Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
6 April 2005 (am)
Subject CT1
Financial Mathematics
Core Technical
Time allowed: Three hours
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATE
1.
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 11 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 A2005
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
A bond is priced at 95 per 100 nominal, has a coupon rate of 5% per annum
payable half-yearly, and has an outstanding term of five years.
An investor holds a short position in a forward contract on 1 million nominal of this
bond, with a delivery price of 98 per 100 nominal and maturity in exactly one year,
immediately following the coupon payment then due.
The continuously compounded risk-free rates of interest for terms of six months and
one year are 4.6% per annum and 5.2% per annum, respectively.
Calculate the value of this forward contract to the investor assuming no arbitrage. [5]
An investment fund had a market value of 2.2 million on 31 December 2001 and
4.2 million on 31 December 2004. It had received a net cashflow of 1.44 million
on 31 December 2003.
The money weighted rate of return and the time weighted rate of return for the period
from 31 December 2001 to 31 December 2004 are equal (to two decimal places).
Calculate the market value of the fund immediately before the net cashflow on
31 December 2003.
[7]
(ii)
CT1 A2005
The force of interest, (t ) , is a function of time and at any time t (measured in years)
is given by
(t )
0.07 0.005t
for t
0.06
for t
(i)
[3]
(ii)
A university student receives a 3-year sponsorship grant. The payments under the
grant are as follows:
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Calculate the total present value of these payments at the beginning of the first year
using a rate of interest of 8% per annum convertible quarterly.
[8]
t=0
170.7
t=1
183.3
t=2
191.0
t=3
200.9
Calculate, to the nearest 0.1%, the following effective rates of return per
annum achieved by the investor from her investment in the annuity:
(a)
(b)
(ii)
CT1 A2005
By considering the average rate of inflation over the three-year period, explain
the relationship between your answers in (a) and (b) of (i).
[2]
[Total 9]
A small insurance fund has liabilities of 4 million due in 19 years time and 6
million in 21 years time. The manager of the fund has sold the assets previously held
and is creating a new portfolio by investing in the zero-coupon bond market. The
manager is able to buy zero-coupon bonds for whatever term he requires and has
adequate monies at his disposal.
(i)
Explain whether it is possible for the manager to immunise the fund against
small changes in the rate of interest by purchasing a single zero-coupon bond.
[2]
(ii)
In fact, the manager purchases two zero-coupon bonds, one paying 3.43
million in 15 years time and the other paying 7.12 million in 25 years time.
The current interest rate is 7% per annum effective.
Investigate whether the insurance fund satisfies the necessary conditions to be
immunised against small changes in the rate of interest.
[8]
[Total 10]
The one-year forward rate of interest at time t = 1 year is 5% per annum effective.
The gross redemption yield of a two-year fixed interest stock issued at time t = 0
which pays coupons of 3% per annum annually in arrear and is redeemed at 102 is
5.5% per annum effective.
The issue price at time t = 0 of a three-year fixed interest stock bearing coupons of
10% per annum payable annually in arrear and redeemed at par is 108.9 per 100
nominal.
(i)
[4]
(ii)
Calculate the one-year forward rate per annum effective at time t = 2 years.
[3]
(iii)
CT1 A2005
[3]
[Total 10]
10
(i)
In any year, the interest rate per annum effective on monies invested with a
given bank has mean value j and standard deviation s and is independent of the
interest rates in all previous years.
Let Sn be the accumulated amount after n years of a single investment of 1 at
time t = 0.
j )n .
(a)
Show that E[ Sn ] = (1
(b)
j2
s 2 ) n (1 j ) 2 n .
[5]
(ii)
The interest rate per annum effective in (i), in any year, is equally likely to be
i1 or i2 (i1 i2 ) . No other values are possible.
(a)
(b)
CT1 A2005
11
(i)
(ii)
The following are the details from the loan schedule for year x, i.e. the year
running from exact duration x 1 years to exact duration x years.
Instalment paid at the end of the year
Year x
Interest
Capital
8,790.48
439.52
560.48
At the beginning of year 11, it is agreed that the increase in the rate of interest
will not take place, so that the rate remains at 5% per annum effective for the
remainder of the loan. The annual instalment will continue to be payable at
the same level so that there may be a reduced term and a reduced final
instalment.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Calculate the reduction in the total interest paid during the existence of
the loan as a result of the interest rate not increasing.
[7]
[Total 13]
END OF PAPER
CT1 A2005
[4]
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
April 2005
Subject CT1
Financial Mathematics
Core Technical
EXAMINERS REPORT
Introduction
The attached subject report has been written by the Principal Examiner with
the aim of helping candidates. The questions and comments are based around
Core Reading as the interpretation of the syllabus to which the examiners are
working. They have however given credit for any alternative approach or
interpretation which they consider to be reasonable.
M Flaherty
Chairman of the Board of Examiners
15 June 2005
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Ke
April 2005
Examiners Report
r T t
where:
t
T
r
S
I
K
f
0.046 0.5
2.5 e
f
0.052 1
95 4.81648 98e
0.052
4.81648
2.85071
1, 000, 000
100
MWRR: 2.2 1 i
1.44 1 i
Estimate i
6% , LHS
4.1466
7% , LHS
4.2359
0.06
4.2
4.2 4.1466
0.01
4.2359 4.1466
Page 2
April 2005
Examiners Report
Then,
TWRR = 6.60% p.a. means that
1.0663
F
2.2
0.63452
4.2
F 1.44
F
F 1.44
F =2.5m
(i)
Work in millions:
9 12v a1 at 9%
PV of liabilities
i
9 12v. v
9 12 0.917432 1.044354
= 19.54811
The assets up to k 2 years from 1 January 2006 have:
PV
5v 2 a
5v 2
i
ak
5 0.84168 1.022015 ak
4.301048 ak
With k
6, PV
4.301048 4.4859
= 19.2941
The next payment of 2.5 million at k = 6.5 is made at time
8.5 and has present value = 2.5 v8.5 1.2018
Page 3
April 2005
Examiners Report
The income of the development is received later than the costs are incurred.
Hence an increase in the rate of interest will reduce the present value of the
income more than the present value of the outgo. Hence the DPP will increase.
(i)
Accumulation = 500 e 0
10
s ds
8
0
= 500 e
0.07 0.005 s ds
0.07 S
= 500 e
= 500e0.40
10
0.06 ds
8
0.005 2
S
2
0.06 S
0
0.12
= 841.01
(ii)
PV
18
10
200e0.1t .e
18
10
18
10
200e
0.1t
s ds
8
0.07
0
.e
200e0.1t . e
200e0.08
t
0
0.40
18 0.04t
e
10
200e0.08 0.04t
e
0.04
dt
0.005 s ) ds
. e0.48
dt
dt
18
10
Page 4
0.06t
t
0.06 ds
8
3047.33
10
8
12
1
1 i
a1
.v
1.02
v 2 .a
v.a
April 2005
Examiners Report
at i %
0.0824322
1
.
Ln 1.0824322 1.0824322
0.9614201
12
1
and a
1
12
1.0824322
1 v
12
where
1.0824322 = 1
12
1
and a
So PV
12
12
12
12
0.0794725
0.9645970
1
1.0824322 2 .
1 v
i
where 1.0824322
a
0.0808000
= 0.9805844
5000 0.9614201 v 0.9645970 v 2 0.9805844
13, 447.39
Examiners Comment: There are other valid methods for obtaining the required
answer which also received full credit.
Page 5
(i)
(a)
April 2005
Examiners Report
25000 = 10000 v
where v
1 i
0.03
25241.25 25000
0.01
25241.25 24770.94
= 0.0351
(b)
i.e. 3.5%
2.5
From tables, a
2.5313 at 9%
= 2.4869 at 10%
0.09
2.5313 2.5
0.01
2.5313 2.4869
= 0.097
i.e. 9.7% p.a.
(ii)
1 i
1 i
1 e
1 i
1
1 i
1.097
1.06
1.035
Page 6
April 2005
Examiners Report
1 e
200.9
170.7
e 5.6% p.a.
The inflation rate would not be expected to be exactly 6% p.a. since the Retail
Price Index is not increasing by a constant amount each year.
g 1 t1
i
1.04
0.039414
0.05
0.80 0.038835
1.03
1 t1 g
4
20
4000 a
P
77250v 20
1 0.25v 20
Page 7
April 2005
Examiners Report
(i)
No, because the spread (convexity) of the liabilities would always be greater
than the spread (convexity) of the assets
3rd Redington condition would
never be satisfied.
(ii)
Conditions required:
(a)
VA VL
(b)
VA' VL'.
(c)
VA" VL"
3.43v15 7.12v 25 @ 7%
VA
= 2.5550
4v19 6v 21
VL
= 2.5551
VA VL (ignoring rounding)
(b)
V 'A
= 51.444
V 'L
4 19v19 6 21v 21
= 51.445
V ' A V ' L (ignoring rounding)
(c)
V "A
= 1099.627
V "L
1038.322
V " A V "L
all 3 conditions are satisfied.
Page 8
April 2005
Examiners Report
Examiners Comment: There are other valid methods for obtaining the
required answer which also received full credit.
(i)
Price = 3a2
97.1811
3 102
1 i1 1 f1,1
1 i1
97.1811
i1
(ii)
3
1 i1
105
1 i1 1.05
103
1 i1
5.9877% p.a.
10
1 i1
10
1 ii 1.05
110
1 i1 1.05 1 f 2,1
108.9
10
10
110
1.059877 1.059877 1.05 1.059877 1.05
1 f 2,1
110
1.11287 1 f 2,1
Page 9
f 2,1
(iii)
100 = y2
100
y2
(i)
(a)
1
1 i1 i
1 i1
f1,1
1.05
100
1.059877 1.05
89.8577
5.506% p.a.
E Sn
E 1 i1 1 i2
1 in
E Sn
E 1 i1 E 1 i2
E 1 in as it are independent
E Sn
(b)
100
1 i1 1 f1,1
1
1
1.059877 1.059877
y2 1.84208
E it
E S n2
1 i1 1 i2
E 1 i1
1 in
E 1 i2
1 2 j s2
j2
E 1 in
Page 10
Examiners Report
9.245% p.a.
100 = y2
10
April 2005
(using independence)
E 1 2in in2
as E ii2
Var Sn
(ii)
(a)
s2
1 2 j s2
j2
V it
E Interest
E it
s2
E S25
2n
1 2 2
i1 i2
4
25
E Interest
1
i1 i2
2
1
i1.i2
2
2
1
i1 i2
2
(b)
j2
E Interest 2
1 2 2
i1 i2
2
Examiners Report
1
i1 i2
2
Var Interest
April 2005
5.5
0.0705686
Var S 25
j2
s2
25
1 2 0.0705686 0.07056862
s2
s2
1 2j
50
25
0.000377389
1
i1 i2
4
1.0705686
50
0.25
i1 i2
0.0388530
i1 i2
2 0.07056862 = 0.1411372
i1
0.000377389
Hence, s 2
2i1
0.5
i2 )
0.0388530 0.1411372
0.089995
8.9995%p.a.
Page 11
and i2
11
(i)
0.051142
April 2005
Examiners Report
5.1142%p.a.
5%
7%
1000 a10
v10
5% a10
Loan
Note
439.52
8790.48
0.05
x 10
5%
8790.48 1000 a11
x
1 v11
8.79048
v11
0.05
8.79048 20
v11
7.0236
20 7.0236 v11
11.20952
12.9764
x 7%
v11
5% a10
0.86384 at 5%
x 8
(iii)
11
Yv n
10
at 5%
137.15
doesn t work
try n = 19
Page 12
April 2005
Examiners Report
869.36
Hence:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Page 13
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
7 September 2005 (am)
Subject CT1
Financial Mathematics
Core Technical
Time allowed: Three hours
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATE
1.
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 11 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 S2005
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
An investor has earned a money rate of return from a portfolio of bonds in a particular
country of 1% per annum effective over a period of ten years. The country has
experienced deflation (negative inflation) of 2% per annum effective during the
period.
[2]
Calculate the real rate of return per annum over the ten years.
[2]
The force of interest (t) at time t is a + bt2 where a and b are constants. An amount of
200 invested at time t = 0 accumulates to 210 at time t = 5 and 230 at time t = 10.
Determine a and b.
(i)
[5]
Calculate the present value of 100 over ten years at the following rates of
interest/discount:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
[3]
[Total 7]
(i)
(ii)
[3]
CT1 S2005
[6]
(ii)
[3]
(iii)
Calculate the amount of capital repaid in the instalment at the end of the
fourteenth year.
[3]
[Total 12]
An insurance company has just written contracts that require it to make payments to
policyholders of 1,000,000 in five years time. The total premiums paid by
policyholders amounted to 850,000. The insurance company is to invest half the
premium income in fixed interest securities that provide a return of 3% per annum
effective. The other half of the premium income is to be invested in assets that have
an uncertain return. The return from these assets in year t, it, has a mean value of
3.5% per annum effective and a standard deviation of 3% per annum effective. (1 + it)
is independently and lognormally distributed.
(i)
Deriving all necessary formulae, calculate the mean and standard deviation of
the accumulation of the premiums over the five-year period.
[9]
(ii)
A director of the company suggests that investing all the premiums in the
assets with an uncertain return would be preferable because the expected
accumulation of the premiums would be greater than the payments due to the
policyholders.
Explain why this still may be a more risky investment policy.
CT1 S2005
[2]
[Total 11]
(i)
Explain what is meant by the expectations theory for the shape of the yield
curve.
[2]
(ii)
Short-term, one-year annual effective interest rates are currently 8%; they are
expected to be 7% in one years time, 6% in two years time and 5% in three
years time.
(a)
(b)
(c)
10
(ii)
After exactly eight years, immediately after the payment of the coupon then
due, this investor sells the bond to another investor who pays income tax at a
rate of 25% and capital gains tax at a rate of 40%. The bond is purchased by
the second investor to provide a net return of 6% per annum effective.
CT1 S2005
[3]
(a)
(b)
11
(i)
equation of value
discounted payback period from an investment project
[4]
(ii)
END OF PAPER
CT1 S2005
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
September 2005
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
September 2005
Examiners Report
Page 2
September 2005
Examiners Report
One party agrees to pay to the other a regular series of fixed amounts for a certain
term. In exchange the second party agrees to pay a series of variable amounts based
on the level of a short term interest rate.
If f = the rate of inflation; j = the real rate of return and i = the money rate of return,
then j = (i f)/(1 + f). In this case, f = 2%, i= 1% and therefore j = 3.061%.
(a)
t/365) = 1,550
t = 243.333 days
(b)
a bt 2 dt
200 exp at
5
1 bt 3
3
0
a bt 2 dt
200 exp at
10
1 bt 3
3
0
0
10
200 5a 41.667b
ln(1.05) 5a 41.667b
ln(1.15) 10a 333.333b
The second expression less twice the first expression gives:
Page 3
100
100
100
Examiners Report
(1 + 0.05/12) 12 10 = 60.716
(1 0.05/12)12 10 = 60.590
e 10 = 60.6531
(i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
98.91 = 100(1 + i)
ln(1 + i) = (
September 2005
91/365
65/91)
ln(98.91/100) = 0.04396
therefore i = 0.04494
(i)
Used for medium or long-term borrowing
Unsecured
Regular annual coupon payments
Generally repayable at par
Generally issued by large companies and on behalf of governments
Yields depend on risk and marketability
Generally innovative market designed to attract different types of investor
Issued internationally (normally by a syndicate of banks)
Can be issued in any currency (not necessarily the domestic currency of
the borrower)
(ii)
(a)
0.37689
g = (97 37.689)/12.4622 = 4.75927
(b)
( Ia )20 = 110.9506 all other values have been used in (a) above
Page 4
(i)
September 2005
Examiners Report
+ 28v14+30 v15)
= 52 a15 - 2 ( Ia )15
( Ia )15 = 67.2668
a15 = 9.7122
Therefore amount of the loan is 52
9.7122 - 2
67.2668 = 370.501
(ii)
(iii)
20.56405 = 27.43595.
0.94340 + 22
0.89000 = 42.2216
42.2216 = 2.53330
Page 5
(i)
September 2005
Examiners Report
E S5
1 it
t 1
E 1 it
t 1
as it are independent
E S5
E 1 it
1 E it = 1.035
E 1 it
E S5
1.035
1.187686
E S52
1 it
t 1
E 1 it
E S52
2 5
it2
E 1 2it
Var it
E S5
1 2 E it
E it
(using independence)
t 1
1 2 E it
Var S5
E 1 it
E it
1 2 E it
E it2
2 5
Var it
E it
2 5
E 1 it
10
0.035
Var it
0.032
Var S5
1.035
10
1.416534 1.410598
0.0059356
425000 1.15927
997458
425000
0.0059356
32743.21
Candidates who obtained slightly different answers by first deriving the parameters of
the lognormal distribution received full credit.
Page 6
September 2005
Examiners Report
(ii)
Investing all premiums in the risky assets is likely to be more risky because,
although there may be a higher probability of the assets accumulating to more
than 1 million, the standard deviation would be twice as high so the
probability of a large loss would be greater.
(i)
(ii)
(a)
(b)
(c)
93.226)
1.07 = 457.9600
Page 7
10
(i)
September 2005
Examiners Report
P1
i
i
100v15
15 5%
(2)
1.012348
v15
0.48102
a15
10.3797
P1
4 1.012348 10.3797
100 0.48102
(ii)
(a)
1.06
g 1 t1
i
0.059126
0.75 4a (2)
7 6%
7
P2 1 0.4v6%
i
i
(2)
0.66506
a7
5.5824
7 6%
7
0.6 100v6%
77.5207
Page 8
0.75 4a (2)
1.014782
v7
P2
7
7
100v6%
0.4 100 P2 v6%
1 0.4 0.66506
60 0.66506
(b)
September 2005
Examiners Report
2%
i
(2)
1.004975
v8
0.85349
a8
7.3255
RHS
88.2490
i 1.5%
i
i
(2)
1.003736
v8
0.88771
a8
7.4859
RHS
i
11
(i)
91.3575
90.1335 88.2490
0.02
91.3575 88.2490
(a)
(b)
Page 9
(ii)
September 2005
Examiners Report
1.0511 v14
9%
1 1.0512 v12
1 1.05v
1.9 a9 9% a6 9%
0.6a9
0.9a6
a3
8v15
9%
2.5 a15 9% a9 9%
8v15
8 0.27454
12.6253
To find whether the discounted payback period is less than 12 years at 7% per
annum effective, we need to find the NPV @ 7% of first twelve years
cashflows
Present value of cash outflows:
3
3
4
5
1.5a3 7% 0.3a (4) v7%
v7%
1.05v7%
1.052 v7%
9 7%
1.058 v11
7%
Page 10
1 1.059 v9
1 1.05v
September 2005
Examiners Report
a6 7% a3 7%
2.5a12
0.6a9
1.9 a9 7% a6 7%
0.9a6
2.5 a12 7% a9 7%
a3
Page 11
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
4 April 2006 (am)
Subject CT1
Financial Mathematics
Core Technical
Time allowed: Three hours
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATE
1.
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 12 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 A2006
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
An annuity certain with payments of 150 at the end of each quarter is to be replaced
by an annuity with the same term and present value, but with payments at the
beginning of each month instead.
Calculate the revised payments, assuming an annual force of interest of 10%.
[3]
[3]
At time t = 0 the n-year spot rate of interest is equal to (2.25 + 0.25n)% per annum
effective (1 n 5).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Without performing any further calculations, explain how you would expect
the gross redemption yield of a 4-year bond paying annual coupons of 3.5% to
compare with the par yield calculated in (b).
[7]
An investor, who is liable to income tax at 20% but is not liable to capital gains tax,
wishes to earn a net effective rate of return of 5% per annum. A bond bearing
coupons payable half-yearly in arrear at a rate 6.25% per annum is available. The
bond will be redeemed at par on a coupon date between 10 and 15 years after the date
of issue, inclusive. The date of redemption is at the option of the borrower.
Calculate the maximum price that the investor is willing to pay for the bond.
[5]
A share currently trades at 10 and will pay a dividend of 50p in one month s time. A
six-month forward contract is available on the share for 9.70. Show that an investor
can make a risk-free profit if the risk-free force of interest is 3% per annum.
[4]
An actuarial student has created an interest rate model under which the annual
effective rate of interest is assumed to be fixed over the whole of the next ten years.
The annual effective rate is assumed to be 2%, 4% and 7% with probabilities 0.25,
0.55 and 0.2 respectively.
(a)
(b)
Calculate the probability that the accumulated value will be greater than
10,000.
[4]
CT1 A2006 2
A company has entered into an interest rate swap. Under the terms of the swap the
company makes fixed annual payments equal to 6% of the principal of the swap. In
return, the company receives annual interest payments on the principal based on the
prevailing variable short-term interest rate which currently stands at 5.5% per annum.
(a)
(b)
Explain which of the risks described in (a) are faced by the company.
[4]
An ordinary share pays annual dividends. A dividend of 25p per share has just been
paid. Dividends are expected to grow by 2% next year and by 4% the following year.
Thereafter, dividends are expected to grow at 6% per annum compound in perpetuity.
(i)
[4]
(ii)
Calculate the present value of the dividend stream described above at a rate of
interest of 9% per annum effective from a holding of 100 ordinary shares. [4]
(iii)
An investor buys 100 shares in (ii) for 8.20 each. He holds them for two
years and receives the dividends payable. He then sells them for 9
immediately after the second dividend is paid.
Calculate the investor s real rate of return if the inflation index increases by
3% during the first year and by 3.5% during the second year assuming
dividends grow as expected.
[4]
[Total 12]
The force of interest (t ) is a function of time and at any time t, measured in years, is
given by the formula:
0.04
(t )
0 t
0.008t
0.005t 0.0003t
5 t 10
10 t
(i)
Calculate the present value of a unit sum of money due at time t = 12.
[5]
(ii)
[2]
(iii)
CT1 A2006 3
10
A piece of land is available for sale for 5,000,000. A property developer, who can
lend and borrow money at a rate of 15% per annum, believes that she can build
housing on the land and sell it for a profit. The total cost of development would be
7,000,000 which would be incurred continuously over the first two years after
purchase of the land. The development would then be complete.
The developer has three possible project strategies. She believes that she can sell the
completed housing:
in three years time for 16,500,000
in four years time for 18,000,000
in five years time for 20,500,000
The developer also believes that she can obtain a rental income from the housing
between the time that the development is completed and the time of sale. The rental
income is payable quarterly in advance and is expected to be 500,000 in the first year
of payment. Thereafter, the rental income is expected to increase by 50,000 per
annum at the beginning of each year that the income is paid.
(i)
Determine the optimum strategy if this is based upon using net present value
as the decision criterion.
[9]
(ii)
(iii)
If the housing is sold in six years time, the developer believes that she can
obtain an internal rate of return on the project of 17.5% per annum. Calculate
the sale price that the developer believes that she can receive.
[6]
(iv)
Suggest reasons why the developer may not achieve an internal rate of return
of 17.5% per annum even if she sells the housing for the sale price calculated
in (iii).
[2]
[Total 19]
CT1 A2006 4
11
Calculate the final disposable income (surplus or deficit) each month after the
loan payments have been made.
[5]
(ii)
Calculate the capital repaid in the first month of the third year assuming that
the student carries on with the original arrangements.
[5]
(iii)
Estimate the capital repaid in the first month of the third year assuming that
the student has taken out the new loan.
[5]
(iv)
CT1 A2006 5
[2]
[Total 17]
12
A pension fund has liabilities of 3 million due in 3 years time, 5 million due in 5
years time, 9 million due in 9 years time, and 11 million due in 11 years time.
The fund holds two investments, X and Y. Investment X provides income of 1
million payable at the end of each year for the next five years with no capital
repayment. Investment Y is a zero coupon bond which pays a lump sum of R at the
end of n years (where n is not necessarily an integer). The interest rate is 8% per
annum effective.
(i)
Investigate whether values of R and n can be found which ensure that the
fund is immunised against small changes in the interest rate.
5
t 2 vt
40.275 at 8%.
[8]
t 1
(ii)
(a)
(b)
END OF PAPER
CT1 A2006 6
[4]
[Total 12]
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
April 2006
Subject CT1
Financial Mathematics
Core Technical
EXAMINERS REPORT
Introduction
The attached subject report has been written by the Principal Examiner with the aim of
helping candidates. The questions and comments are based around Core Reading as the
interpretation of the syllabus to which the examiners are working. They have however given
credit for any alternative approach or interpretation which they consider to be reasonable.
M Flaherty
Chairman of the Board of Examiners
June 2006
Comments
Individual comments are shown after each question.
General comments
As is in some recent diets, the questions requiring verbal reasoning (such as Q3(c), Q7(b),
Q10(iv) and Q11(iv)) tended not to be well answered with candidates producing vague
statements which did not demonstrate that they understood the relevant points.
Please note that different answers may be obtained to those shown in these solutions
depending on whether figures obtained from tables or from calculators are used in the
calculations but candidates are not penalised for this.
However, candidates may be penalised where excessive rounding has been used or where
insufficient working is shown.
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
28d
Annual rate of interest is i where 1
365
This gives i
April 2006
1 i
Examiners Report
28 / 365
365 / 28
28 0.045
365
1 4.611%
We require X where:
600a (4)
n
d (12) 12 1
i (4)
a (4)
12 Xa (12)
n
1 d
4 1 i
Hence X
1/ 4
50
1/12
n
(12)
a
n
50
12 1 e
4 e
d (12)
i (4)
0.099584
12
0.101260
49.1724 or 49.17
Comments on question 2: Candidates were not penalised for assuming that the annuities
were for a specific term even though this was not needed for the calculations.
(a)
(b)
f3,2
1 y5
1 y3
yc4
Page 2
1.035
1.03
0.12009
3.71785
1.0275
f3,2
(c)
v 2y2
1.03
v3y3
4.255%
v 4y4
1.0325
v 4y4
4
1.0325
3.230%
The par yield is equal to the gross redemption yield for a par yield bond.
Coupons for the 3.5% bond are higher than for the par yield bond. Thus a
lower proportion of the total proceeds are included within the redemption
payment which is when spot yields/discount rates are highest. The present
value of the proceeds of the 3.5% bond will be higher and so the gross
redemption yield will be lower than that of the par yield bond and thus less
than the par yield.
April 2006
Examiners Report
Comments on question 3: Part (a) was answered well but some candidates struggled with
the calculation of the par yield in part (b). In part (c) the marks were awarded for a clear
explanation. Many candidates, who just stated their conclusion, were unable to explain their
reasoning clearly and so failed to score full marks on this part.
0.049390
g 1 t1
1 t1 g
2
10
2
10
5a
100v10at 5%
100v10
5 1.012348 7.7217
100 0.61391
Comments on question 4: Well answered although some candidates who recognised that the
investor faced a capital loss did not recognise that this meant that the minimum yield would
be obtained if the bond was redeemed at the earliest possible date.
Page 3
April 2006
Examiners Report
An investor can borrow 10 at the risk-free rate, buy one share for 10, enter into the
forward contract to sell the share in six months time.
The initial cashflow is zero.
After one month the 50p dividend from the share is invested at the risk-free rate. After
six months the share can be sold for 9.70, the dividend proceeds are worth
0.5e
0.03
+ 0.5e
5
12
0.03
and the borrowing is repaid at 10 e0.015 . This gives a net cashflow of 9.7
5
12
10 e0.015 = 0.0552
The investor has made a deal with zero initial cost, no risk of future loss and a riskfree future profit.
Comments on question 5: The majority of candidates were able to calculate the nonarbitrage forward price by use of the appropriate formula. However, marks were lost for not
clearly explaining how a risk-free profit could thus be made.
(a)
0.55 12.4864
0.2 14.7836
0.25 8934.96
0.55 9989.12
0.2 11826.88
10, 093.13
(b)
Accumulation is only over 10,000 if the interest rate is 7% p.a. which has
probability 0.2
Comments on question 6: The most poorly answered question on the paper. This model of
interest rates had not been examined recently and the majority of candidates assumed instead
that the interest rate changed each year (in line with previous examination questions on this
topic).
Page 4
(a)
April 2006
Examiners Report
The counterparty faces market risk which is the risk that market conditions
will change so that the present value of the net outgo under the agreement
increases.
The counterparty also faces credit risk which is the risk that the other
counterparty will default on its payments.
(b)
The company still faces the market risk since the interest rates could fall
further which will make the value of the swap even more negative to the
company.
The company does not currently face a credit risk since the value of the swap
is positive to the other counterparty.
Comments on question 7: Part (a) was answered well but many candidates failed to
recognise in (b) that the company would not currently face credit risk in this example.
(i)
(ii)
1.09
0.03
834.40
Page 5
(iii)
April 2006
Examiners Report
100
100 100 2
v 100 0.25 1.02 1.04
v
103
103 103.5
100 100 2
v
103 103.5
900
24.7573v 869.1150v 2
0.95719
Hence i = 4.47%
Comments on question 8: Despite being a bookwork question, part (i) was answered patchily
with few students getting all of the required points. Part (ii) was answered well. In part (iii),
it was expected that students would solve the quadratic equation. However, full credit was
given to students who used interpolation methods.
(i)
A(0,5) e 0
A(5,10) e
0.04 dt
0.04t
10
0.008tdt
5
A(10,12) e
12
10
5
0
e0.2 1.22140
0.004t 2
0.005t 0.0003t 2 dt
10
e0.3 1.34986
0.0025t 2 0.0001t 3
12
10
e0.1828 1.20057
1
1.22140 1.34986 1.20057
1
1.97941
= 0.50520
(ii)
Page 6
12
1.97941
5.855%
(iii)
April 2006
Examiners Report
0.05t
t
0.04 ds
0
dt
0.05t
0.04t
dt
0.09t
dt
0.09t 5
0.09
0.18
0.45
e
0.09
2.1960
10
(i)
i
5, 000, 000 3,500, 000 a2
450, 000v 2 a
450, 000v 2
i
d
(4)
50, 000v 2 Ia
an
(4)
n 2
50, 000v 2
i
d
(4)
Sn v n
Ia
n 2
Sn v n
where n is the year of sale and Sn are the sale proceeds if the sale is made in
year n.
If n = 3 the NPV of benefits
450, 000 0.75614 1.092113 0.86957
50, 000 0.75614 1.092113 0.86957
16,500, 000 0.65752
323,137 35,904 10,849, 080 11, 208,121
Hence net present value of the project is 11,208,121 11,106,762 = 101,359
Note that if n = 4 the extra benefits in year 4 consist of an extra 1.5 million
on the sale proceeds and an extra 650,000 rental income. This is clearly less
than the amount that could have been obtained if the sale had been made at the
end of year 3 and the proceeds invested at 15% per annum. Hence selling in
year 4 is not an optimum strategy.
Page 7
April 2006
Examiners Report
If the discounted payback period is used as the criterion, the optimum strategy
is that which minimises the first time when the net present value is positive.
By inspection, this is when the housing is sold after 3 years.
(iii)
We require
i
5, 000, 000 3,500, 000 a2
4
n 2
450, 000v 2 a
2
1 v0.175
50, 000v 2 Ia
(4)
n 2
Sn v n at 17.5%
0.175
1 0.72431
0.16127
10,983, 227
2
450, 000v0.175
RHS
d 0.175
a4
41 v
1 v4
d
4
1 v0.175
2
50, 000v0.175
a4
4
4v0.175
6
S6v0.175
0.15806
3.1918
Page 8
3.1918 2.0985
0.15806
0.37999 S6
For equality S6
(iv)
April 2006
Examiners Report
Comments on question 10: A significant number of candidates assumed that the development
costs amounted to 7 million per annum and subsequently found that no strategy would lead
to a profit. Otherwise the calculations were performed well. In part (iv), credit was given for
other valid answers. Despite this, few students scored full marks on this part.
11
(i)
XA
255.96
For loan B:
LB
15000 12 X B a (12)
3 10%
1, 250
XB
i
i
12
2
v12%
a2
12%
1.053875 1.6901
XB
2
v12%
a (12)
2 12%
i
i
12
a3
10%
1, 250
0.79719 1.045045 2.4869
324.43
XA
X B = 19.61
Page 9
(ii)
April 2006
Examiners Report
10000
12
5
= 3.2557
12 255.96a
Try i = 20%: a
12
5
3.2557
12
3
at 20%
at 10%
7043.74
12
i 20%
10118.02
12
i10%
12
(iii)
324.43 80.68
Under the new loan the capital outstanding is the same as under the original
arrangement = 17161.76.
The monthly repayment
255.96 324.43
2
290.20
17161.76
12
10
4.5642
12
10
5.3551
12 290.20a
Try i = 20%: a
Try i = 15%: a
By interpolation i 15%
Page 10
12
10
4.9281
5.3551 4.9281
5.3551 4.5642
20% 15%
17.7%
April 2006
Examiners Report
17161.76
i17.7%
234.66
12
234.66 = 55.54
The new strategy reduces the monthly payments but repays the capital more
slowly. The student could consider the following options:
Keeping loan B and taking out a smaller new loan to repay loan A
(which has the highest effective interest rate).
Taking out the new loan for a shorter term to repay the capital more
quickly.
Comments on question 11: In part (i) some candidates struggled to deal with the flat rate of
Loan A whilst others failed to deal with the change in interest rate of Loan B. Part (ii) was
answered well. In part (iii), different answers for the effective rate of interest (and hence the
interest paid) for the new loan could be obtained according to the actual interpolation used
and full credit was given for a range of answers. If calculated exactly, the effective rate of
interest is actually 17.5%. In part (iv), credit was again given for any valid strategy suitably
explained.
12
(i)
VA
VA
a5
Rv n at 8%
3.9927 Rv n
VL
3v 3 5v 5 9v 9 11v11 at 8%
15.0044
Rv n
(2)
VA'
VA'
11.0117
VA
& VL'
VL
nRv n
11.3651 nRv n
VL'
Page 11
April 2006
nRv n 105.2090
105.2090
n
9.5543
11.0117
R 11.0117
9.5543
1.08
22.9720m
Alternatively:
VA'
VA
& VL'
i
VA'
v Ia
nRv n
11.3651v nRv n
10.5233 nRv n
VL'
VL
i
nRv n
97.4156
97.4156
11.0117v
R 11.0117
9.5543
1.08
9.5543
22.9720m
(3)
VA''
VA
2
& VL''
VL
2
VA''
t 2vt
n 2 Rv n
t 1
40.275
9.5543
22.9720 v 9.5543
1045.483
VL''
Page 12
Examiners Report
April 2006
Examiners Report
VA''
t t 1 vt
n n 1 Rv n
t 1
5
v2
t 2vt
v 2 Ia
n n 1 Rv n
t 1
VL''
3 3 4 v5 5 5 6 v 7 9 9 10 v11 11 11 12 v13
993.32
Thus n 9.5543, R 22.9720m will satisfy all three conditions and so will
achieve immunisation.
(ii)
(a)
Value of assets at 3%
a5
Rv n
3
21.900m
11
Comments on question 12: Part (i) was answered surprisingly poorly, given that it required
the same techniques as those required in previous examination questions on the same topic.
Full credit was given to students who observed directly that the spread of the assets around
the mean term was greater than the spread of the liabilities. Few students answered part (ii)
fully and the examiners felt that students should have recognised that immunisation would
not protect the fund against such a large change in interest rates even if they had not
answered part (i) correctly.
Page 13
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
12 September 2006 (am)
Subject CT1
Financial Mathematics
Core Technical
Time allowed: Three hours
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATE
1.
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 12 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 S2006
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
(a)
(b)
An individual has invested a sum of 10m. Exactly one year later, the investment is
worth 11.1m. An index of prices has a value of 112 at the beginning of the
investment and 120 at the end of the investment. The investor pays tax at 40% on all
money returns from investment. Calculate:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
Find the market price of B, such that there are no arbitrage opportunities and
assuming the price of A remains fixed. Explain your reasoning.
[2]
[Total 4]
(i)
(ii)
CT1 S2006
[1]
[Total 5]
The rate of interest is a random variable that is distributed with mean 0.07 and
variance 0.016 in each of the next 10 years. The value taken by the rate of interest in
any one year is independent of its value in any other year. Deriving all necessary
formulae calculate:
(i)
The expected accumulation at the end of ten years, if one unit is invested at the
beginning of ten years.
[3]
(ii)
The variance of the accumulation at the end of ten years, if one unit is invested
at the beginning of ten years.
[5]
(iii)
Explain how your answers in (i) and (ii) would differ if 1,000 units had been
invested.
[1]
[Total 9]
A life insurance fund had assets totalling 600m on 1 January 2003. It received net
income of 40m on 1 January 2004 and 100m on 1 July 2004. The value of the fund
was:
450m on 31 December 2003;
500m on 30 June 2004;
800m on 31 December 2004.
(i)
(b)
(ii)
Explain why the linked internal rate of return is higher than the time weighted
rate of return.
[2]
[Total 10]
[5]
(ii)
Calculate the constant force of interest that would give rise to the same
accumulation from time t = 0 to time t = 10.
[2]
(iii)
CT1 S2006
10
(b)
Calculate the amount by which the investment policy would have fallen short
of repaying the loan had extra premiums not been paid for the final ten years.
(c)
Calculate the amount of money the individual will have, after using the
proceeds of the investment policy to repay the loan, after allowing for the
increase in premiums.
(d)
Suggest another course of action the borrower could have taken which would
have been of higher value to him, explaining why this higher value arises.
(e)
Calculate the level annual instalment that the investor would have had to pay
from outset if he had repaid the loan in equal instalments of interest and
capital.
[11]
A financial regulator has brought in a new set of regulations and wishes to assess the
cost of them. It intends to conduct an analysis of the costs and benefits of the new
regulations in their first twenty years.
The costs are estimated to be as follows:
The cost to companies who will need to devise new policy terms and computer
systems is expected to be incurred at a rate of 50m in the first year increasing by
3% per annum over the twenty year period.
The cost to financial advisers who will have to set up new computer systems and
spend more time filling in paperwork is expected to be incurred at a rate of 60m
in the first year, 19m in the second year, 18m in the third year, reducing by 1m
every year until the last year, when the cost incurred will be at a rate of 1m.
The cost to consumers who will have to spend more time filling in paperwork and
talking to their financial advisers is expected to be incurred at a rate of 10m in
the first year, increasing by 3% per annum over the twenty year period.
CT1 S2006
11
(i)
[3]
(ii)
Inflation index
November 2001
May 2002
November 2002
May 2003
110.0
112.3
113.2
113.8
CT1 S2006
12
A pension fund has the following liabilities: annuity payments of 160,000 per annum
to be paid annually in arrears for the next 15 years and a lump sum of 200,000 to be
paid in ten years. It wishes to invest in two fixed-interest securities in order to
immunise its liabilities. Security A has a coupon rate of 8% per annum and a term to
redemption of eight years. Security B has a coupon rate of 3% per annum and a term
to redemption of 25 years. Both securities are redeemable at par and pay coupons
annually in arrear.
(i)
[2]
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
END OF PAPER
CT1 S2006
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
September 2006
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Comments
As in many recent diets, the questions requiring verbal reasoning (e.g. Question 4(i)) tended
not to be well answered with candidates producing vague statements which did not
demonstrate that they understood the relevant points
Please note that differing answers may be obtained from those shown in these solutions
depending on whether figures obtained from tables or from calculators are used in the
calculations but candidates are not penalised for this.
However, candidates may be penalised where excessive rounding has been used or where
insufficient working is shown.
Comments on solutions presented to individual questions for this September 2006 paper are
given below.
Question 1
Generally well answered. To gain full marks candidates were required to specify the
difference between futures and options rather than just defining each contract separately.
Question 2
Well answered. This was a question where some candidates were penalised if answers had
been rounded excessively.
Question 3
Generally well answered. Another possible solution is to use 1 + j =
Page 2
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2006 Examiners Report
Question 7
This question was poorly answered to the surprise of the examiners. Many candidates
struggled to deal with the linked internal rate of return.
Question 8
Well answered.
Question 9
This question appeared to reward candidates who had a good understanding of the topic.
Whilst the best candidates usually scored close to full marks on this question, weaker or lessprepared candidates often scored very badly.
Whilst the question did state that payments were made monthly, the examiners recognised
that there was some potential for misinterpretation as to the frequency of the loan repayments
in part (e) and took this into account. Thus students who used the formula Xa30 = 100, 000
with
(12 )
= 6% & i =6.168% to get an answer of 7,396 in this part were awarded full marks.
Question 10
Generally well answered.
Question 11
This was the worst answered question on the paper by some margin with very few candidates
scoring close to full marks. This may be because this type of question has not appeared in
recent diets. Candidates needed to show that they could derive logically the amounts that will
be paid, the real values of those amounts and their present values in real terms. Appropriate
formulae then needed to be developed.
Question 12
Many candidates answered this question well although a minority scored very badly (possibly
due to time pressure).
Page 3
(i)
(ii)
Convertibles have option-like characteristics because they give the holder the
option to purchase equity in a company on pre-arranged terms.
i
4s + 2s2 + 2 s1
3
0.04
( 4 3.1216 + 2 2.0400 + 2 )
0.039221
= 18.9352
Page 4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
In all states of the world, security B pays 80% of A. Therefore its price must
be 80% of As price, or the investor could obtain a better payoff by only
purchasing one security and make risk-free profits by selling one security short
and buying the other. The price of B must therefore be 16p.
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2006 Examiners Report
(i)
(a)
(b)
3,600 1 + 0.06
4
4t
365
= 4,000
(c)
3,600 1 + 0.06
12
12 t
365
= 4,000
(ii)
(i)(a) takes longest because, under conditions of simple interest, interest does
not earn interest.
(i)
Let it be the (random) rate of interest in year t . Let S10 be the accumulation of
the unit investment after 10 years:
10
(ii)
= 1.0710 = 1.96715
( )
2
2
E S10
= E (1 + i1 )(1 + i2 ) (1 + i10 )
) (
) (
2
= E 1 + 2i1 + i12 E 1 + 2i2 + i22 E 1 + 2i10 + i10
)
Page 5
10
= E 1 + 2it + it2
= 1 + 2 j + s2 + j 2
10
(
) (1 + j )
= (1 + 2 0.07 + 0.016 + 0.07 )
Var [ S n ] = 1 + 2 j + s 2 + j 2
10
20
10
(1.07 )
20
= 0.5761
(iii)
If 1,000 units had been invested, the expected accumulation would have been
1,000 times bigger. The variance would have been 1,000,000 times bigger.
(i)
(a)
(b)
(1 + i )2 =
450 500
800
i = 1.015%
600 450 + 40 500 + 100
= 800
(1 + i2 ) = 1.39188 i2 = 39.188%
Linked internal rate of return is i
where (1 + i ) = 0.75 1.39188 i = 2.1719%
2
(ii)
Page 6
The linked IRR is higher because it relies on two money weighted rates of
return. With the calculation of the second money weighted rate of return, there
is more money in the fund when the fund is performing well (in the second
half of the year).
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2006 Examiners Report
(i)
5
150 = 100 exp at + bt 2 dt = 100 exp 12 at 2 + 13 bt 3 = 100 exp [12.5a + 41.667b ]
0
0
10
10
230 = 100 exp at + bt 2 dt = 100 exp 12 at 2 + 13 bt 3 = 100 exp [50a + 333.333b ]
0
0
(ii)
(iii)
Present Value =
10
20e
0.05t 0.08329t
dt
0
10
20e
0.03329t
dt
0
10
e 0.03329t
= 20
0.03329 0
= 20 8.5058 = 170.116
(a)
1, 060s
(b)
at 7% = 1, 060
i
s = 1, 060 1.037525 94.4608 = 103,885.77
12 30
(
d )
1, 060s
at 4% = 1, 060
i
s = 1, 060 1.021537 56.0849 = 60, 730.37
12 ) 30
(
d
Page 7
(c)
Accumulation will be
(12 )
20 4%
1, 060 s
= 1, 060
)
(1.04 )10 + 5, 000s10(124%
i
i
10
s20 (1.04 ) + 5, 000
s
12
12 10
d( )
d( )
(e)
If he had repaid the loan by a level annuity, the annual instalment would have
been X where
X
(12 )
a360 = 100, 000 at 0.5% (or Xa
= 100, 000 with
30
12
X=
10
(12 )
= 6% & i = 6.168%)
i
( 50 + 10 ) v + 1.03v 2 + 1.032 v3 + + 1.0319 v 20
i
2
19
= 60v 1 + 1.03v + (1.03v ) + + (1.03v )
1 (1.03v )
i
= 60v
1 1.03v
20
Page 8
1 1.03 0.96154
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2006 Examiners Report
i
60v + 19v 2 + 18v3 + + v 20
= 40
iv i
+ 20v + 19v 2 + 18v3 + + v 20
= 40
iv i
i
+ 21a20 Ia20 = 40v + 21a20 Ia20
i
i
30v + 33v 2 + 36v3 + + 87v 20 + 12a20
i
27 a20 + 3v + 6v 2 + 9v3 + + 60v 20 + 12a20
i
3 ( Ia )20 + 39a20
Page 9
11
(i)
(ii)
The first coupon the investor will receive will be on 31st December 2003. The
net coupon per 100 nominal will be:
0.8 1 (Index May 2003/Index November 2001) = 0.8 1
113.8
110
113.8
v
110 (1 + r )0.5
where r = 2.5% per annum and v is calculated at 1.5% (per half year)
The second coupon on 30th June 2004 per 100 nominal will be
113.8
0.8 1
(1 + r )0.5
110
2
0.5 113.8 v
In real present value terms, this is 0.8 (1 + r )
110 (1 + r )
The third coupon on 31st December 2004 per 100 nominal will be
113.8
0.8 1
(1 + r )
110
113.8
v3
In real present value terms, this is 0.8 (1 + r )
110 (1 + r )1.5
Continuing in this way, the last coupon payment on 30 June 2009 per 100
113.8
nominal will be 0.8 1
(1 + r )5.5
110
5.5 113.8
Page 10
v12
110 (1 + r )6
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2006 Examiners Report
100 (1 + r )
v12
110 (1 + r )6
The present value of the succession of coupon payments and the capital
payment can be written as:
P=
( (
113.8
0.8 v + v 2 + + v12 + 100v12
0.5 110
(1 + r )
1
113.8
12
0.8a12 1.5% + 100v1.5%
1.0124224 110
12
(i)
(ii)
10
10,865,340
= 6.9697 years ( mark deducted for no units)
1,558,934
Page 11
(iii)
) (
) (
) (
) = 6.9697
)
1,558,934 0.533858 B
6.636896
+ 7.976153B = 10,865,340
1.059714
6.636896 0.533858
6.636896 1,558,934
B 7.976153
= 10,865,340
1.059714
1.059714
B=
1,101,872.85
= 237,850
4.632647
1,558,934 0.533858 B
A=
= 1,351, 266
1.059714
Page 12
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2006 Examiners Report
(iv)
It appears that the asset payments are more spread out than the liability
payments. The third condition for immunisation is that that convexity of the
assets is greater than that of the liabilities, or that the asset times are more
spread around the discounted mean term than the liability times. From
observation is appears likely that this condition is met.
Page 13
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
12 April 2007 (am)
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 11 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 A2007
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
An investor pays 400 every half-year in advance into a 25-year savings plan.
Calculate the accumulated fund at the end of the term if the interest rate is 6% per
annum convertible monthly for the first 15 years and 6% per annum convertible halfyearly for the final 10 years.
[5]
The force of interest ( t ) is a function of time and at any time, measured in years, is
given by the formula:
( t ) = 0.04 + 0.01t
0t4
( t ) = 0.12 0.01t
4<t 8
( t ) = 0.06
8<t
Calculate the present value at time t = 0 of a payment stream, paid continuously from
time t = 9 to t = 12, under which the rate of payment at time t is 50e0.01t .
[6]
An ordinary share pays annual dividends. The next dividend is due in exactly eight
months time. This dividend is expected to be 1.10 per share. Dividends are expected
to grow at a rate of 5% per annum compound from this level and are expected to
continue in perpetuity. Inflation is expected to be 3% per annum. The price of the
share is 21.50.
Calculate the expected effective annual real rate of return for an investor who
purchases the share.
[7]
An investor entered into a long forward contract for a security five years ago and the
contract is due to mature in seven years time. The price of the security was 95 five
years ago and is now 145. The risk-free rate of interest can be assumed to be 3% per
annum throughout the 12-year period.
Assuming no arbitrage, calculate the value of the contract now if:
(i)
The security will pay dividends of 5 in two years time and 6 in four years
time.
[3]
(ii)
The security has paid and will continue to pay annually in arrear a dividend of
2% per annum of the market price of the security at the time of payment. [3]
[Total 6]
CT1 A20072
In a particular bond market, n-year spot rates per annum can be approximated by the
function 0.08 0.04e 0.1n .
Calculate:
(i)
The price per unit nominal of a zero coupon bond with term nine years.
[2]
(ii)
[3]
(iii)
[3]
[Total 8]
A fund had a value of 21,000 on 1 July 2003. A net cash flow of 5,000 was
received on 1 July 2004 and a further net cash flow of 8,000 was received on 1 July
2005. Immediately before receipt of the first net cash flow, the fund had a value of
24,000, and immediately before receipt of the second net cash flow the fund had a
value of 32,000. The value of the fund on 1 July 2006 was 38,000.
(i)
Calculate the annual effective money weighted rate of return earned on the
fund over the period 1 July 2003 to 1 July 2006.
[3]
(ii)
Calculate the annual effective time weighted rate of return earned on the fund
over the period 1 July 2003 to 1 July 2006.
[3]
(iii)
[2]
[Total 8]
An insurance company has liabilities of 87,500 due in 8 years time and 157,500
due in 19 years time. Its assets consist of two zero coupon bonds, one paying
66,850 in four years time and the other paying X in n years time. The current
interest rate is 7% per annum effective.
(i)
(ii)
Determine whether values of X and n can be found which ensure that the
company is immunised against small changes in the interest rate.
[5]
[Total 10]
CT1 A20073
[5]
A company has borrowed 800,000 from a bank. The loan is to be repaid by level
instalments, payable annually in arrear for 10 years from the date the loan is made.
The annual repayments are calculated at an effective rate of interest of 8% per annum.
(i)
Calculate the amount of the level annual payment and the total amount of
interest which will be paid over the 10 year term.
[3]
(ii)
At the beginning of the eighth year, immediately after the seventh payment
has been made, the company asks for the term of the loan to be extended by
two years. The bank agrees to do this on condition that the rate of interest is
increased to an effective rate of 12% per annum for the remainder of the term
and that payments are made quarterly in arrear.
(a)
(b)
(ii)
Without doing any further calculations, explain whether your answer to (i)
would change if the effective rate of interest were less than 10% per annum.
[3]
[Total 10]
CT1 A20074
10
11
A loan is issued bearing interest at a rate of 9% per annum and payable half-yearly in
arrear. The loan is to be redeemed at 110 per 100 nominal in 13 years time.
(i)
The loan is issued at a price such that an investor, subject to income tax at
25%, and capital gains tax at 30%, would obtain a net redemption yield of 6%
per annum effective. Calculate the issue price per 100 nominal of the stock.
[5]
(ii)
Two years after the date of issue, immediately after a coupon payment has
been made, the investor decides to sell the stock and finds a potential buyer,
who is subject to income tax at 10% and capital gains tax at 35%. The
potential buyer is prepared to buy the stock provided she will obtain a net
redemption yield of at least 8% per annum effective.
(a)
Calculate the maximum price (per 100 nominal) which the original
investor can expect to obtain from the potential buyer.
(b)
Calculate the net effective annual redemption yield (to the nearest 1%
per annum effective) that will be obtained by the original investor if
the loan is sold to the buyer at the price determined in (ii) (a).
[10]
[Total 15]
80,000 is invested in a bank account which pays interest at the end of each year.
Interest is always reinvested in the account. The rate of interest is determined at the
beginning of each year and remains unchanged until the beginning of the next year.
The rate of interest applicable in any one year is independent of the rate applicable in
any other year.
During the first year, the annual effective rate of interest will be one of 4%, 6% or 8%
with equal probability.
During the second year, the annual effective rate of interest will be either 7% with
probability 0.75 or 5% with probability 0.25.
During the third year, the annual effective rate of interest will be either 6% with
probability 0.7 or 4% with probability 0.3.
(i)
Derive the expected accumulated amount in the bank account at the end of
three years.
[5]
(ii)
Derive the variance of the accumulated amount in the bank account at the end
of three years.
[8]
(iii)
Calculate the probability that the accumulated amount in the bank account is
more than 97,000 at the end of three years.
[3]
[Total 16]
END OF PAPER
CT1 A20075
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
April 2007
M A Stocker
Chairman of the Board of Examiners
June 2007
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
Comments
Please note that different answers may be obtained to those shown in these solutions
depending on whether figures obtained from tables or from calculators are used in the
calculations but candidates are not penalised for this.
However, candidates may be penalised where excessive rounding has been used or where
insufficient working is shown.
Q1.
Whilst most candidates made a good attempt at this question on basic compound interest
accumulation, comparatively few students completed the question without error.
Q2.
Well answered.
Q3.
Most students answered this question well although candidates were expected to note that the
sum of the geometric progression would only converge if the rate of return was below the
dividend growth rate. Depending on the interpolation used, the final answer can justifiably
vary from that given.
Q4.
This proved to be the most difficult question on the paper. Other related methods to
determine the answers were available e.g. calculating the forward price of each contract and
working out the present value of the difference in these prices.
Q5.
Well answered.
Q6.
The calculations in parts (i) and (ii) were generally well done. Again, depending on the
interpolation used, the final answer can justifiably vary from that given although the
examiners penalised the use of too wide a range of interpolation.
The explanation in part (iii) was very poorly handled. In such cases, the examiners are not
simply looking for a statement lifted directly from the Core Reading. Instead, candidates are
expected to apply the relevant theory to the actual situation described in the question.
Page 2
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
Q7.
Generally well answered.
Q8.
This was the best answered question on the paper.
Q9.
Many candidates struggled with this question, firstly in determining when the various
costs/payments would be made and then in manipulating the resulting equation(s). A common
error was not to recognise that the DPP should be expressed as a whole number of months
since payments at the relevant time were being made at monthly intervals. In part (ii) little
credit was given for a correct conclusion without any accompanying explanation.
Q10.
This question seemed to provide a significant differentiation between candidates with many
scoring well and a sizeable minority scoring very badly. This seemed surprising given that
this topic is regularly examined. A common omission on part (ii)(b) was not to state whether
a capital gain had been made.
Q11.
The workings for parts (i) and (ii) were often too brief (the questions said Derive). Note
that the final answer in part (ii) can justifiably vary significantly according to the rounding
used in intermediate calculations. Part (iii) was poorly done with many candidates assuming
a lognormal distribution for this discrete example.
Page 3
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
400S30i (1.03)
*%
where 1 + i* = (1.005 )
20
3%
+ 400S20
s30
(1.0303775 )30 1
@ 3.03775% = 1.0303775
0.0303775
= 49.3215
(1.03)20 1
= 27.6765
S20 @ 3% = 1.03
0.03
Hence fund =
400 49.3215 (1.03)
20
+ 400 27.6765
= 35632.06 + 11070.60
= 46,702.66
(i)
12
PV = 50 e
0.01t
. e
( t )dt
t
0
dt
where
t
( t ) dt =
t
= 0.04t + 0.005t 2 + 0.12t 0.005t 2 + [ 0.06t ] 8
0
4
= 0.06t
Page 4
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
Hence
12
PV = 50e0.01t . e0.06t dt
9
12
= 50 e
0.05t
dt
12
50 0.05t
=
e
0.05
9
= 548.812 + 637.628
= 88.816
21.50 = (1 + i )
= (1 + i )
= 1.10
12
12
( )
1 1.05
1+i
1.10v
1 1.05
1+i
(1 + i )
19.5455 =
8
12
(1 1.05
1+i )
(1 + i )
8
12
1
1 1.05
1+i
20.6456 19.5455
0.01 = 0.10325
20.6456 17.2566
i comes from 1 + i =
1.10325
i = 7.1% p.a.
1.03
Page 5
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
(i)
The current value of the forward price of the old contract is:
95 (1.03) 5 (1.03)
5
6 (1.03)
whereas the current value of the forward price of a new contract is:
145 5 (1.03)
6 (1.03)
(ii)
The current value of the forward price of the old contract is:
95 (1.02 )
12
(1.03)5 = 86.8376
whereas the current value of the forward price of a new contract is:
145 (1.02 )
= 126.2312
(i)
1
P9 =
= 0.57344
1 + Y9
Page 6
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
(ii)
Y7 = 0.08 0.04 e
0.1( 7 )
(1 + f7,4 )
0.1(11)
= 0.060137
= 0.066685
11
11
1 + Y11 )
1.066685 )
(
(
=
=
(1 + Y7 )7 (1.060137 )7
= 1.35165
4-year forward rate is 7.824% at time 7.
(iii)
1 = Yc3
(i)
Work in 000s
MWRR is i such that:
21(1 + i ) + 5 (1 + i ) + 8 (1 + i ) = 38
3
Try
(1 + i )3 =
(iii)
24 32 38
i = 6.21% p.a.
21 29 40
MWRR is lower than TWRR because of the large cash flow on 1/7/05; the
overall return in the final year is much lower than in the first 2 years, and the
payment at 1/7/05 gives this final year more weight in the MWRR, but does
not affect the TWRR.
Page 7
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
1, 234,857.56
94, 475.86
= 13.070615 years
CL =
17, 657,158.78
94, 475.86
= 186.895985
(ii)
Page 8
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
n+ 2)
) / 94, 475.86
= 23,140,343.20/94,475.86
= 244.93393
> CL
Hence, immunisation is achieved.
(i)
8%
800, 000 = P a10
= P 6.7101
P = 119, 223.26
Total amount of interest = 10 119,223.26 800,000
= 392,232.60
(ii)
(a)
P = 81, 646.28
q'ly payment = 20, 411.57
(b)
Page 9
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
(i)
The discounted payback period is the first point at which the present value of
the income exceeds the present value of the outgoings. The present value of
all payments and income up to time t is given by (working in m)
1
1
(12 )
(12 )
(12 )
PV = 40 36a 1 2v 2 a 1 + 12v 2 a 1
2
t 2 + 112
1
1
1
(12 )
(12 )
(12 )
= 40 36a 1 2v 2 a 1 + 12v 2 12
+a 1
t 2
t 2
2
1
1
t 0.5
(12 )
= 40 36a 1 + v 2 + 10v 2 1v(12)
2
(12 )
a1
1 v 2
1 0.9534626
=
at 10% =
= 0.48634
12
0.0956897
i( )
0.56758 = 1 - vt-0.5
vt-0.5
= 0.43242
log( 0.43242 )
t
= log 0.90909 + 0.5
(
)
t
9.296
Hence, the discounted pay back period is 9 years and 4 months.
(ii)
10
(i)
If the effective rate of interest were less than 10% p.a. then the present values
of the income and outgo would both increase. However, the bigger impact
would be on the present value of the income since the bulk of the outgo occurs
in the early years when discounting has less effect. Hence, the DPP would
decrease.
2
i ( ) = 0.059126
g (1 t1 ) =
0.09
0.75=0.06136
1.10
2
i ( ) < (1 t1 ) g
No capital gain
Page 10
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
= 0.75 9 a
at 6%
(a)
2
i ( ) = 0.078461
g (1 t1 ) =
0.09
0.90= 0.073636
1.10
2
i ( ) > (1 t1 ) g
Capital gain
Price, P = 0.90 9 a
( 2)
11
P=
=
(b)
89.62508
= 105.455
0.849892
112.21 = 0.75 9 a
+ 105.455v 2
Page 11
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
11
(i)
Then:
E [80000 S3 ] = 80, 000 E [ S3 ]
= E 80,000 (1 + i1 )(1 + i2 ) (1 + i3 )
= 80,000 E (1 + i1 ) . E (1 + i2 ) . E (1 + i3 )
2
2
2
E S32 = E (1 + i1 ) (1 + i2 ) (1 + i3 )
2
2
2
= E (1 + i1 ) . E (1 + i2 ) . E (1 + i3 )
using independence
)(
)(
Page 12
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2007 Examiners Report
Now,
( ) (
( )
( )
Hence, E S32
= (1 + 2 0.06 + 0.0038667 ) (1 + 2 0.065 + 0.0043) (1 + 2 0.054 + 0.003)
=1.41631
Hence Var [80, 000 S3 ]
= 80, 0002 Var [ S3 ]
= 3,476,355
(iii)
Page 13
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
25 September 2007 (am)
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 11 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 S2007
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
A 90-day government bill is purchased for 96 at the time of issue and is sold after 45
days to another investor for 97.90. The second investor holds the bill until maturity
and receives 100.
Determine which investor receives the higher rate of return.
[2]
An investor purchases a share for 769p at the beginning of the year. Halfway through
the year he receives a dividend, net of tax, of 4p and immediately sells the share for
800p. Capital gains tax of 30% is paid on the difference between the sale and the
purchase price.
Calculate the net annual effective rate of return the investor obtains on the investment.
[4]
[4]
[4]
A one-year forward contract is issued on 1 April 2007 on a share with a price of 900p
at that date. Dividends of 50p per share are expected on 30 September 2007 and 31
March 2008. The 6-month and 12-month spot, risk-free rates of interest are 5% and
6% per annum effective respectively on 1 April 2007.
Calculate the forward price at issue, stating any assumptions.
[4]
The annual effective forward rate applicable over the period t to t + r is defined as
ft ,r where t and r are measured in years. f 0,1 = 4%, f1,1 = 4.25% f 2,1 = 4.5%,
(i)
[1]
(ii)
All possible zero coupon (spot) yields that the above information allows you
to calculate.
[4]
(iii)
(iv)
Explain why the gross redemption yield from the four-year bond is lower than
[2]
the one-year forward rate up to time 4, f3,1
[Total 13]
CT1 S20072
The force of interest, (t ) , is a function of time and at any time t (measured in years)
is given by
0.04 + 0.01t
(t ) =
0.05
for 0 t 10
for t > 10
(i)
Derive, and simplify as far as possible, expressions for v (t ) where v(t ) is the
present value of a unit sum of money due at time t.
[5]
(ii)
(a)
(b)
(iii)
1 July 2004
1 January 2005
6.6
1 January 2006
7.0
8.0
The rates of return earned on money invested in the fund were as follows:
1 January 2004
to 30 June 2004
1 July 2004 to
31 December 2004
1 January 2005 to
31 December 2005
1 January 2006 to
31 December 2006
5%
6%
6.5%
3%
You may assume that 1 January to 30 June and 1 July to 31 December are precise half
year periods.
(i)
Calculate the linked internal rate of return per annum over the three years from
1 January 2004 to 31 December 2006, using semi-annual sub-intervals.
[3]
(ii)
Calculate the time weighted rate of return per annum over the three years from
1 January 2004 to 31 December 2006.
[3]
(iii)
Calculate the money weighted rate of return per annum over the three years
from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2006.
[4]
(iv)
Explain the relationship between your answers to (i), (ii) and (iii) above.
[2]
[Total 12]
CT1 S20073
The expected effective annual rate of return from a banks investment portfolio is 6%
and the standard deviation of annual effective returns is 8%. The annual effective
returns are independent and (1+ it ) is lognormally distributed, where it is the return in
year t.
Deriving any necessary formulae:
10
(i)
calculate the expected value of an investment of 2 million after ten years. [6]
(ii)
calculate the probability that the accumulation of the investment will be less
than 80% of the expected value.
[3]
[Total 9]
The consumers association asserts that, on this particular type of loan, consumers
who make all their repayments pay interest at an annual effective rate of over 200%.
The banks case
The banks state that, on the same loans, 40% of the consumers default on all their
remaining payments after exactly 12 payments have been made. Furthermore half of
the consumers who have not defaulted after 12 payments default on all their
remaining payments after exactly 18 payments have been made. The banks also argue
that it costs 30% of each monthly repayment to collect the payment. These costs are
still incurred even if the payment is not made by the consumer. Furthermore, with
inflation of 2.5% per annum, the banks therefore assert that the real rate of interest
that the lender obtains on the loan is less than 1.463% per annum effective.
(i)
(ii)
(a)
Calculate the flat rate of interest paid by the consumer on the loan
described above.
(b)
State why the flat rate of interest is not a good measure of the cost of
borrowing to the consumer.
[4]
Determine, for each of the cases above, whether the assertion is correct. [10]
[Total 14]
CT1 S20074
11
A pension fund has liabilities to pay pensions each year for the next 60 years. The
pensions paid will be 100m at the end of the first year, 105m at the end of the
second year, 110.25m at the end of the third year and so on, increasing by 5% each
year. The fund holds government bonds to meet its pension liabilities. The bonds
mature in 20 years time and pay an annual coupon of 4% in arrears.
(i)
Calculate the present value of the pension funds liabilities at a rate of interest
of 3% per annum effective.
[4]
(ii)
Calculate the nominal amount of the bond that the fund needs to hold so that
the present value of the assets is equal to the present value of the liabilities. [3]
(iii)
[6]
(iv)
[4]
(v)
Using your calculations in (iii) and (iv), estimate by how much more the value
of the liabilities would increase than the value of the assets if there were a
reduction in the rate of interest to 1.5% per annum effective.
[4]
[Total 21]
END OF PAPER
CT1 S20075
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
September 2007
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
Comments
Please note that different answers may be obtained from those shown in these solutions
depending on whether figures obtained from tables or from calculators are used in the
calculations but candidates are not penalised for this.
However, candidates may be penalised where excessive rounding has been used or where
insufficient working is shown.
It should be noted that the rubric of the examination paper does ask for candidates to show
their calculations where this is appropriate. Candidates often failed to show sufficient clarity
and detail in their working and lost marks as a result.
Q1.
Well answered.
Q2.
Well answered.
Q3.
Whilst this question was generally answered well, some candidates lost marks by not stating
the conclusions that arose from their calculations i.e. that neither deal was acceptable.
Q4.
This question was very poorly answered which was disappointing given that this was a
bookwork question.
Q5.
Reasonably well answered but some candidates failed to obtain full marks by not stating the
required assumption.
Q6.
Parts (i) and (ii) were well answered but part (iii) was a good differentiator with weaker
candidates failing to recognise the correct method for calculating the gross redemption yield.
As with many previous diets, many candidates in part (iv) had great difficulty in giving a
clear explanation of their calculations.
Page 2
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
Q7.
Generally well answered. Some candidates lost marks by not giving an explicit formula for
v(t) when t 10.
Q8.
This question was very poorly answered to the surprise of the examiners who felt that the
question should have been relatively straightforward.
Q9.
Part (i) can be done much more simply than by using the method given in this report but the
calculations given would still need to be done for part (ii).
Q10.
This question was the worst answered on the paper. Part (ii) did successfully differentiate
between candidates with weaker candidates appearing to struggle to apply the theory to a
real-life situation.
Q11.
The first three parts were generally answered well by the candidates who attempted the
question. Many struggled to complete part (iv) although it is possible that this was due to
time pressure. When calculating DMTs, candidates were expected to give the answer in terms
of the correct units.
Page 3
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
97.9 100
>
96 97.9
This inequality does not hold, therefore the second investor receives the higher rate of
return.
Start by working in half years. The half yearly effective return is i such that:
769 = 4v + 800v 0.3(800 769)v
769 = (804 - 240 + 230.7)v
v=
769
= 0.967661 therefore i = 3.3420%
794.7
(12 )
2
240 a
240 a
246 a
Page 4
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
Assuming no arbitrage:
Present value of dividends is (in):
0.5v1/2 (at 5%) + 0.5v (at 6%) = 0.5(0.97590+0.94340) = 0.95965
Hence forward price is: F = (9-0.95965) 1.06 = 8.5228
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Page 5
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
Try i = 5%
v4 = 0.82270, a4 = 3.5460, RHS = 92.908
Interpolation:
Yield = 0.045 + 0.005 (94.619 94.468) /(94.619 92.908)
= 4.544%
(iv)
The yield from the bond is lower than the one-year forward rate up to time 4
because the bond can be seen to be a series of zero coupon bonds (1 year, 2
years etc.) each with lower yields than the forward rate. The gross redemption
yield from the bond is, in effect, an average of spot rates that are themselves a
weighted average of earlier forward rates.
(i)
For t 10
v (t ) = e
t
0
0.04+ 0.01sds
=e
0.04 s + 0.005 s 2
= e 0.04t 0.005t
For t > 10
v ( t ) = v (10 ) e
(ii)
(iii)
t
10
0.05ds
= e0.9 e
[ 0.05 s ]10
t
0.05( t 10 )
0.4+ 0.05t )
=e (
(a)
0.4+ 0.0515 )
Present value = 1000e (
= 1000e 1.15 = 316.637
(b)
Present value =
= 20
= 20e
0.4
10
dt
15
Page 6
= e0.9 e
e 0.06t
0.4
( 6.77616 + 9.14686 ) = 31.783
= 20e
0.06 10
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
(i)
Linked internal rate of return is found by linking the money weighted rate of
return from the sub-periods.
(LIRR)3 = 1.05 1.06 1.065 1.03
Therefore LIRR = 0.06879 or 6.879%
(ii)
The TWRR requires the value of the fund every time a payment is made.
Size of the fund after six months is: 12.5 (1.05) = 13.125
Size of the fund after one year is: (13.125 + 6.6) 1.06 = 20.909
Size of the fund after two years is: (20.909 + 7) 1.065 = 29.723
Size of the fund after three years is: (29.723 + 8) 1.03 = 38.855
The TWRR is i where i is the solution to:
(1+i)3 = (13.125/12.5) [20.909/(13.125+6.6)] [29.723/(20.909+7)]
[38.855/(29.723+8)]
or just use the rates of return given to give:
(1+i)3 = 1.05 1.06 1.065 1.03
giving i = 6.879%
(iii)
For MWRR, we need to know the size of the fund at the end of the period. We
can use the values above to give:
MWRR is solution to: 12.5(1+i)3 + 6.6(1+i)2.5 + 7(1+i)2 + 8(1+i) = 38.855
Solve by iteration and interpolation, starting with i = 7%.
i = 7% gives LHS = 39.704
i = 6% gives LHS = 38.868
i = 5.5% gives LHS = 38.454
(iv)
(i) and (ii) are the same because there are no cash flows within sub-periods to
distort the LIRR away from the TWRR. The MWRR is lower because the
fund has a smaller amount of money in it at the beginning when rates of return
are higher.
Page 7
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
(i)
(1 + it ) ~ Lognormal ( , 2 )
ln (1 + it ) ~ N , 2
ln (1 + it )
10
= ln (1 + it ) + ln (1 + it ) + + ln (1 + it ) ~ N 10,10 2
2
E (1 + it ) = exp +
= 1.06
( )
0.082
( )
= exp 2 1 2 = 0.0056798
1.06
2
0.0056798
0.0056798
exp +
= 0.055429
= 1.06 = ln1.06
2
2
ln1.4327 0.55429
P N ( 0,1) <
0.056798
Page 8
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
10
(i)
(ii)
(a)
(b)
The flat rate of interest is not a good measure of the cost of borrowing
because it takes no account of the timing of payments and the timing of
repayment of capital.
i
a2
12
d( )
12
i =2; a2 = 0.44444; d ( ) = 1.04982 gives RHS = 2,032
i
1 1.041.5
= 1.4283
= 1.021529; a2 = 1.8861; a1 = 0.9615; a1.5 =
12
0.04
d( )
11
(i)
59
( )
( )
1- 1.05
1.03
(ii)
60
Page 9
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
The numerator for the duration of the liabilities can be expressed as follows:
100v (1 1 + 1.05v 2 + 1.052v2 3++1.0559v59 60)
1.03
100 v (1.05v 1 + 1.052v2 2 + 1.053v3 3++1.0560v60 60)
1.05
The part inside the brackets can be regarded as ( Ia )60 evaluated at a rate of
=
interest i such that v = 1.05/1.03; the discount factor outside the brackets
should be evaluated at 3%
1.03
100
100 v =
= 95.2381
1.05
1.05
For the ( Ia )60 function, v = 1.019417; i = -0.019048; (1 + i ) a60 = 111.7727
( Ia )60
111.7727 60 1.01941760
= 4118.567
0.019048
The duration of the assets can be expressed as the sum of payments times time
of receipt times present value factors divided by total present value.
The equation for the numerator is
0.04 9,446.54 ( Ia )20 + 9,446.54 20 v20 at 3%
Page 10
Duration of the liabilities is 36.1 years. Therefore volatility of the liabilities is:
36.1/1.03 = 35. If there were a reduction in interest rates to 1.5%, the liabilities
would increase in value by approximately 35 1.5 = 52.5%
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2007 Examiners Report
Duration of the assets is 14.6 years. Therefore volatility of the assets is:
14.6/1.03 = 14.2. If there were a reduction in interest rates to 1.5%, the assets
would increase in value by approximately 14.2 1.5 = 21.3%.
The liabilities would increase in value by an additional 31.2% of their original
value i.e. by 3,386 more than the value of the assets.
Page 11
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
15 April 2008 (am)
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 10 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 A2008
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
An eleven month forward contract is issued on 1 March 2008 on a stock with a price
of 10 per share at that date. Dividends of 50 pence per share are expected to be paid
on 1 April and 1 October 2008.
Calculate the forward price at issue, assuming a risk-free rate of interest of 5% per
annum effective and no arbitrage.
[4]
Eurobonds
Certificates of deposit
[4]
A mortgage company offers the following two deals to customers for twenty-five year
mortgages.
Product A
A mortgage of 100,000 is offered with level repayments of 7,095.25 made annually
in arrear. There are no arrangement or exit fees.
Product B
A mortgage of 100,000 is offered whereby a monthly payment in advance is
calculated such that the customer pays an effective rate of return of 4% per annum
ignoring arrangement and exit fees. In addition the customer also has to pay an
arrangement fee of 6,000 at the beginning of the mortgage and an exit fee of 5,000
at the end of the twenty-five year term of the mortgage.
Compare the annual effective rates of return paid by customers on the two products.
[8]
CT1 A20082
(i)
(ii)
calculate the price per 1 nominal at time 0 of a bond which pays annual
coupons of 5% in arrear and is redeemed at 103% after 4 years.
[5]
[Total 9]
(i)
(ii)
[4]
Explain why the answer in (i)(b) is higher than the answer in (i)(a).
[6]
[2]
[Total 8]
The shares of a company currently trade at 2.60 each, and the company has just paid
a dividend of 12p per share. An investor assumes that dividends will be paid annually
in perpetuity and will grow in line with a constant rate of inflation. The investor
estimates the assumed inflation rate from equating the price of the share with the
present value of all estimated future gross dividend payments using an effective
interest rate of 6% per annum.
(i)
(ii)
[4]
Suppose that the actual inflation rate turns out to be 3% per annum effective
over the following twelve years, but that all the investors other assumptions
are correct.
Calculate the investors real rate of return per annum from purchase to sale, if
she sold the shares after twelve years for 5 each immediately after a dividend
has been paid. You may assume that the investor pays no tax.
[6]
[Total 10]
CT1 A20083
(i)
Calculate the net present value of the project at a rate of interest of 11% per
annum effective.
[9]
(ii)
Without doing any further calculations, explain how the net present value
would alter if the interest rate had been greater than 11% per annum effective.
[3]
[Total 12]
The force of interest, ( t ) , is a function of time and at any time t, measured in years,
is given by the formula:
0.06
( t ) = 0.10 0.01t
0.01t 0.04
0t 4
4<t 7
7<t
(i)
Calculate the value at time t = 5 of 1,000 due for payment at time t = 10. [5]
(ii)
Calculate the constant rate of interest per annum convertible monthly which
leads to the same result as in (i) being obtained.
[2]
(iii)
[Total 13]
CT1 A20084
10
An insurance company holds a large amount of capital and wishes to distribute some
of it to policyholders by way of two possible options.
Option A
100 for each policyholder will be put into a fund from which the expected annual
effective rate of return from the investments will be 5.5% and the standard deviation
of annual returns 7%. The annual effective rates of return will be independent and
(1+ it ) is lognormally distributed, where it is the rate of return in year t. The
policyholder will receive the accumulated investment at the end of ten years.
Option B
100 will be invested for each policyholder for five years at a rate of return of 6% per
annum effective. After five years, the accumulated sum will be invested for a further
five years at the prevailing five-year spot rate. This spot rate will be 1% per annum
effective with probability 0.2, 3% per annum effective with probability 0.3, 6% per
annum effective with probability 0.2, and 8% per annum effective with probability
0.3. The policyholder will receive the accumulated investment at the end of ten years.
Deriving any necessary formulae:
(i)
Calculate the expected value and the standard deviation of the sum the
policyholders will receive at the end of the ten years for each of options A and
B.
[17]
(ii)
Determine the probability that the sum the policyholders will receive at the
end of ten years will be less than 115 for each of options A and B.
[5]
(iii)
Comment on the relative risk of the two options from the policyholders
perspective.
[2]
[Total 24]
END OF PAPER
CT1 A20085
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Introduction
The attached subject report has been written by the Principal Examiner with the aim of
helping candidates. The questions and comments are based around Core Reading as the
interpretation of the syllabus to which the examiners are working. They have however given
credit for any alternative approach or interpretation which they consider to be reasonable.
M A Stocker
Chairman of the Board of Examiners
June 2008
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
Comments
Comments on solutions presented to individual questions for this April 2008 paper are given
below.
Please note that different answers may be obtained to those shown in these solutions
depending on whether figures obtained from tables or from calculators are used in the
calculations but candidates are not penalised for this. However, candidates may be penalised
where excessive rounding has been used or where insufficient working is shown.
Question 1
Well answered.
Question 2
As has often been the case when words rather than numbers have been
required, this bookwork question was answered poorly.
Question 3
Generally well answered, although some students treated the fees on Product
B paid by the customer as a cost to the mortgage company.
Question 4
Question 5
Part (i) was answered well but in part (ii) many candidates failed to recognise
the need to calculate the 4-year spot rate before calculating the bond price.
Question 6
Question 7
This question was answered relatively poorly with, particularly in part (ii),
candidates often appearing confused between real and money rates of interest.
Question 8
Question 9
Well answered.
Question 10
Part (i) (for Option A) can be done much more simply than by using the
method given in this report but the calculations given would still need to be
done for part (ii). It was disappointing to see many candidates incorrectly
calculate the mean accumulated value for Option B by using the mean rate of
interest. Few candidates brought together the answers from (i) and (ii) to fully
answer part (iii).
Page 2
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
1
12
+ 0.5v
12
11
12
= 9.42845
= 9.43
(a)
Eurobonds
issued in a currency other than the issuer's home currency outside the
issuer's home country
yields depend upon the issuer and issue size but will typically be slightly
lower than for the conventional unsecured loan stocks of the same issuer.
issuers have been free to add novel features to their issues in order to
make them appeal to different investors.
(b)
(12 )
25
(12 )
25
= 100, 000 at 4%
X=
i
a = 1.021537 15.6221 = 15.95855
12 25
d( )
100,000
= 6, 266.23
15.95855
Page 3
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
The equation of value to calculate the rate of return from Product B is:
i
6,000 + 5,000v 25 + 6, 266.23
a = 100, 000
12 25
(
d )
Clearly the rate of return must be greater than 4%. Try 5%.
LHS = 6, 000 + 5, 000 0.29530 + 6,266.2335 1.02688114.0939 = 98,166
At 5% the present value of the payments is less than the amount of the loan at 5% so
the rate of return must be less than 5%. Try 4%:
LHS = 6, 000 + 5, 000 0.37512 + 100, 000 = 107,876
i ( 4)
( 4)
1 +
= 1.05 i = 0.049089
4
0.07
g (1 t1 ) =
0.75 = 0.04861
1.08
4
i ( 4) > (1 t1 ) g
Capital gain on contract and we assume loan is redeemed as late as possible (i.e.
after 20 years) to obtain minimum yield.
Let Price of stock = P
( 4)
P = 0.07 100, 000 0.75 a20
P=
= 107,245.38
Page 4
1 0.35v 20
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
Assuming no arbitrage.
(i)
i1 = f 0 and (1 + i2 ) = (1 + i1 )(1 + f1 ) .
2
Hence a b = 0.061
a = b + 0.061
(1 + a 2b )
= 1.061 1.065
1 + a 2b = 1.061 1.065
b = 0.002
a = 0.059
(ii)
(v
1 = 0.07
i1
i4 = 7.0713% p.a
Let bond price per 1 nominal be P. Then
(i)
(a)
( Ia )20
a20
) at 8%
78.9079
= 8.037 years
9.8181
Page 5
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
(b)
(ii)
(i)
at 8%
2
2
3
19
20
500 v + 1.08v + 1.08 v + + 1.08 v
1
v (1 + 2 + 3 + + 20 ) 2 ( 20 21)
=
=
= 10.5 years
20v
20
) (
( ) (
The duration in (i)(b) is higher because the payments increase over time so
that the weighting of the payments is further towards the end of the series.
260 = 12 v (1 + e ) + v 2 (1 + e ) + v 3 (1 + e ) + ......
2
where v =
1
and e denotes inflations rate.
1.06
Then,
260 = 12a
at j % where
12
j
j = 0.046153846
e = 0.01324
1
1+ e
0.06 e
i.e. j =
=
1+ j 1+ i
1+ e
260 =
(ii)
i.e 1.324% pa
i%
i 0.03
1.03
1 + i =
Page 6
1.0982
i = 6.62% pa
1.03
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
(i)
Working in 000s
Outlay
Pv = 500 + 90a5 + 10 ( Ia )5 @11%
a5 =
( Ia )5
1 v5
= 3.695897
0.11
=
a5 5v5
0.11
= 10.319900
PV = 500 + 90 3.695897 + 10 10.3199
= 935.8297
Income
24
1 (1.04v )25
= 80a1
1 (1.04v )
where a1 =
.v =
0.11 1
= 0.949589
.
ln1.11 1.11
1
decreases.
1+ i
Page 7
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
(i)
10
7
pv = 1, 000 exp ( 0.01t 0.04 ) dt exp ( 0.10 0.01t ) dt
7
10
7
0.01t 2
0.01t 2
= 1000 exp
0.04t exp 0.10t
2
2 5
0.01 51
0.01 24
= 1000 exp
0.04 3 exp 0.10 2
2
2
= 806.54
(ii)
i (12)
806.54 1 +
= 1, 000
12
(iii)
Accumulated amount =
100e
0.02 t
12
= 100 e
0.02 t
= 100 e0.02t e(
4
[0.06 r ]t4
0.24 0.06 t )
e(
0.10 r 0.01 r 2
2
4
0.30 0.165)
e 0.04t
= 100e
0.04 0
= 2,500e0.65 (1 e0.16 )
0.65
Page 8
e(
12
0.06 dr
( 0.10 0.01r ) dr
e t
e 4
e 7
0.01 r 2 0.04 r
2
7
0.475 0.200 )
dt
dt
( 0.01r 0.04 ) dr
dt
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
10
(i)
Option A:
(1 + it ) ~ Lognormal ( , 2 )
ln (1 + it ) ~ N , 2
ln (1 + it )
10
= ln (1 + it ) + ln (1 + it ) + + ln (1 + it ) ~ N 10,102
2
E (1 + it ) = exp +
= 1.055
0.07 2
( )
( )
= exp 2 1 2 = 0.0043928
1.055
2
0.0043928
0.0043928
exp +
= 0.051344
= 1.055 = ln1.055
2
2
Page 9
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2008 Examiners Report
The expected value of the accumulated sum at the end of ten years is:
= 29,189.86
The variance of the accumulation is therefore:
29,189.86 169.482 = 2 467.54
and the standard deviation is 21.62
(ii)
ln1.15 0.51344
P N ( 0,1) <
0.043928
Page 10
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
23 September 2008 (am)
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 12 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 S2008
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
A 91-day government bill is purchased for 95 at the time of issue and is redeemed at
the maturity date for 100. Over the 91 days, an index of consumer prices rises from
220 to 222.
Calculate the effective real rate of return per annum.
[3]
(i)
State the strengths and weaknesses of using the money-weighted rate of return
as opposed to the time-weighted rate of return as a measure of an investment
managers skill.
[3]
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
An asset has a current market price of 200p, and will pay an income of 10p in
exactly three months time.
Calculate the price of a forward contract to be settled in exactly six months,
assuming a risk-free rate of interest of 8% per annum convertible quarterly. [3]
[Total 6]
A bank offers two repayment alternatives for a loan that is to be repaid over ten years.
The first requires the borrower to pay 1,200 per annum quarterly in advance and the
second requires the borrower to make payments at an annual rate of 1,260 every
second year in arrears.
Determine which terms would provide the best deal for the borrower at a rate of
interest of 4% per annum effective.
CT1 S20082
[5]
A pension fund holds an asset with current value 1 million. The investment return
on the asset in a given year is independent of returns in all other years. The annual
investment return in the next year will be 7% with probability 0.5 and 3% with
probability 0.5. In the second and subsequent years, annual investment returns will be
2%, 4% or 6% with probability 0.3, 0.4 and 0.3, respectively.
(i)
Calculate the expected accumulated value of the asset after 10 years, showing
all steps in your calculations.
[3]
(ii)
Calculate the standard deviation of the accumulated value of the asset after 10
years, showing all steps in your calculations.
[4]
(iii)
Without doing any further calculations explain how the mean and variance of
the accumulation would be affected if the returns in years 2 to 10 were 1%,
4%, or 7%, with probability 0.3, 0.4 and 0.3 respectively.
[2]
[Total 9]
The force of interest, (t ) , is a function of time and at any time t (measured in years)
is given by
0.05 + 0.02t
(t ) =
0.15
for 0 t 5
for t > 5
(i)
[5]
(ii)
Calculate the annual effective rate of discount implied by the transaction in (i).
[2]
[Total 7]
A tax advisor is assisting a client in choosing between three types of investment. The
client pays tax at 40% on income and 40% on capital gains.
Investment A requires the investment of 1m and provides an income of 0.1m per
year in arrears for ten years. Income tax is deducted at source. At the end of the ten
years, the investment of 1m is returned.
In Investment B, the initial sum of 1m accumulates at the rate of 10% per annum
compound for ten years. At the end of the ten years, the accumulated value of the
investment is returned to the investor after deduction of capital gains tax.
Investment C is identical to Investment B except that the initial sum is deemed, for tax
purposes, to have increased in line with the index of consumer prices between the date
of the investment and the end of the ten-year period. The index of consumer prices is
expected to increase by 4% per annum compound over the period.
(i)
Calculate the net rate of return expected from each of the investments.
(ii)
Explain why the expected rate of return is higher for Investment C than for
Investment B and is higher for Investment B than for Investment A.
[3]
[Total 10]
CT1 S20083
[7]
Three bonds, paying annual coupons in arrears of 6%, are redeemable at 105 per
100 nominal and reach their redemption dates in exactly one, two and three years
time respectively. The price of each of the bonds is 103 per 100 nominal.
(i)
[3]
(ii)
Calculate to three decimal places all possible spot rates, implied by the
information given, as annual effective rates of interest.
[4]
(iii)
10
Calculate to three decimal places all possible forward rates, implied by the
information given, as annual effective rates of interest.
[4]
[Total 11]
Determine which of the options has the higher net present value at a rate of
interest of 7% per annum effective.
[9]
(ii)
Without doing any further calculations, determine which option has the higher
discounted mean term at a rate of interest of 7% per annum effective.
[2]
[Total 11]
CT1 S20084
11
(i)
Calculate the nominal amounts of the zero-coupon bond and the fixed-interest
stock which should be purchased to satisfy Redingtons first two conditions
for immunisation.
[10]
(ii)
Calculate the amount which should be invested in each of the assets mentioned
in (i).
[2]
(iii)
CT1 S20085
12
(ii)
The individual believes that he can earn a nominal rate of interest convertible
half-yearly of 9% p.a. from a separate savings account.
Calculate the level contribution he must make monthly in advance to the
savings account in order to repay half the capital after 15 years.
(iii)
[5]
[4]
The individual made the monthly contributions calculated in (ii) to the savings
account. However, over the first 15 years, the effective rate of return earned
on the savings account was 10% per annum.
The individual used the proceeds at that time to repay as much of the loan as
possible and then decided to repay the remainder of the loan by level
instalments of interest and capital. After the first 15 years, the effective rate of
interest changed to 7% per annum.
Calculate the level payment he must make, payable monthly in arrear, to repay
the loan over the final 10 years of the loan.
[5]
[Total 14]
END OF PAPER
CT1 S20086
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Introduction
The attached subject report has been written by the Principal Examiner with the aim of
helping candidates. The questions and comments are based around Core Reading as the
interpretation of the syllabus to which the examiners are working. They have however given
credit for any alternative approach or interpretation which they consider to be reasonable.
R D Muckart
Chairman of the Board of Examiners
November 2008
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
Comments
Please note that different answers may be obtained to those shown in these solutions
depending on whether figures obtained from tables or from calculators are used in the
calculations but candidates are not penalised for this. However, candidates may be penalised
where excessive rounding has been used or where insufficient working is shown.
Candidates appeared to be less well prepared than in previous recent diets. As has often been
the case when words rather than numbers have been required, Q4 was answered relatively
poorly despite only involving bookwork with a wide range of available points that could be
made. Many candidates also struggled with the first part of Q2 where explanation rather
than calculation was required. The remainder of the shorter questions were answered well
with candidates scoring particularly highly on Q7.
The more application styled questions (especially Qs 8, 11 and 12) tended to act as a clear
discriminator between stronger and weaker candidates with a significant minority of
candidates scoring very few marks on these questions. By contrast, Q9 on spot and forward
yields was answered relatively well compared to questions in previous diets on this topic.
Page 2
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
95 (1 + j )
91/ 365
= 100
220
222
(i)
MWRR
Requires less information compared to TWRR
But
Affected by amount and timing of net cashflows, which may not be in the
managers control and less fair measure than TWRR
More difficult equation to solve than TWRR
Also: equation may not have unique (or any) solution
(ii)
Let TWRR = i
Then
45 72
41 57
= 1.386392811
(1 + i ) 2 =
i = 17.745% p.a.
(i)
Page 3
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
i = 2% per quarter
(ii)
( using K = Be
T t
Ce ( 1 )
Many different types of properties available for investment, e.g. offices, shops and
industrial properties.
Return comes from rental income and from the proceeds on sale.
Total expected return higher than for gilts
Rents and capital values are expected to increase broadly with inflation in the long
term
Neither rental income nor capital values are guaranteed capital values in
particular can fluctuate in the short term
but rental income more secure than dividends
Rents and capital values expected to increase when the price level rises (though
the relationship is far from perfect).
Rental terms are specified in lease agreements. Typically, rents increase every
three to five years, Some leases have clauses which specify upward-only
adjustments of rents.
Large unit sizes, leading to less flexibility than investment in shares
Each property is unique
. so can be difficult to value.
Valuation is expensive, because of the need to employ an experienced surveyor
Marketability and liquidity are poor because of uniqueness
and because buying and selling incurs high costs.
Rental income received gross of tax.
Net rental income may be reduced by maintenance expenses
There may be periods when the property is unoccupied, and no income is
received.
The running yield from property investments will normally be higher than that for
ordinary shares.
i
a10 = 1200 1.024877 8.1109 = 9,975.210
4
d( )
(1 v )
(1 v )
10
2,520 (v
Page 4
+ v
++ v ) = 2,520 v
10
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
= 2,520 0.92456
(i)
E ( S10 ) = E (1 + it )
t =1
10
= E (1 + it ) using independence
t =1
10
= (1 + E ( it ) )
t =1
(ii)
( ( )
2
1, 000, 0002 E S10
E ( S10 )
10
2
2
= E (1 + it )
where E S10
t =1
10
= E 1 + 2it + it2
t =1
( )
(
t =1
Page 5
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
( )
( )
( )
2
E S10
= (1 + 0.1 + 0.0029 ) (1 + 0.08 + 0.00184 )
= 2.238739
Standard deviation of the accumulation is
= 72, 646
(iii)
The mean would remain unchanged as the expected rate of return in years 2-10
is unchanged. The variance of the rate in years 2-10 has increased and this will
lead to an increase in the variance of the 10 year accumulation.
(i)
Discounting from t = 12 to t = 5
12
v (12,5 ) = exp 0.15ds
5
Discounting from t = 5 to t = 0
5
v ( 5, 0 ) = exp 0.05 + 0.02 sds
0
0
Hence present value of 1,000 at time t = 12
= 1, 000v (12,5 ) v ( 5, 0 ) = 1, 000 0.34994 0.60653 = 212.25
Page 6
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
(ii)
12
= 212.25
d = 1 0.21225
(i)
1
12
= 12.117%
Investment A: the gross rate of return per annum effective is clearly 10%. The
net return is therefore (1-0.4 ) 10% = 6% per annum effective.
Investment B: the investment will accumulate to 1m 1.110 = 2.5937 m at the
end of the ten years. The equation of value is:
1 = 2.59374 (1 + i )
= 1.95625 (1 + i )
(1 + i )
10
10
10
10
= 1.95625
i = 6.94%
10
= 2.14834 (1 + i )
(1 + i )
10
10
0.4 2.59374 (1 + i )
10
10
+ 0.4 1.0410 (1 + i )
10
10
= 2.14834
i = 7.95%
(ii)
All investments give a gross return of 10% per annum effective. Investment B
gives a higher return than A because the tax is deferred until the end of the
investment as capital gains tax is paid and not income tax. [However,
candidates might note that tax is paid on the interest earned by deferral of tax].
Investment C gives a higher return than investment B because the tax is only
paid on the real return over the ten year period which is lower than the
nominal return.
Page 7
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
(i)
i = 0.06 +
(ii)
(104.1981 103)
(104.1981 101.4573)
(iii)
103 = 6 (1.07767 )
103 = 6 (1.07767 )
+ 111(1 + i2 )
i2 = 6.736%
+ 6 (1.06736 )
+ 111(1 + i3 )
i3 = 6.394%
Forward rate from time zero to two and from time zero to three are the same as
the respective spot rates (no additional marks for this point).
10
(i)
Page 8
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
11
(ii)
The second project clearly has a discounted mean term of less then ten years.
However, the discounted mean term of the first project must be greater than
ten years because the undiscounted incoming cash flows are less than the
undiscounted outgoing cash flows after ten years.
(i)
Working in 000s
Let X = Nominal amount of Zero Coupon Bond
Y = Nominal amount of 8% bond
VL = 400v10 = 185.2774
VA = 18.52774 + Xv12 + 0.08Ya16 +1.1Yv16
148.2429 = 2.32391Y
Page 9
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
4.76537
(iii)
The spread of the assets is clearly greater than the spread of the liability
(which is a single point).
Hence, Redingtons 3rd condition is satisfied and the fund is immunised.
12
(i)
First 15 years:
Interest paid each month
12
12
i(12 )
i( )
=
300, 000 where 1.085 = 1 +
12
12
12
i( )
= 0.0068215
12
=
150, 000 where 1.085 = 1 +
4
4
4
i( )
= 0.020604
4
Page 10
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
( 6)
@
30
150,000 = X s
4 %
( 6)
30
30
1.045 ) 1
(
=
6
d( )
6
d ( 6)
1
where
= 1
1.045
6
d (6) = 0.043856
Hence X =
150000
(1.045) 1
0.043856
30
150000
= 2396.23
62.5985
Monthly contribution =
(iii)
2396.23
= 399.37 per month
6
10%
(12 )
15
where s
i
s15
12
d( )
= 1.0533781 31.7725
= 33.46845
Page 11
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) September 2008 Examiners Report
139,604.44 = 12 Y a
= 12Y
0.07
7.02358
0.06785
Page 12
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
21 April 2009 (am)
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 11 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 A2009
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
[3]
[4]
(i)
[3]
(ii)
The capital outstanding immediately after the 5th payment has been made. [2]
(iii)
(i)
[2]
[Total 7]
[2]
An investor entered into a long forward contract for 100 nominal of a security eight
years ago and the contract is due to mature in four years time. The price per 100
nominal of the security was 94.50 eight years ago and is now 143.00. The risk-free
rate of interest can be assumed to be 5% per annum effective throughout the contract.
(ii)
Calculate the value of the contract now if it were known from the outset that
the security will pay coupons of 9 two years from now and 10 three years
from now. You may assume no arbitrage.
[5]
[Total 7]
CT1 A20092
(t ) = 0.05 + 0.002t 0 t 5
(t ) = 0.06
5<t
The expenditure required for this project is a payment of 100,000 at t = 0 and a
further payment of 80,000 at t = 2.
The income received from the project is a payment stream paid continuously from
t = 8 to t = 12 under which the annual rate of payment at time t is 100, 000e0.001t .
Calculate the discounted payback period for this project.
[8]
A pension fund purchased an office block nine months ago for 5 million.
The pension fund will spend a further 900,000 on refurbishment in two months time.
A company has agreed to occupy the office block six months from now. The lease
agreement states that the company will rent the office block for fifteen years and will
then purchase the property at the end of the fifteen year rental period for 6 million.
It is further agreed that rents will be paid quarterly in advance and will be increased
every three years at the rate of 4% per annum compound. The initial rent has been set
at 800,000 per annum with the first rental payment due immediately on the date of
occupation.
Calculate, as at the date of purchase of the office block, the net present value of the
project to the pension fund assuming an effective rate of interest of 8% per annum.
[8]
A fund had a value of 150,000 on 1 July 2006. A net cash flow of 30,000 was
received on 1 July 2007 and a further net cash flow of 40,000 was received on 1 July
2008. The fund had a value of 175,000 on 30 June 2007 and a value of 225,000 on
30 June 2008. The value of the fund on 1 January 2009 was 280,000.
(i)
Calculate the time-weighted rate of return per annum earned on the fund
between 1 July 2006 and 1 January 2009.
[3]
(ii)
Calculate the money-weighted rate of return per annum earned on the fund
between 1 July 2006 and 1 January 2009.
[4]
(iii)
Explain why the time-weighted rate of return is more appropriate than the
money-weighted rate of return when comparing the performance of two
investment managers over the same period of time.
[2]
[Total 9]
CT1 A20093
Show that the discounted mean term of these liabilities, to four significant
figures, is 14.42 years.
[3]
The insurance company holds two zero-coupon bonds, one paying X in 10 years
time and the other paying Y in 20 years time.
(ii)
(iii)
Find values of X and Y such that Redingtons first two conditions for
immunisation from small changes in the rate of interest are satisfied.
[6]
Explain, without making any further calculations, whether you would expect
Redingtons third condition for immunisation to be satisfied for the values of
X and Y calculated in (ii).
[2]
[Total 11]
Two bonds paying annual coupons of 5% in arrear and redeemable at par have terms
to maturity of exactly one year and two years, respectively.
The gross redemption yield from the 1-year bond is 4.5% per annum effective; the
gross redemption yield from the 2-year bond is 5.3% per annum effective. You are
informed that the 3-year par yield is 5.6% per annum.
Calculate all zero-coupon yields and all one-year forward rates implied by the yields
given above.
[12]
10
A loan pays coupons of 11% per annum quarterly on 1 January, 1 April, 1 July and
1 October each year. The loan will be redeemed at 115% on any 1 January from
1 January 2015 to 1 January 2020 inclusive, at the option of the borrower. In addition
to the redemption proceeds, the coupon then due is also paid.
An investor purchased a holding of the loan on 1 January 2005, immediately after the
payment of the coupon then due, at a price which gave him a net redemption yield of
at least 8% per annum effective. The investor pays tax at 30% on income and 25% on
capital gains.
On 1 January 2008 the investor sold the holding, immediately after the payment of the
coupon then due, to a fund which pays no tax. The sale price gave the fund a gross
redemption yield of at least 9% per annum effective.
Calculate the following:
(i)
The price per 100 nominal at which the investor bought the loan.
[6]
(ii)
The price per 100 nominal at which the investor sold the loan.
[4]
(iii)
The net yield per annum convertible quarterly that was actually obtained by
the investor during the period of ownership of the loan.
[5]
[Total 15]
CT1 A20094
11
[5]
Calculate the lump sum which the individual should invest immediately in
order to have a probability of 0.98 that the proceeds will be sufficient to
purchase the annuity in 10 years time.
[9]
(iii)
END OF PAPER
CT1 A20095
[2]
[Total 16]
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Introduction
The attached subject report has been written by the Principal Examiner with the aim of
helping candidates. The questions and comments are based around Core Reading as the
interpretation of the syllabus to which the examiners are working. They have however given
credit for any alternative approach or interpretation which they consider to be reasonable.
R D Muckart
Chairman of the Board of Examiners
June 2009
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
Comments
Please note that different answers may be obtained to those shown in these solutions
depending on whether figures obtained from tables or from calculators are used in the
calculations but candidates are not penalised for this. However, candidates may be penalised
where excessive rounding has been used or where insufficient working is shown.
There were some excellent performances and well-prepared candidates scored well across the
whole paper. However, the comments below on each question concentrate on areas where
candidates could have improved their performance.
Q1, Q2.
As has often been the case when words rather than numbers have been required, these
bookwork questions were answered relatively poorly (although Q2 was answered better than
Q1).
Q3.
Well answered.
Q4.
Defining an arbitrage profit correctly was also acceptable as an answer to (i) although a
description of both possible arbitrage scenarios was required for full marks. Many
candidates performed the calculations well although the methodology being used was not
always clear.
Q5.
The question required an ability to bring together two separate elements of the syllabus and
less well-prepared candidates seemed to struggle with this.
Q6.
This was another question where students scored relatively poorly with many candidates
having difficulty with the income calculation. A common error was to assume that the income
rose by 4% every three years.
Q7.
This was answered much better than questions on the same topic in previous exams.
However, some candidates did confuse the money-weighted and time-weighted rates of
return.
Page 2
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
Q8.
It was particularly disappointing to see many candidates using the wrong formula for DMT
in part (i) but ending their proof with=14.42 QED in the final line. This suggests a lack of
professionalism, honesty and integrity which are key attributes of the actuarial profession.
Part (ii) was well-answered with various different methods leading to the correct answer.
Q9.
This was the worst-answered question on the paper although it was still possible to score
significant marks by calculating forward rates using the correct formula even if the spot rates
had been calculated incorrectly.
Q10.
Part (i) was answered well but many candidates lost marks in part (ii) by not realising that a
separate test was required to ascertain the worst time to redemption. Many candidates
calculated the annual effective yield rather than the yield per annum convertible quarterly in
part (iii).
Q11.
Many candidates seemed confused as to what to calculate in part (i) and failed to distinguish
between the premium needed in 10 years time and the present value of that premium. Part
(ii) was answered well (although some candidates appeared to be short of time at this stage).
Part (iii) was answered very poorly with many candidates not appreciating the effects of the
high variance.
Page 3
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
(a)
An interest-only loan requires the borrower only to pay interest on the entire
loan in each time period. The loan does not reduce over time so the interest
remains constant. A separate investment or savings account can be established
in which payments are made to extinguish the whole loan at the end of the
term.
(b)
A repayment loan involves level repayments of capital and interest. The first
part of the payment is used to pay interest on any remaining capital. The
remaining part of the payment is then used to repay capital so that the capital
gradually reduces over the term of the loan.
(i)
(ii)
Page 4
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
(i)
an investor can make a deal that would give her or him an immediate
profit, with no risk of future loss;
nor
(b)
(ii)
an investor can make a deal that has zero initial cost, no risk of future
loss, and a non-zero probability of a future profit.
(94.5 9v
10
5%
10v11
5% (1.05 )
12
= 149.29
(143 9v
2
5%
3
10v5%
(1.05 ) = 153.39
4
Note:
This result can also be obtained directly from:
143 94.5 (1.05 ) = 3.38
8
Working in 000s
( 0.05+ 0.002t )dt
PV of outgo = 100 + 80e 0
2
= 100 + 80e
0.05t +0.001t 2
Page 5
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
Where
PV (income paid up to T) =
and v(t)
8 100e
0.001t
v ( t ) dt
5
t
( 0.05+0.002t )dt + 0.06 dt
5
0
=e
=e
0.05t + 0.001t 2
0.06t 0.30 )
.e (
= e0.025 e 0.06t
T
= 100e0.025 e 0.059t dt
8
0.059
e0.059T = 0.52472
0.059T = Ln(0.52472) T = 10.93 years
Page 6
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
Working in 000s
11
12
= 5000 + 900v
PV of costs
at 8%
= 5838.695
1312
PV of income = 800v
1312
= 800v
( a( ) + 1.04 v a( ) +
4
3
( 4)
3
3 3
(1 + (1.04v ) +
3
( 4)
3
+ (1.04 ) v12 a
12
4
3
(1.04v )12
( 1.04
1.08 )
3
( 1.04
1.08 )
1
= 800 0.9082811.049519 2.5771
15
= 1965.3133 4.038121
= 7936.173
16 312
= 1717.969
Working in 000s
(i)
(1 + i )2
175
225
280
= 1.352968
150 205 265
i = 12.85% p.a.
Page 7
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
(ii)
2 12
+ 30 (1 + i )
112
+ 40 (1 + i )
= 280
( 28 27.958)
(28.216 27.958)
0.5%
= 12.58% p.a.
(iii)
(i)
Working in m
Discounted mean term =
10v10 + 11v11 + 12v12 + ............... + 20v 20
v10 + v11 + v12 + ................. + v 20
=
9a11 + ( a )11
a11
( a )11
=9+
( a )11
a11
at 6%
= 42.7571
42.7571
= 14.42128
7.8869
to 4 significent figures DMT = 14.42
DMT = 9 +
(ii)
Xv10 + Yv 20 = v9 a11 *1
at 6%.
= 4.668256
Page 8
.(1)
(using tables)
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
2nd condition:
X *10v10 + Y * 20v 20
Xv10 + Yv 20
accepted)
20.639667
= 6.6195 (or 6.6176 if DMT of 14.42 is used)
3.1180
[or VA' = VL' (differentiating with respect to i)
Y =
.(2)
5.2679
Equ n (1)
5.8831
For the third condition to be satisfied, it is necessary for the spread of the
assets to exceed the spread of the liabilities. This appears to be the case given
that the liabilities occur in equal annual amounts at durations from 10 years to
20 years, whereas the assets are concentrated in two lumps at the two most
extreme durations, 10 years and 20 years.
Page 9
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
Let the 1-year and 2-year zero-coupon yields (spot rates) be ii and i2 respectively.
105
= 105v @ 4.5%
1 + i1
i1 = 0.045
For the 2-year spot rate:
5
105
2
+
= 5a2 5.3% + 100v5.3%
2
1 + i1 (1 + i2 )
1 1
2
5
105
1.053 + 100
5
+
=
1.045 (1 + i2 )2
0.053
1.0532
= 9.257681 + 90.186858
= 99.444539
105
(1 + i2 )
= 99.444539
(1 + i2 ) =
2
5
1.045
105
94.659850
i2 = 5.3202% p.a.
For the 3-year spot rate:
The 3-year par yield is 5.6% p.a.
1
1
1
1
+
1 = 0.056
+
+
2
3
1 + i1 (1 + i )
(1 + i3 ) (1 + i3 )3
2
1.056
(1 + i3 )
= 1
(1 + i3 ) =
3
0.056
0.056
1.045 (1.053202 )2
1.056
0.895926
i3 = 5.6324% p.a.
Page 10
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
1-year forward rates:
f 0 = i1 = 4.5% p.a.
(1 + i1 )(1 + f1 ) = (1 + i2 )2
1 + f1 =
1.0532022
1.045
f1 = 6.1468% p.a.
(1 + i2 )2 (1 + f 2 ) = (1 + i3 )3
3
1.056324 )
(
1 + f2 =
(1.053202 )2
f 2 = 6.2596% p.a.
10
(i)
g (1 t1 ) =
0.11
(1 0.3)
1.15
= 0.06696
4
i = 8% i ( ) = 0.077706
4
i ( ) > g (1 t1 )
P = 11 0.7 a
P=
Page 11
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
(ii)
g (1 t1 ) =
4
i = 9% i ( ) = 0.087113
4
i( ) < g 1 t
( 4)
+ 115v 7 at 9%
(iii)
11
0.7a12 + 120.1064v12 0.25 (120.1064 103.17 ) v12 at j %
4
Try
j = 3%: RHS = 100.4319638
j = 2.5%: RHS = 105.9042724
Linear interpolation:
j = 0.025 + 0.005
(103.17 105.9042724 )
(100.4319638 105.9042724 )
= 0.02749828
Hence, net yield is 11% p.a. (or 10.99931% p.a.) payable quarterly.
Page 12
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
11
(i)
((
12 )
1
P = 12000 a
(12 )
v+
1
+ 1.03a
1.03
(12 ) 1.03 1.03
1 +
+
+ ... +
1
1.06 1.06
1.06
14
= 12000a
1.03 15
1
(12 ) 1.06
= 12000a
1
1.03
1 1.06
(12 )
1
where a
=
i
=
(12 )
1.027211
= 0.969067
1.06
P = 12000 0.969067
0.3499146
0.0283019
= 143,774.45
(ii)
E (1 + it ) = 1.06 = e
2
2
Then
0.152
(1.06 )
= e 1
2
2 = 0.01982706
= n 1.06
0.01982706
2
= 0.04835538
S10 LN ( 0.4835538, 0.1982706 )
Page 13
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics Core Technical) April 2009 Examiners Report
We want Pr ( X .S10 143, 774.45 ) = 0.98
143, 774.45
so Pr S10
= 0.98
X
Ln 143774.45
10
X
so 1
= 0.02
2
10
Ln 143774.45
10
X
102
So Ln
= 2.0537
143774.45
= 2.0537 0.1982706 + 0.4835538
X
= 0.430909
(iii)
143774.45
= 0.6499179
X
X = 221, 219.41
It might seem odd that the initial investment needs to be substantially higher
than the single premium required in 10 years time to have a 98% probability
of accumulating to the single premium.
This strange result is explained by the fact that the variance of the interest rate
is so high relative to the mean. There is therefore a significant risk that the
investment will decrease in value over the next 10 years.
Page 14
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
EXAMINATION
30 September 2009 (am)
Enter all the candidate and examination details as requested on the front of your answer
booklet.
2.
You must not start writing your answers in the booklet until instructed to do so by the
supervisor.
3.
4.
Attempt all 10 questions, beginning your answer to each question on a separate sheet.
5.
CT1 S2009
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
A 182-day government bill, redeemable at 100, was purchased for 96 at the time of
issue and was later sold to another investor for 97.89. The rate of return received by
the initial purchaser was 5% per annum effective.
(a)
Calculate the length of time in days for which the initial purchaser held the
bill.
(b)
Calculate the annual simple rate of return achieved by the second investor.
[4]
[4]
Date
31.12.2005
31.12.2006
31.12.2007
31.12.2008
-----4.1 pence
4.6 pence
5.1 pence
147.7
153.4
158.6
165.1
On 31 December 2008, she sold her shares at a price of 93 pence per share.
Calculate, using the retail price index values shown in the table, the effective annual
real rate of return achieved by the investor
[7]
A fixed-interest security has just been issued. The security pays half-yearly coupons
of 5% per annum in arrear and is redeemable at par 20 years after issue.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
[5]
Determine the real annual effective gross redemption yield of this security if
the rate of inflation is constant over the twenty years at 3% per annum.
[2]
[Total 10]
CT1 S20092
[6]
(ii)
Calculate the constant rate of interest per annum convertible monthly that
would give rise to the same accumulation from time t = 0 to time t = 5.
[2]
(iii)
Calculate the constant force of interest that would give rise to the same
accumulation from time t = 5 to time t = 10.
[2]
[Total 10]
(i)
[2]
(b)
(c)
Calculate the purchase price of a risk-free bond with exactly one year
to maturity which is redeemed at par and which pays coupons of 4%
per annum half-yearly in arrears.
(d)
(e)
Comment on why your answer in (d) is close to the one-year spot rate.
[10]
[Total 12]
CT1 S20093
At the age of 65, the scheme member uses his accumulated investment to purchase an
annuity with a term of 20 years to be paid half-yearly in arrear. At this time the
interest rate is 5% per annum convertible half-yearly.
(ii)
[3]
(iii)
Calculate the discounted mean term of the annuity, in years, at the time of
purchase.
[3]
[Total 12]
Determine the effective rate of interest per annum that would be paid by the
customer on the loan under Option 1, given that the level annual instalment on
this loan is 4,012.13.
[3]
(ii)
CT1 S20094
A life insurance company is issuing a single premium policy which will pay out
20,000 in twenty years time. The interest rate the company will earn on the invested
funds over the first ten years of the policy will be 4% per annum with a probability of
0.3 and 6% per annum with a probability of 0.7. Over the second ten years the
interest rate earned will be 5% per annum with probability 0.5 and 6% per annum
with probability 0.5.
(i)
Calculate the premium that the company would charge if it calculates the
premium using the expected annual rate of interest in each ten year period. [2]
(ii)
(iii)
Explain why, despite the company using the expected rate of interest to
calculate the premium, there is a positive expected profit.
(iv)
[2]
CT1 S20095
10
Serious events will occur once every three years, in arrear, each giving rise to
costs of $30bn, incurred immediately on the date of the event.
Communities affected by climate change will incur costs of $20bn per annum
incurred continuously, increasing at a continuous rate of 1% per annum.
Benefits from higher crop yields and lower heating costs are assumed to be
$10bn per annum, incurred annually in arrear.
(ii)
Explain why the project must have a discounted payback period when the
interest rate is 1.5% and the internal rate of return is higher than 1.5%.
[2]
(iii)
Calculate the net present value of the carbon storing technology at a real rate
of interest of 1% per annum effective.
[5]
(iv)
Calculate the net present value of the carbon storing technology at a real rate
of interest of 4% per annum effective.
[5]
`
Comment on whether the investment in the carbon storing technology should
go ahead.
[2]
[Total 17]
(v)
END OF PAPER
CT1 S20096
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Introduction
The attached subject report has been written by the Principal Examiner with the aim of
helping candidates. The questions and comments are based around Core Reading as the
interpretation of the syllabus to which the examiners are working. They have however given
credit for any alternative approach or interpretation which they consider to be reasonable.
R D Muckart
Chairman of the Board of Examiners
December 2009
Comments for individual questions are given with the solutions that follow.
Faculty of Actuaries
Institute of Actuaries
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
Please note that different answers may be obtained to those shown in these solutions depending
on whether figures obtained from tables or from calculators are used in the calculations but
candidates are not penalised for this. However, candidates may be penalised where excessive
rounding has been used or where insufficient working is shown.
Well-prepared candidates scored well across the whole paper. However, the comments below on
each question concentrate on areas where candidates could have improved their performance.
1
a. 96 1.05
ln
97.89
96
ln 1.05
97.89
1.05
97.89
96
36
i
365
100
365 100
1
36 97.89
21.854%
2
Issued by corporations.
Holders entitled to a distribution (dividend) declared from profits.
Potential for high returns relative to other asset classes.
Commensurate risk of capital losses.
Lowest ranking finance issued by companies.
Initial running yield low but has potential to increase with dividend growth.
Dividends and capital values have the potential to grow in nominal terms during times of inflation.
Return made up of income return and capital gains.
Marketability depends on the size of the issue.
Ordinary shareholders receive voting rights in proportion to their holding.
This question was not answered as well as the examiners would have expected given that
the topic is standard bookwork.
3
We convert all cash flow to amounts in time 0 values:
Page 2
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
147.7
153.4
394.77
Dividend paid at t
2 :10000 0.046
147.7
158.6
428.39
Dividend paid at t
3:10000 0.051
147.7
165.1
456.25
Sale proceeds at t
3:10000 0.93
147.7
8319.87
165.1
1
1 r
[To estimate r:
Approx nominal rate of return is
4.6
93 78
3
/ 78 12.3% p.a.
165.1
147.7
1 3.8 % p.a.
1.123
1 8.2 % p.a. ]
1.038
7%
7907.09 7800
1%
7907.69 7699.61
= 7.52 % p.a.
Page 3
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
Some candidates seemed to struggle to derive the equation of value based on a real rate
of return and multiplied (rather than divided) the payments by the increase in the
inflation index.
4
(i) Let required price = P:
2
20
100v20 at 6%
1 0.2 5a
i
2
20
a20 =
0.06
11.4699 11.6394; v 20
0.059126
0.311805
Therefore
(ii) The equation of value for the gross rate of return is:
2
20
77.7381 5a
100v20
If i = 8%
2
20
0.21455
0.25842
0.07
79.7233 77.7381
0.01 7.24% 7.2% say
79.7233 71.5084
(iii) If the nominal rate of return is 7.2% per annum effective and inflation is 3% per
annum effective, then the real rate of return is calculated from:
1.072
1 4.1%
1.03
This question was answered very well.
Page 4
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
5
5
a bt 2 dt
5
1 bt 3
3
0
100exp at
0
10
a bt 2 dt
200 100exp
10
1 bt 3
3
0
100exp at
ln 1.3
ln 2
100exp 5a 41.667b
5a 41.667b
10a 333.333b
The second expression less twice times the first expression gives:
ln(2) 2ln(1.3)
250b
b 0.0006737
(ii) 100 1
(iii) 130e5
12
60
130
12
200
0.04686
ln
12
200
130
12
130
100
60
12
5.259% p.a.
8.616% p.a.
6
(i) A future is a contract which obliges the parties to deliver/take delivery of a
particular quantity of a particular asset at a particular time at a fixed price.
An option is the right to buy or sell a particular quantity of a particular asset at (or
before) a particular time at a given price.
(ii) Assume no arbitrage
a. Buying the forward is exactly the same as buying the bond except that the
forward will not pay coupons and the forward does not require immediate
settlement.
Page 5
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
97 1.06
1.06
3.5
1.05
3.5
2
f 0.5,0.5
1.05
1 3.4454%
2
2 1.05
0.5
102 1.06
0.5
102 1 i
0.5
e. Answer is very close to 6% (the one-year spot rate) because the payments
from the bond are so heavily weighted towards the redemption time in one
year.
This was generally well-answered apart from part (e). A common error in parts (c) and
(d) was to assume that the coupon payments were 4% per half-year.
7 .
(i)
The accumulation is
i
d
12
12
1200s
1.06
20
1200s20 1.06
1.032211
20
20
12
2300s
20
2300 s20
100 Ia
100 Ia
20
Page 6
1.06
1.06
20
12
20
20
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
Xa40
X
266,138 at 2.5%
266,138
10,601.94
25.1028
40
In part (i), many candidates developed the correct formula although calculation errors
were common. In such cases, candidates also lost marks for not showing and explaining
their working fully. Part (ii) was answered well but many candidates surprisingly had
trouble calculating the DMT in part (iii). In this part, candidates often lost marks for not
showing the units properly at the end of the answer; indeed, in many cases, showing the
units may well have alerted candidates to possible mistakes.
2
(i) The equation of value for the borrower is 4, 012.13a20
Therefore
a 20 =
50, 000 .
50,000
= 12.4622
4,012.13
(ii) The second customer pays interest of 0.055 50,000 = 2,750 per annum, annually in arrear.
The annual rate of monthly payments in advance from the savings policy is X such that:
Page 7
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
12
Xs =50, 000 at 4%
20
Xs20
X
i
d
12
50, 000
50, 000
29.7781 1.021537
1, 643.69
20
2, 750a20
1, 643.686
d
12
a20
Part (i) was well answered but weaker candidates failed to recognise the need to
calculate separately the payments into the savings policy in part (ii).
3
(i) The expected annual interest rate in the first ten years is 0.3 0.04 + 0.7 0.06 =
0.054. The expected interest rate in the second ten years is clearly 5.5%.
If the premium is calculated on the basis of these interest rates, then the premium will be P such
that:
20, 000
P 1.054
20, 000
10
1.055
2.89022 P
10
6,919.89
(ii) The expected accumulation factor in the first ten years is:
0.3 1.0410 0.7 1.0610 1.69767
The expected accumulation factor in the second ten years is:
0.5 1.05
10
1.06
10
1.70987
As they are independent, we can multiply the accumulation factors together and multiply by the
premium to give an expected accumulation of: 6,919.89 1.69767 1.70987 = 20,087.04.
Page 8
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
(iii) There is an expected profit because (in general) the accumulation of a sum of money at the
expected interest rate is not equal to the expected accumulation when the interest rate is a random
variable.
(iv) The highest possible outcome for the accumulation factor is:
1.0610 1.0610 = 3.20714 with probability 0.7 0.5 = 0.35
The lowest possible outcome is:
and 1.04
0.07826 = 0.27976.
Standard deviation of the accumulation of the whole premium is: 6,919.89 0.27976 = 1,935.88
which is also the standard deviation of the profit.
This was the worst answered question on the paper with many candidates not recognising
that the accumulation of a sum of money at the expected interest rate is not equal to the
expected accumulation when the interest rate is a random variable. The calculation of the
standard deviation of the accumulation was generally only calculated correctly by the
strongest candidates.
4
(i) The discounted payback period is the first time at which the accumulated profit
from/net present value of the cash flows from a project is positive at a given
interest rate.
Page 9
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
30 v3 v6
v48
50 20 30a50
440
50a50
The 20 does not need to be discounted because the cash flows are growing at the same rate as they
are being discounted.
30v
1 v 48
560 20a50 calculated at 1%
1 v3
30 0.97059
= 375.967
152.045
1 0.62026
560 20 39.1961
1 0.97059
560
783.922
(iv) The net present value of the project at 4% per annum effective is:
30 v3 v6
v48
'
20a50
1.04
-1
1.01
30v
1 v 48
1 v3
30 0.88900
Page 10
30a50
440
50a50
'
a50
which is calculated at
2.97%
i '
20 a50
1 0.15219
1 0.88900
440 20a50
20 1.014779 25.8755 440 20 21.4822
Subject CT1 (Financial Mathematics. Core Technical) September 2009 Examiners Report
203.704 525.158
140.790
440
429.644
(v) Whether the investment should go ahead would depend on the choice of the interest rate it is
clearly a crucial assumption (students could make a choice themselves and indicate whether it
should go ahead on the basis of that rate but there must be some justification for the choice).
This question was also poorly answered possibly because project appraisal using real
interest rates has rarely been examined in the past (and also possibly because of time
pressure). Whilst some parts of the question were challenging (e.g. the treatment of the
increasing costs of climate change), it was disappointing that many candidates failed to
recognise that the costs of climate change no longer incurred would be a benefit of the
carbon storing technology project and so failed to score many marks.
END OF EXAMINERS REPORT
Page 11