEC boards. Therefore, for most applications,
the antenna should be placed outside the device and, hence, the
size of the antenna should be as compact as possible.
This paper significantly enhances the results and design processes presented by the authors in a recent conference paper
on this topic [10]. A novel microstrip feeding mechanism is
introduced. By properly contouring the profile of the elliptic
element and its ground plane, miniaturized designs are obtained
in Section II. The final design is then simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results of this structure show a VSWR less than
2 over the desired frequency band (311 GHz). The antenna with
the feed system is built and measured to verify the simulation results. The characteristic parameters of the antenna are measured
in Section III including the antenna transfer function which is a
very useful parameter in communication system designs. These
results verified the UWB behavior of the antenna. In addition,
in Section IV, the antenna is modified to have a band rejection
performance by having a high VSWR at the wireless local area
network (WLAN) (5.15.8 GHz) band by adding two slits on
the modified elliptic element. In order to investigate effects of
hosting devices on the antenna performance, housing effects
are studied in Section V and representative results are shown.
Finally, Section VI provides some conclusions and observations.
II. ELLIPTIC CARD ANTENNAS
A. Feeding Mechanism
Elliptic-card antennas are a class of UWB antennas recently
proposed for wireless communication systems. They consist of
an elliptic radiating element and a rectangular ground plane. A
variation of these antennas presented in [11], uses an elliptic
ring instead of a solid ellipse. In most designs such as [12], the
antenna is fed by a microstrip line on the same side of the elliptic element and the ground plane is located on the other side
of the substrate. The UWB property has been achieved in this
design by using an impedance-matching technique of cutting a
notch in the ground plane opposite the microstrip line. Investigating the current distribution on this antenna shows that at low

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Fig. 1. Novel feeding design for the elliptic card antenna.

Fig. 3. Geometry of miniaturized UWB antenna.

Fig. 2. Parametric study on width of the ground plane (w) when L

= 10 mm.

frequencies the performance of the antenna critically depends

on the length of the microstrip line [13]. Since this length is determined based on the lower edge of the bandwidth, the size of
the antenna cannot be shortened in length.
To miniaturize the antenna for minimum length, a novel
feeding mechanism is used as shown in Fig. 1. In this design, the
radiating element and ground plane are placed on one side of the
substrate and the microstrip line is etched on the other side. The
line is connected to the elliptic element using a via (see Fig. 1).
The line is fed using an SMA connector in a low current region for most frequencies in the band of interest to prevent perturbation of the ground plane current. The SMA connector is
perpendicular to the antenna plane. This can be an advantage if
the antenna is placed vertically with respect to circuit plane in
order to have a main lobe in horizontal plane. This is usually
desirable for wireless systems.
B. Antenna Miniaturization
An important feature of these class of antennas is their small
size. Since the antenna is located outside of the device, an investigation was performed to find the minimum size for both elliptic element and ground plane. It was observed that changing
the length of the ground plane (L) does not change the performance if it is larger than 10 mm. Changing the width of the
ground plane (W), however, changes VSWR significantly since
the ground plane is a part of impedance matching circuit [14]. As
shown in Fig. 2, the parametric study showed that
40 mm
is the shortest acceptable value for ground plane width in order
over the entire band.
to have VSWR

To find the minimum size for the elliptic radiator, one can
think the elliptic element and ground plane as a pair of opposing
tapered slotline. If the lines are treated as a 100377 transformer [9], Klopfenstein taper [15] gives the least length of the
tapering section for a given frequency band. Expressions of the
impedance of the slotline are available in [16]. The results of this
analysis show that an elliptic element with major axis of 12 mm
. One may think that
does the transformation with VSWR
since the transformation is performed by just lower portion of
the ellipse it is possible to use just a half ellipse. However, simulations showed that the diffraction caused by the sharp edge of
the half ellipse degrades the performance. Hence, the upper part
of the element was rounded and the radius of the curvature was
minimized by a parametric study.
It is worthwile to mention that it has been shown in [10] that
if the elliptic element is located in the center, currents flowing
in the opposite directions resonate at higher frequency bands
and degrade the performance. Therefore the elliptic element was
located 8 mm off the center of the ground plane achieving the
for the entire frequency band.
VSWR
C. UWB Antenna: Final Design
The final design configuration is shown in Fig. 3. The antenna has dimensions of 22 40 mm and it was simulated and
and thickness of
printed on a Duroid substrate with
0.508 mm.
in both measureVSWR results in Fig. 4 show a VSWR
ment and simulation. Simulated and measured far-field patterns
of the antenna at 3 and 7 GHz are also shown in Figs. 5 and 6
in principal planes.
The dipole-type pattern of the antenna at the lowest frequency
shows that the antenna is excited in its fundamental mode. The
patterns at higher frequency correspond to harmonics of the fundamental mode which are closely spaced. In fact, overlapping
of these higher order modes leads to the UWB characteristic.
The high cross-pol field is mainly due to unbalanced feeding
mechanism and asymmetric structure of the antenna. This high
cross-pol field could be an advantage in wireless communications with portable devices where presence of both linear polarizations is typically the case.
The current distribution on the antenna, shown in Fig. 7, also
verifies the fact that the currents are primarily concentrated on

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Fig. 4. Simulated and measured results of VSWR versus frequency for UWB
antenna.

Fig. 5. Normalized far-field pattern of UWB antenna at 3 GHz. (a) xz -plane

(b) y z -plane.

Fig. 7. Current distribution on the antenna at (a) 3, (b) 7, and (c) 11 GHz.

III. ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS MEASUREMENTS

Fig. 6. Normalized far-field pattern of UWB antenna at 7 GHz. (a) xz -plane.

(b) y z -plane.

the edges. The current distribution at 3 GHz verifies antenna operation at its fundamental mode. Current distributions at 7 and
11 GHz show the second and third resonance modes of operation. As mentioned before, overlapping these modes results in
the UWB performance of the antenna.

One of the key features of true UWB antennas is their nondispersive behaviors. This characteristic is very important in both
single-band pulse communication and multiband OFDM modulation schemes. The parameter that can be used to quantitatively
evaluate this property is group delay. It is defined as the derivative of far-field phase with respect to the frequency [17]. It quantifies the pulse distortion and far-field phase linearity. In general,
the complex normalized transfer function of the antenna is used
to show the role of an antenna on a wireless link. For two antennas located at distance of from each other the normalized
transfer function of the transmitter and receiver antennas is defined as [18]
(1)
where is the speed of light in free space. The group delay is
the derivative of phase of this function with respect to frequency.

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Fig. 8. Three antenna measurement setup to measure complex transfer function

of UWB antennas.

The advantage of this definition is that by comparing (1) with

is equal to antenna gain.
Friis equation one can see that
To calculate the antenna transfer function, two identical UWB
14 cm away and
antennas were simulated when they were
they were aligned toward each other. The normalized transfer
function was then calculated in the boresight as
(2)
To measure the antenna transfer function, a three antenna
measurement set up was used as shown in Fig. 8. This setup
uses two identical standard gain horn antennas.
Referring to Fig. 8, the position and polarization of the
standard gain antenna were fixed during the measurement. The
UWB or standard gain antenna was mounted as the receiver
was
antennas. The transmission scattering parameter
measured by an HP 8510 network analyzer. The reference
planes were calibrated to the antenna terminals. By comparing
the measured parameters of two measurements the antenna
transfer function can be calculated as [17]

Fig. 9. Simulation and measurement results for UWB antenna (a) amplitude of
the transfer function and (b) group delay.

(3)
is gain and is the group delay of the standard
where
gain antenna. They can be measured by specifying the phase
center of the horn antennas and use the distance between those
phase centers as actual distance between antennas ( ) in (2).
The amplitude of the transfer function in decibels in boresight, which is equal to gain, is shown in Fig. 9(a). It varies between 1.5 to 3 dBi in most parts of the frequency range and is
fairly flat over the entire frequency range. While the group delay
observed in Fig. 9(b) is very small in simulation, the maximum
measured value is less than 1 ns. If the group delay variation exceeds 1 ns, the phases are no longer linear in the far-field region
and a pulse distortion is caused. It can be a serious problem in
UWB communication systems.
IV. BAND REJECTION CHARACTERISTICS
Since the 5.155.825 GHz frequency band has been allocated
for WLAN systems, the UWB transmitters should not cause any
interference on the nearby WLAN systems. Therefore, there is

a need in wideband devices to provide filtering in those bands to

avoid interference from or causing interference to narrowband
devices. Several techniques of etching a particular feature in the
radiating or ground plane have been proposed to exhibit a single
narrow frequency notch band while maintaining wideband performance [19].
The technique used in this paper is to etch a pair of slits in
the radiating element. These slits are designed to resonate at
WLAN band. The center frequency of the notch band is mainly
determined by the length of the slits while the bandwidth of the
notch band is controlled by the distance of the slits from the
feeding point and the width of the slits.
These parameters were optimized and shown in Fig. 10. This
antenna was simulated and measured. The results shown in
Fig. 11 verify the functionality of band rejection mechanism.
The VSWR of 8 is measured in the band rejection. A sharp
decrease in amplitude of the antenna transfer function is observed in the notched frequency band at 5.25 GHz. For other
frequencies outside the notched frequency band, this parameter

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Fig. 10. Geometry of UWB antenna with band rejection.

is about the same as of the antenna without slits. The group

delay is also increased in the notch band while it is less than
1 ns outside of the rejection band.
V. ANTENNA HOUSING EFFECTS
The behavior of a printed antenna depends strongly on the
nearby objects of the module where it is integrated. Therefore,
in order to integrate the antenna with hosting device, an investigation was performed to study the antenna housing effect. The
device was represented by a cubic metal box with dimensions of
20 10 2 cm. Two different scenarios for positioning of the
antenna were considered. In the first configuration, the antenna
was placed horizontally as shown in Fig. 12.
Fig. 13 shows VSWR for different vertical distances of the antenna from bottom edge of the box ( in Fig. 12). The height of
in Fig. 12). Negative
the antenna was chosen to be 1 cm (
values of correspond to cases in which the antenna was slid in
the box. These cases were studied to investigate the possibility
of locating the ground plane of the antenna inside the device.
Fig. 13 shows rejection behavior at some frequencies when the
antenna is slid into the box some. Studying the current of the
antenna at those frequencies revealed that the band rejection is
result of resonance in the cavity formed between ground plane
and box. This leads to the conclusion that the antenna must be
located outside of the device. Therefore, the antenna was located
2 mm away from the box.
In the next step, the far-field pattern of the antenna is shown in
Fig. 14 for various vertical distances ( ). It is clear that the box
directs the energy in perpendicular direction. There are some
nulls also observed in the far-field pattern due to the diffraction
effect of the box. The number of nulls increases as frequency
increases. These results also show that the height of the antenna
does not have a significant effect on the far-field pattern.
In the second scenario the antenna is placed vertically as
shown in Fig. 15.
It was observed that the antenna performance is affected
less in this position. VSWR result of the antenna is shown in
Fig. 16 when it is placed at the minimum distance of
5
mm (considering connector size). It can be seen that the main
features of VSWR pattern do not change in the vicinity of the
box. However, the mutual coupling between the antenna and
the box shows its effect by shifting the notch band.

Fig. 11. Simulation and measurement results for UWB antenna with band rejection (a) VSWR, (b) amplitude of the transfer function, and (c) group delay.

Studying the far field patterns in Fig. 17 reveals similar characteristics to horizontally located antenna. The directivity is im-

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Fig. 12. (a) UWB antenna in the vicinity of a metal box (horizontal configuration) and (b) side view.
Fig. 15. (a) UWB antenna in the vicinity of a metal box (vertical configuration)
and (b) side view.

Fig. 13. VSWR of UWB antenna in the vicinity of a metal box (horizontal
10 mm in Fig. 12.
configuration) when

H=

Fig. 14. Horizontal plane far-field pattern of UWB antenna in the vicinity of the
metal box (horizontal configuration) for different heights: (a) 3 and (b) 11 GHz.

proved by 5 dB since the box acts as the reflector and directs

the energy in its perpendicular direction. Similar to horizontal
case, the antenna height does not have a significant effect on the
far-field patterns.
VI. CONCLUSION
A miniturized elliptic-card UWB planar antenna with the size
of 22 40 mm was designed for high rate, short range wireless communications over 311 GHz frequency range. A novel
feeding mechanism was proposed to feed the antenna by using
a microstrip line on the other side of the substrate and connecting the line to the elliptic element by a via. Since the antenna

Fig. 16. VSWR of UWB antenna in the vicinity of a metal box (vertical configuration in Fig. 15).

Fig. 17. Horizontal plane far-field pattern of UWB antenna in the vicinity of
the metal box (vertical configuration) for different heights: (a) 3 and (b) 11 GHz.

is placed outside the device, the radiating element and ground

plane of the antenna was minimized to have shortest length. The
antenna with the optimized dimensions was built and its characteristics were measured and shown to meet the system requirements. The far field pattern and current distribution shows that
UWB performance of this antenna is a manifest of overlapping
multimode resonances. The pattern of the antenna is stable over
the frequency band and the group delay is less than 1 ns. The
antenna was modified to have a band rejection performance by
having a high VSWR at the WLAN (5.15.8 GHz) band. This
was achieved by creating two slits in the elliptic elements. The

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results indicate that by simply adjusting the length of the slits,

the desired notched frequency band can be easily controlled. In
addition, for frequencies outside the notched frequency, no significant change was observed. In addition, an investigation was
performed to study the effects of a housing device on the antenna
performance. The hosting device was represented by a metal
box. It was shown that if the antenna is placed vertically, the
main features of its performance does not change significantly.
The mutual coupling between the box and the antenna causes
some frequency shift in band notch which can be overcomed.
In general, the box will direct the antenna pattern and improve
the directivity by 5 dB. Some diffraction signatures were also
observed due to the box edge effects. The simple and small size
structure of this antenna makes it very attractive candidate for
UWB wireless communications applications.
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[2] Z. N. Chen, X. H. Wu, N. Yang, and M. Y. W. Chia, Planar square
monopoles for UWB radio systems, in Proc. Asia-Pacific Microw.
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[3] N. P. Agrawall, G. Kumar, and K. P. Ray, Wide-band planar monopole
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[4] H. G. Schantz, UWB magnetic antennas, in IEEE AP-S Int. Symp.
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[5] H. G. Schantz, Dispersion and UWB antennas, in Proc. Int. Workshop
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[7] M. J. Ammann and Z. N. Chen, An asymmetrical feed arrangement
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for wireless communications, presented at the Eur. Conf. Antennas
Propag. (EuCAP), Nice, France, 2006.
[11] N. Nakano, S. Hattori, H. Mimaki, and J. Yamauchi, A card-type wide
band antenna, presented at the ISAP, Seoul, Korea, 2005.
[12] C. Y. Huang and W. C. Hsia, Planar elliptic antenna for ultra-wideband communications, Electron. Lett., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 296297,
Mar. 2005.
[13] J. Liang, C. C. Chiau, X. Chen, and C. G. Parini, Study of a printed
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[15] D. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1998,
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[16] K. C. Gupta et al., Microstrip Lines and Slotlines, 2nd ed. Boston,
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[17] Y. J. Cho, K. H. Kim, D. H. Choi, S. S. Lee, and S.-O. Park, A miniature UWB planar monopole antenna with 5-GHz band-rejection filter
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Elect. Electro. Eng., 2005, pp. 101105.

Keyvan Bahadori (S98) was born in Shiraz, Iran,

and grew up in Tehran. He received the B.S.E.E.
degree from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran,
Iran, in 2001, the M.S.E.E. degree from the University
of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), with a thesis
entitled Ku/Ka Bands Spaceborne Precipitation
Radar Antenna: Cylindrical Reflector Fed by Linear
Array Feed, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
degree in electromagnetics and antenna design.
Since September of 2001, he has worked with the
Antenna Research, Analysis, and Measurement Laboratory, UCLA. His research interests include novel designs of reflector antennas for spacecraft applications, high frequency hybrid methods, and ultrawideband (UWB) antennas for wireless communications.
Yahya Rahmat-Samii (S73M75SM79F85)
received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
engineering from the University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign.
He is a Distinguished Professor and past Chairman
of the Electrical Engineering Department, University
of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He was a Senior
Research Scientist with the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA), Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, prior to joining UCLA in 1989. In the
summer of 1986, he was a Guest Professor with the Technical University of
Denmark (TUD), Copenhagen. He has also been a consultant to numerous
aerospace and wireless companies. He has been an Editor and a Guest editor of
numerous technical journals and books. He has authored and coauthored over
720 technical journal and conference papers and has written 25 book chapters.
He is a coauthor of Implanted Antennas in Medical Wireless Communications
(Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2006), Electromagnetic Optimization by
Genetic Algorithms (Wiley, 1999), and Impedance Boundary Conditions in
Electromagnetics (Taylor & Francis, 1995). He has received several patents. He
has had pioneering research contributions in diverse areas of electromagnetics,
antennas, measurement and diagnostics techniques, numerical and asymptotic
methods, satellite and personal communications, human/antenna interactions,
frequency selective surfaces, electromagnetic band-gap structures, applications of the genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization, etc., (visit
http://www.ee.ucla.edu/antlab).
Dr. Rahmat-Samii is a Fellow of the Institute of Advances in Engineering
(IAE) and a member of Commissions A, B, J, and K of USNC/URSI, the
Antenna Measurement Techniques Association (AMTA), Sigma Xi, Eta Kappa
Nu, and the Electromagnetics Academy. He was Vice-President and President
of the IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION Society in 1994 and 1995, respectively. He was appointed an IEEE AP-S Distinguished Lecturer and presented
lectures internationally. He was a member of the Strategic Planning and Review
Committee (SPARC) of the IEEE. He was the IEEE AP-S Los Angeles Chapter
Chairman (19871989). His chapter was the recipient of the Best Chapter
Awards in two consecutive years. He is listed in Whos Who in America, Whos
Who in Frontiers of Science and Technology, and Whos Who in Engineering.
He has been the plenary and millennium session speaker at numerous national
and international symposia. He has been the organizer and presenter of many
successful short courses worldwide. He was a Directors and Vice President
of AMTA for three years. He has been Chairman and Co-chairman of several
national and international symposia. He was a member of the University of
California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Graduate council for three years.
Dr. Rahmat-Samii was a recipient of numerous NASA and JPL Certificates
of Recognition, the Henry Booker Award from URSI, in 1984, which is given
triennially to the most outstanding young radio scientist in North America, the
Best Application Paper Prize Award (Wheeler Award) for papers published in
1991 and 1993 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, in 1992
and 1995, the University of Illinois ECE Distinguished Alumni Award in 1999,
the IEEE Third Millennium Medal and the AMTA Distinguished Achievement
Award in 2000, an Honorary Doctorate in physics from the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, in 2001, the 2005 URSI Booker Gold Medal presented at the URSI General Assembly, and the 2007 Chen-To Tai Distinguished
Educator Award of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. Since 1987,
he has been designated every three years as one of the Academy of Sciences
Research Council Representatives to the URSI General Assemblies held in various parts of the world. He was also an invited speaker to address the URSI 75th
Anniversary in Belgium. In 2001, he became a Foreign Member of the Royal
Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts. In 2002, he received
the Technical Excellence Award from JPL. He is the designer of the IEEE AP-S
logo which is displayed on all IEEE AP-S publications.