INTRODUCTION
The term line, is a general term applied in a power network for any
passage through which power is transmitted from a generating station
to a receiving station and substation or between substations and from
substations to consumers. The line is termed a transmission line for
system voltage
of
also
called
TYPES OF PROTECTION
A composite transmission system consisting of transmission lines and
feeders may be protected with all or some of the following types of
protection:
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This is done either by using Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) O.C
and E.F relays or with instantaneous O.C and E.F relays or with inverse
time O.C and E.F relays or with directional O.C and E.F relays or current
balance and power balance relays.
This form of protection is the simplest and cheapest of all the types of
protection. It is a widely used form of protection for:
1) Distribution feeders of 11KV
2) Transmission feeders of 33KV
3) Radial Transmission Lines up to 132KV
This is applicable where the cost of protection by other schemes such
as Distance and Pilot wire cannot be economically justified.
This type of protection is also used as a form of back up protection
where Distance type of protection is used as the main protection.
2.2
DISTANCE PROTECTION
Distance relays or distance protection schemes employ methods of
continuously monitoring the basic parameters of the line namely:
Impedance, Reactance, Admittance, etc.
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PILOT PROTECTION
Pilot protection as the name implies means that pilots or separate
channels are used at either ends of a line to compare the system
parameters sent out over a line. These include either comparing the
voltages, currents or the phase angle between the voltages and
currents at the two ends of a line. The pilots used could be separate
control cables run between the two ends of a line.
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would be prohibitive.
LINES
Over-current and Earth Fault Protection is provided on feeders either by
a combination of three over-current relays and a single earth fault relay
or by two over-current relays and a single earth fault relay as shown.
The O.C.Rs are connected in star with the E.F.R in the residual circuit.
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3.2
The E.F.R is also similar to the O.C.R but with low current settings. For
example if a 5A, O.C.R has current taps from 2.5 to 10A, (50 to 200%),
then the current taps on the E.F.R will be from 0.5 to 2A.
3.3
Or if a 1A O.C.R has current taps from 0.5 to 2.0A (10 to 40%), then the
current taps on E.F.R will be from 0.1 to 0.4 A, or 0.2 to 0.8A for 1A
O.C.R with 1 to 4A settings.
3.4
ordination
of
relays
and
relay
settings
Whenever Inverse time relays are used they must be provided with
high set instantaneous units to reduce the fault clearing time on close
faults and to enable use of automatic re-closing successfully. Normally,
no separate relay units are required for instantaneous units as most of
the relay manufacturers supply O.C relays with a built in high set
instantaneous unit on request.
3.5
a) It will provide primary protection for all short circuits on the section it is
protecting.
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Accordingly
characteristic
relays
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4.1
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For example if a fault occurs on line (1), the relays located at station A
and B for both the lines will pick up. The arrow direction indicates the
direction in which the fault current is fed from stations A and B. This is
therefore an undesirable feature.
4.2
Parallel feeders are therefore protected with directional O.C and E.F
relays. If there is only one source for power flow along parallel feeders,
it is then sufficient to install D.O.C. and D.E.F. relays at the receiving
end as shown.
If a fault occurs on line (1), then the relay at A on line (1) will operate
and the directional relay at B on line (1) will also operate to isolate the
fault.
4.3
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In the normal course, when the fault is isolated from one source only,
then the fault current will also be fed from the other source. Hence
directional relays have to be installed at both ends. The co-ordination
of the relays should be such that they operate simultaneously.
4.4
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c) For a simple loop system as shown above, the direction of the arrows
indicate, the fault currents for which the relays should act. Thus at all
relay locations except at (5) and (e), fault currents can flow in either
direction. Hence at all relay locations except at (5) and (e), the relays
installed are directional relays.
d) Relays at locations (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) are to operate for one
direction of fault current flow and their time settings are adjusted to
make them mutually selective.
e) Similarly, relays located at (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) are treated as a
second group independent of the first one and are coordinated
accordingly.
f) Current settings are selected as in the case of any radial feeder.
However the first relays i.e. the relays at (1) and (a) should have the
minimum current setting permitted by the maximum load condition.
This is because the current at these locations reduce to a minimum as
the fault is nearer from the source in one direction.
4.5
The directional relays widely used are those with a voltage restraint.
The potential for directional O.C relays is obtained from the secondary
of a star connected P.T. whilst the potential for the directional E.F relays
is obtained from an open delta connected P.T.
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