Endocrine System

Physiology

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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

Endocrine gland vs. Exocrine gland

Endocrine means:
endo-: within
-crino: to secrete
-logy: study of
Exocrine means:
exo-: outside
-crino: to secrete
-logy: study of
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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

Endocrine gland vs. Exocrine gland

Exocrine gland: secretes its products
outside of the gland through a duct.
Endocrine gland: secretes its products
(usually Hormones) into the blood
circulation or surrounding interstitial
fluid towards its target organ
(ductless).
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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

Nervous System vs. Endocrine System

Characteristics
Mediator
molecules

Site of
mediator
action

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Nervous System
Neurotransmit
ters released
locally in
response to
nerve
impulses.

Endocrine System
Hormones
delivered to
tissues
throughout the
body by the
blood.

Close to site of
release, at a
synapse; binds
to receptors in
postsynaptic
membrane.

Far from site of

release
(usually); binds
to receptors on
or in target
cells.
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Characteristics

Nervous System

Types of target
cells

Muscle
(smooth,
cardiac, and
skeletal) cells,
gland cells,
other
neurons.
Typically
within
milliseconds
(thousandths
of a second).

Time to onset
of action

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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

Endocrine System
Cells
throughout
the body.

Seconds to
hours or days.

Characteristics
Duration of
action

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Nervous System
Generally
briefer
(milliseconds).

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Endocrine System
Generally
longer
(seconds to
days).

Functions of Hormones
1. Help regulate:
Chemical composition and volume of
internal environment (interstitial fluid)
Metabolism and energy balance
Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle
fibers
Glandular secretions
Some immune system activities
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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

Functions of Hormones
2. Control growth and development.
3. Regulate operation of reproductive
systems.
4. Help establish circadian rhythms.

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Chemical Classes of Hormones

Lipid Soluble:
Steroid hormones (acts in the cytoplasm):
Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
(Adrenal Cortex), Calcitriol (Kidney),
Testosterone (Testes), Estrogens and
progesterone (Ovaries).
Thyroid hormones (acts in the nucleus):
T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) in
the thyroid gland
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Chemical Classes of Hormones

Lipid Soluble:
Gas:
Nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelial cells
lining blood vessels

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Chemical Classes of Hormones

Water Soluble:
Amines:
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
(catecholamines) in the Adrenal medulla.
Melatonin (Pineal gland),
Histamine (Mast cells in connective
tissues),
Serotonin (Platelets in blood)
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Chemical Classes of Hormones

Water Soluble:
Peptides and proteins (acts in the cell membrane):
All hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting
hormones (Hypothalamus)
Oxytocin, ADH (Posterior pituitary)
Human growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating
hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle
stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone,
prolactin, melanocyte stimulating hormone
(Anterior pituitary)
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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

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Chemical Classes of Hormones

Water Soluble:
Peptides and proteins (acts in the cell membrane):
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin,
pancreatic polypeptide (Pancreas)
Parathyroid hormone (Parathyroid glands)
Calcitonin (Thyroid gland)
Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, GIP
(glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)
in the stomach and small intestine
(enteroendocrine cells).
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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

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Chemical Classes of Hormones

Water Soluble:
Peptides and proteins (acts in the cell
membrane):
Erythropoietin (Kidneys)
Leptin (Adipose tissue)
Eicosanoids:
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes (all cells except
red blood cells)
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Summary of the Principal Actions of

Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Human growth hormone (hGH) or
somatotropin
Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other
tissues to synthesize and secrete insulin-like
growth factors (IGFs);
IGFs promote growth of body cells, protein
synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis, and elevation of
blood glucose concentration.

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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

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Summary of the Principal Actions of

Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or
thyrotropin
Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid
hormones by the thyroid gland.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

In females, initiates development of oocytes and
induces ovarian secretion of estrogens.
In males, stimulates testes to produce
testosterone.
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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

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Summary of the Principal Actions of

Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Prolactin (PRL)
Together with other hormones, promotes milk
secretion by the mammary glands.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or

corticotropin
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly
cortisol) by the adrenal cortex.
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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

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Summary of the Principal Actions of

Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Exact role in humans is unknown but may
influence brain activity; when present in excess,
can cause darkening of skin.

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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

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Summary of the Principal Actions of

Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Oxytocin (OT):
Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete
OT in response to uterine distention and
stimulation of nipples.
Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of
the uterus during childbirth;
stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the
mammary glands to cause milk ejection.
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Dr. Joseph Aricheta

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Summary of the Principal Actions of

Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin:
Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete
ADH in response to elevated blood osmotic
pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume,
pain, or stress; low blood osmotic blood pressure,
high blood volume, and alcohol inhibit ADH
secretion.
Conserves body water by decreasing urine
volume;
decreases water loss through perspiration;
raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles.
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Actions of Thyroid Hormones:

Increase basal metabolic rate
Regulate development and growth of
nervous tissue and bones
Enhance some actions of
catecholamines
Stimulate lipolysis
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Actions of Thyroid Hormones:

Stimulate protein synthesis
Increase the use of glucose and fatty
acids for ATP production
Increase body temperature
(calorigenic effect)
Stimulate synthesis of Na+/K+ ATPase
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Terima kasih!

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