SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Composites Science and Technology 69 (2009) 284291
www.elsevier.com/locate/compscitech
Abstract
The viscoelastic/rate-sensitive plastic constitutive law to describe the nonlinear, anisotropic/asymmetric and time/rate-dependent
mechanical behavior of ber-reinforced (sheet) composites was developed under the plane stress condition. In addition to the theoretical
aspect of the developed constitutive law, experiments to obtain the material parameters were also carried out for the woven fabric composite based on uni-axial tension and compression tests as well as stress relaxation tests, while the numerical formulation and verications with experiments are discussed in Part II.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: B. Stress/strain curves; B. Mechanical properties; B. Nonlinear behavior; C. Anisotropy; C. Stress relaxation
1. Introduction
Many attempts have been made to characterize the
mechanical properties of ber-reinforced composites, but
mainly based on the linear anisotropic elasticity. Experimental studies, however, conrm that ber-reinforced composites show nonlinear hardening behavior and permanent
deformation after unloading in addition to the elastic
behavior [1,2]. Also time/rate-dependent behavior is
observed for ber-reinforced composites [3,4]. Therefore,
the constitutive law with time/rate-dependency both in
the elastic and plastic ranges was developed for ber-reinforced (sheet) composites in this work as schematically
shown in Fig. 1: viscoelastic/rate-sensitive-plastic constitutive law. In general, ber-reinforced composites show
strong directional dierence (anisotropy) and also the dierent constitutive behavior between tension and compression,
called the bi-modular property or asymmetry [5,6]. The con*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 880 7189; fax: +82 2 885 1748.
E-mail address: kchung@snu.ac.kr (K. Chung).
0266-3538/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.06.003
285
2
X
j1
lxy j exp
t
pxy j
!
:
2. Constitutive law
2.1. Viscoelasticity
In the viscoelastic/rate-sensitive plasticity theory, the
total strain increment is assumed to be decoupled into
1
The particular stress relaxation expression is valid for the 5-element
linear Maxwell solid model. However, the same expression is also used for
the nonlinear case here, assuming that the material parameters are
partially not constants.
286
The material parameters to be measured from the relaxation test are: (px/y/xy)j, (lx/y/xy)j, (lx/y/xy)0 = C11/22/66
(t = 1) and Poissons ratios, mxy and myx.
To account for the asymmetric viscoelastic behavior of
ber-reinforced composites, the dierent values of the
material parameters are used for tensile and compressive
modes, in particular during initial loading (when the accumulative eective plastic strain is zero: e 0 and when the
plastic deformation takes place along with the viscoelastic
deformation (plastic hardening: e0 and de0, i.e.,
8 0T T T
for
li 0 li ; mij
>
>
>
< dee P 0;
where i; j x; y;
li 0 ; li ; mij 0C i
C C
>
> li 0 ; li ; mij for
>
:
deei < 0;
where superscripts T and C stand for tensile and compressive values, respectively. Note here that pj and the shear component parameters are assumed to be not asymmetric.
In order to describe the nonlinear unloading behavior,
the material parameters were further modied for unloading (when e0 and de 0 with the sign change of deei for
unloading):
dk !
r
r
k
lk 0 l0k 0 1:0 gk k
where k x; y; xy;
rk
4
rk
where
is the stress states before unloading and rk is the
values at the moment of straining, s. Note that gx, gy and
gxy vanish during loading (e 0; initial loading or
e0=de0 plastic loading or e0=de 0 having the same
sign of deei with that of previous plastic loading). Note that
g ge in general with the initial condition,
g ge 0 0. With the nonvanishing g, viscoelasticity
becomes nonlinear. Also, lx/y and mxy/yx are determined
from Eq. (3) by the deformation mode during unloading,
while px/y/xy and lxy are always constants.
Considering Eq. (1),
!
Z t
Z t
2
X
dee
dee
ds
ds
Ct s
Ds
Fj t s
r
ds
ds
0
0
j1
3
lx j exp pts
mxy ly j exp pts
0
x j
y j
7
6
7
6
ts
ts
7:
l
0
Fj ts 6
l
exp
exp
m
yx
x j
y j
px j
py j
7
6
4
5
ts
0
0
lxy j exp p
11
5
where
lx 0
6 m l
Ds 4 yx x 0
0
and
mxy ly 0
ly 0
0
0
lxy 0
3
7
5
xy j
where n r a=
riso , gij and hij are the components of C1
and C2 in the matrix form, respectively.
In the classical plasticity, the combined isotropic-kinematic hardening rules are used to account for the Bauschinger eect as well as the transient behavior of re-loading.
In this work, however, the combination type hardening
rules are proposed to describe the anisotropic hardening
and rate-sensitive behaviors of ber-reinforced composites. The anisotropic back stress evolution rule accounts
for anisotropic hardening as shown in Eq. (11) and
isotropic hardening describes the rate-dependent behavior
as shown in Eq. (9). The proposed viscoelastic/rate-sensitive plastic constitutive law was implemented into the
general purpose nite element program ABAQUS/Standard using the material user subroutine. The numerical
formulation is discussed in Part II [19] along with
verication.
287
38mm
2mm
3.1mm
25mm
84mm
160mm
30mm
40mm
15mm
3. Materials
75mm
Fig. 3. Dimensions of test specimens for (a) tension and (b) compression.
Table 1
Basic mechanical properties of the glass ber and the epoxy resin
Property
Fibera
Epoxy
Density (g/cm3)
Youngs modulus (GPa)
Poissons ratio
2.52
73.0
0.2
1.12
2.13
0.37
288
Fig. 4. Comparisons of measured and calculated stressstrain curves: (a) x(=y) direction tension (b) x(=y) direction compression (c) 45 direction tension
(d) 45 direction compression.
in the x(=y) direction show that the specimen is almost linearly unloaded, while tension in the 45 direction is
unloaded with changing stiness: nonlinear unloading.
Compression in the 45 direction is linearly loaded and also
linearly unloaded.
Materials with poly-crystal structures show almost the
same mechanical behavior in tension and compression
(therefore, the same stiness, yielding and hardening
behavior) as well as in loading and unloading since
micro-structural damage development is similar for various
deformation modes. However, the woven fabric composite
shows the dierent behavior not only between tension and
compression but also between loading and unloading
because its micro-structural evolution associated with the
matrix cracking and ber rotations signicantly diers
for various deformation modes.
Stress relaxation tests of tension and compression in the
x(=y) and 45 directions were also performed. Tests were
performed with two constant strains, below and above
yielding, for all cases except compression in the 45 direction (with strain below yielding), during 40 000 s as shown
in Fig. 6.
3.2. Characterization of material parameters
The viscoelastic properties were obtained from the stress
relaxation test results shown in Fig. 6, using the data measured below yielding. The shear property was indirectly
determined from the stress relaxation test of the 45 tension
289
Fig. 5. Comparisons of measured and calculated stressstrain curves including unloading: (a) x(=y) direction tension (b) x(=y) direction compression (c)
45 direction tension (d) 45 direction compression.
Fig. 6. Comparisons of measured and calculated timestress curves from stress relaxation: (a) x(=y) direction tension (b) x(=y) direction compression (c)
45 direction tension (d) 45 direction compression.
290
Table 2
Material Parameters
(a) Viscoelastic constants
lx T1 ly T1
lx T0 ly T0
25.19 GPa
3.29 GPa
C
C
lx C
lx C
0 ly 0
1 ly 1
37.6 GPa
39.07 GPa
(lxy)1
(lxy)0
6.68 GPa
1.76 GPa
(px)2 = (py)2
(px)1 = (py)1
296.0 s
14 578.2 s
lx T2 ly T2
3.16 GPa
C
lx C
2 ly 2
4.82 GPa
(lxy)2
3.70 GPa
(pxy)1
3528.6 s
(pxy)2
23.14 s
C
rC
x ry
49.5 MPa
rY
1
45.4 MPa
q
0.09
j
1.0
b22
1.0
b33
0.85
g33
K
8520.0 MPa
318.8 MPa
e_ 0
M
e0
0.30
0.00678
0.00005
60
y (MPa)
-30
-60
14
-90
-90
-60
-30
30
x (MPa)
Fig. 7. Yield criterion of the woven fabric composites.
60
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