A.

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
1. Explain how the data will be presented in the study.
All data based on the sub-problems and null hypothesis that were set at the outset of
the study are to be presented, analyzed and interpreted. All the related tables containing
the data for each sub-problem topic are sequentially arranged presented, and discussed.
The researcher is advised to place each table on a page by itself regardless of whether or
not it is less than a half-page or is a full-page. The rationale behind separating the table
from the narrative text includes the following:(1) it helps facilitate, especially for the
thesis writer or mentor, the counter-checking, comparing and correcting the figures found
in the table(s) that do not jibe with those in the narrative text and (2) it obviates the
necessity of retyping the table(s) whose narrative text has to be corrected, changed or
modified.
The data will be presented in a table starting with a brief introductory paragraph,
giving the purpose of the data in the table. The brief introductory paragraph will be
followed by a statement presenting the table itself; and lastly, analyze and interpret the
findings therein.
2. What is meant by research? Discuss briefly.
Research is an activity which involves referring the works of others. A systematic
investigation of certain phenomena characterized by gathering of data accurately,
recording and critical analysis and interpretation of all facts about the phenomena. It is to
discover things from the unknown.
3. How would You differentiate thesis from dissertation?
Thesis is the subject to be enrolled by the masteral students after passing the
comprehensive examination, while dissertation for doctoral students. The two subjects in
the curriculum the same required the students to write and defend a book or research
work before the panel of interrogators. The differences between these two is primarily on
the coverage and deepiness of analysis. Dissertation has much wider in scope than theses.
This is the indepth study of a certain problem.
4.. Intext Documentation- is used in acknowledging authorities
presentation.

within the textual

Sample of Intext Documentation:

Leveriza (1993:13) stressed that the organizational behavior is reflective of
the inner sensitivity of society, as well as individual's personal interests.
5. Population- is used to refers to groups or aggregates of people used as respondents
in the process of gathering data, information and other vital points which will enable

2
the researcher to come up with the accurate hypothesis.
6. What is research problem?
Research problem is the focus of the research investigation. It is an issue that is
borne out of a perplexing situation where difficulties are observed to exist. It must be
original, unique, relevant and must reflect a noteworthy contribution to the researcher's
field of specialization and to society at large.
7. Approval Sheet- this page clearly indicates the:
1. Title of the thesis;
2. Name of the researcher;
3. Academic degree for which the thesis is
a partial requirement.
4. Recommendation of the faculty
5. Approval of the Department Head.
6. Signature of the Panel Members.
8. Discuss the characteristics of a good research title.
A good research title should be of great help/interest to the writer or research.
Meaning, the researcher must have the preliminary knowledge of what the title is all
about. The title should signify a very timely and significant contribution to the needs of
the society in general and to the agency in particular. It should be specific and concise
statement of the topic. It should refer to the major variables or theoretical issues
investigated. It should be explanatory by itself which is to inform the reader about the
study, thus its principal function. It should also focus on the topic investigated and main
variables studied. If possible, a good research title should has ten (10) to fourteen (14)
words as its recommended maximum lengths.
9. Explain how to formulate sub-problems.
Sub-problems should be a result of logical and clear-cut analysis of the general
problem. Each sub-problem should be as extensive in coverage as the others along
mutually exclusive dimensions (no overlapping). The sub-problem should be arranged in
logical order from factual to analytical. Sub-problems on the background expected
conclusions implications and recommendations of the research should be excluded.
10. What is meant by research Methodology? Explain briefly.
Methodology is the body of methods. It is the process on establishing way of doing
anything or it is a set of procedure in the making of a thesis or research paper.
11. Explain the use of the following terms:

3
1. Title Page - is the first unnumbered page of a thesis or dissertation. It shows the
title, full name of the author and the submission statement which include the faculty or
school. The degree sought and the month and year of which degree is to be finished. It is
a page of a book gives a brief descriptive label of the study.
2. Footnotes - are references placed at the bottom of the pages to help the readers know
what are the specific sources of information of the author in correction with those parts of
the text that have been footnoted. A footnoting is indicated by a raised superscript Arabic
numeral immediately after the statement to be verified or outside the punctuation mark
ending the material for which the reference is given. It is also usual to place the
superscript immediately after the name of the author when this is mentioned in the text.
3. Table of contents - it is a lists of all elements of the preliminaries, the chapter, titles,
main headings and sub-headings and to reference materials it will provide the reader an
analytical view of the substance of the thesis or dissertation.
4. Pagination - the numbering and arrangement of pages or as an indicators use to
identify the sequence of the topic which could help the readers to locate immediately the
desired number as placed in the upper right hand corner of every sheet.
5. Bibliography - it is a lists of books in same way pertinent to the research which has
been done. And that it should contain all those works which the writer has consulted.
6. Variables - refers to a factor, characteristics or condition of a person, a group of
persons, a thing, a program, an even and etc. which takes on values that can be measured
categorically and quantitatively.
7. Instrumentation - this part serves to enumerate and take into consideration all
pertinent materials used and other factors on sources of information which leads to the
solution of the problem.
8. Master's Thesis - is a requirement for the completion of master's course. It is to be
written by candidate or researcher for an academic degree. It is to be defended by the
candidate during final oral.
9. Questionnaires - the subjects respond to the questions by writing, or more
commonly marking an answer sheet.
10. Sampling Design - This section describes in detail the sampling procedure used in
the choice of subjects for the study. Its purpose is to show how the sample group(s) was
selected and whether it is representative of the population of interest.
11. Table - is a systematic means of representing the wide array of statistical data which
inevitably prevent smooth writing on the part of the thesis writer and hamper smooth
reading on the part of the adviser.

4
12. Tally Sheet - is a device often used by researchers to record the frequency of
student behaviors, activities, or remarks.
12. Differentiate research hypothesis from null-hypothesis.
Research hypothesis- is the hypothetical questions asked in the sub-problems
and null-hypothesis is the answer to a given hypothesis or questions in the sub-problem.
13. Appendix - This is a list of additional references which serves as a guide for the
reader to understand and determined how the writer arrived at a scholarly works.
14. How would you acknowledge the authorities cited in your research work?
Different authorities cited in a research work will be acknowledge in the
bibliography by writing the name of author, title of the book, place, the publishing
company, the year and pages where you quoted the words, ideas and statements.
15. What is a thesis? Explain briefly.
A thesis maybe defined as the repost of a scholar upon some process of research
which he has computed. It is the culmination of a desirous process extending from the
initial insights into the opportunity for investigation to the insertion of the final footnotes
many elements are involved and each offers the possibility of raising or towering the
quality of the product. Most of all in determining the character of the result, however
are the fundamental aims of the writer which should be an understanding search for truth,
and originality in substance.
16. Explain the importance of related literature and studies.
The related literature and studies is the entry point to the topic. It enables the
researcher to narrow down the general problem area to a specific researchable and welldefined manageable problem. It gives overviews on the current status of research in the
problem area. It determines the feasibility of the problem in terms of the availability of
the relevant data, constraints of time and resources. It notes significant contribution to
knowledge by determining its theoretical relevance, the review should be logically
arranged by theme. It should present an authoritative discussion on the various updates
on current thinking about it. Empirical investigations relevant to the substance or
methodology of the proposed research are most appropriate. It should provide critical
evaluation of related studies. It should examine the appropriateness and applicability of
research designs used in other studies to the present investigations. It shows how the
methodology of the previous studies can be replicated, adapted, modified, or improved in
the present investigation.
17. Discuss the inclusion of the importance of the study in a thesis.
The study in a thesis is very important and significant to a researcher or writer to
make him knowledgeable in the different aspects related to the society, the country, the

5
government, the community, the institution, the agency concerned, and the thesis writer
himself. The study states why problem investigated is important and what significance
the results have. It is also profoundly useful to the organization, its administrators,
personnel, teachers, students and to the researcher himself. It is a noteworthy
contribution to the existing body of knowledge and the practitioner in the field.

18. Characteristics of a good research problem.

a. the topic should be of great interest to the writer.
b. it is useful for the concerned people in a particular
field.
c. it possess novelty. This means originality.
d. it is one which invites more complex designing.
e. it can be completed in the alloted time desired.
f. it does not carry ethical or moral implements.
19. Discuss the characteristics of the general problem.
The general problem should has the following characteristics:
a. It results from a felt need (gaps/deficiencies in explanations, suggestions from
readings, consideration of existing practices, extensions, replications of investigations,
etc.)
b. It must reflect a noteworthy contribution to knowledge.
c. It must be within the researchers' competence and interest.
d. It must be within the resources of the investigator with reference to time (within
the writing period), money (financial plan), and work ability (availability of data).
20. Differentiate the following research methodology.
1. Historical Method - attempt to go back to primary, original and first hand
information. It involves investigation, analyzing and interpreting the event of the past for
the purpose of understanding the present.
2. Descriptive Method - deals mostly with verbal information. It consists of a set of
gathered data or information which is being analyzed, summarized and interpreted.
3. Normative Method - attempt to determine the status of the current phenomena in the
light of existing and normal conditions, sometimes used to surveys due to frequency of
modes to ascertain the normal or typical conditions. It is to compare local test results
with a state or national norms.
4. Experimental Method - has something to do with controlled observation or change
and development, whether in the reactions of the natural or the solid science.

6
Methods or procedure involving the control or manipulation of conditions for the
purpose of studying the relationship and effects of certain treatment applied to members
of scaple on the same treatment applied to members.
5. Expost Facto Method - The literal meaning for expost facto is "what is done
afterward". It means something done or occuring after an event. It is used in
contradiction to "experimental" in this text, and has been assigned a specific and,
hopefully, unambiguous meaning.
In expost facto research method, one cannot manipulate or assign subjects or
treatments, because the independent variable have already occured, so to speak.
6. Qualitative Method of Research - it involves the extent to which various learning,
attitudes, or ideas exist, or how well or how accurately they are being developed. Thus,
possible avenues of research included comparisons between alternative methods of
teaching; comparing groups of individual in terms of existing differences on certain
variables or interviewing different groups of educational professional, such as teachers,
administrators, and counselor.
21. Curriculum Vitae- This parts contains the resume' of the researcher and other
significant personality in which the research got in touch and made some kind of
educative undertakings.
22. Differentiate the following:
.1 Open-Ended and Closed questionnaire- Open form questionnaire calls for free
responses in the respondents own words, while, closed questionnaire calls for a
short response usually yes or no answer.
.2 Standard and Self-made Questionnaire- Standard questionnaire are ready made
patterns following a specific styles, while self-made questionnaire largely depends
on the researchers' point of view relative to the problem.
23. Explain the following types of research?
1. Pure research - is conducted primarily to text or arrive at theory. Its main purpose
is to establish general principles without known or intended practical application of the
findings. It is in research of knowledge for knowledge's sake.
2. Observational research - researcher employs observation as a technique of
gathering data. It comes when certain data cannot be secured adequately or validly
through the use of questionnaire or some other techniques except through the use of
observation.
3. Survey research - the survey is an organized attempt to analyze interpret and report
the present status of a social institution, group or area. It deals with a cross-section of the
present.

7
4. Library research - the library technique is the collection of data is another way
which the researcher can employ in order realize the objectives of his research study.
5. Practical research - or applied research is to be done so as to obtained knowledge
of such useful ends. The intention is not just to obtained knowledge to solve certain
difficulties or discomfort or to improve the prevailing condition which it is in present
state, may be satisfactory but which has still room or possibility for improvements. Its
purpose is to apply, test and evaluate the usefulness of a theory or knowledge arrived at in
solving problem.
24. Discuss the Characteristics of a research hypothesis.
A research hypothesis is an expected answer to a problem. It should be measurable.
It should state expected relationships between two or more variables as answers to the
problem. It should be reasonable and based on theory and or empirical evidence. It is
testable as to (a) concepts are clear and operationalize, i.e. they have empirical reference,
(b) there are techniques available to measure the variables; (c) the hypothesis is specific,
i.e. predictions are spelled out and (d) it is related to a body of theory. A hypothesis is
may be in the statistical form characterized as follows: (a) it is used when tests of
significance of relationship and difference of measures are employed (b) the level of
significance is stated and (c) it refers to a specific problem statement.
25. How do you make an abstract of a study? Explain.
Abstract of a study is extracted from title of the study, statement of the problem, subproblems raised, hypothesis if there is any, the method used with the number of
respondents involved. Finally, it will include the major findings, conclusions and
recommendations.
26. Present the Steps in organizing a thesis covering Chapter I to V.
Discuss each caption heading.
Title page- is the first preliminary page that gives the title of the research or thesis, name
of school and address, major , name of author and date defended.
Committee Evaluation- This portion also included the title of the investigation, of
course the author, the chairman, members and adviser as the panelists for oral
examination.
Approval Sheet- This part presents the verdict of the committee on oral examination by
indicating their individual signature including the invited member from the CHEd.

8
Acknowledgment- This section recognizes the immeasurable assistance rendered by
other person or even by your direct members of the family that made you work realized.
Dedication- is a way recognizing the constant support of your love ones, friends, relative
and other special persons near to the heart of the researcher.
Table of Contents- gives what is inside of this thesis from title page to curriculum vitae
with their corresponding pages. Furthermore, for easy location of the page of the topic
you wanted to read.
List of Table presents the general listing of tables included in the study by writing the
caption heading of each table and their page number.
List of Figure- it is about a schematic model or diagram of the study with its page
number.
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction- the introductory section serves to orient the reader on what prompted the
researcher to undertaken the study. It gives a brief narrative exposition on the nature and
background of the problem area in general and rationale for the study.
Conceptual or Theoretical Framework- This main component expounds on the theory,
indicator, and variables that led to the evolvement of the research problem and its
corresponding hypothesis. Its narrative test is supported by a schematic paradigm.
Statement of the Problem- presented under this section are the main problem statement
and the corresponding sub-problems. The main problem is generally expressed in a
declarative statement that is more or less consistent with the title of the study. It is
followed by the sub-problems which are usually stated in question form.
Null Hypothesis- This section embodies only the null-hypothesis statements that
corresponds to each or tom some of the sub-problem statements that were presented at the
outset of the study.
Important of the Study- this section discusses the importance of the study to society, the
country, the government, the community, the institution, the agency concerned, and the
thesis writer himself.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study- explained in this section is the nature, coverage,
and time frame of the study. It presents in brief the subject areas of investigation, the
number of respondents or subject s involved, the place, the time period or school year
covered, and the rationale behind delimiting the scope of the study.

9
Definition of Terms Used- Under this main topical component are the operational and
conceptual definitions of the terms that are found in the title of the study, including other
unusual and technical terms.
CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter starts with a very brief introductory paragraph concerning the
researchers exploration of the related literature and studies on the research problem. It
states the main coverage of said chapter.
Related Literature the introductory paragraph under this main topical component
merely enumerate the topical sections by subject areas that are to be covered in it. The
review of related literature embodies the cited theories, principles, concepts, facts, ideas,
and views regarding the pertinent variables or aspects of gleaned from books, research
journals, monographs, and other scholarly publications perused by the researcher.
Related Studies Embodied under this main topical component are the cited studies of
thesis-dissertation authors and others w ho have conducted researchers abroad and in the
Philippines.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURE
Research Method briefly describe the type of research method used. De pending on
the nature and purpose of the study, any one of the following research method may be
availed of: descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative, historical, experimental and
others.
Research Instrument The details on the research or experimental instrument that was
used are described in this section. Its nature, purpose, construction, content-validation,
pre-testing, and rationale for its use are explained. Tests and research instruments that are
standardized are preferred over self-constructive ones as the former have already been
validated nationwide and are universally accepted for public consumption and
commercial use.
Research Locale This section describe in brief the place were the study was conducted
and the rationale behind its choice.
Sampling Design describes in detail the sampling procedure used in the choice of
subjects for the study. Its purpose is to show how the sample groups was selected and
whether it is representative of the population of interest.
Treatment of Data This section presents and enumerates the statistical measures and
tests that were used on the gathered data for the study. The formula of each of the more
sophisticated statistical tests are given followed by the corresponding legend showing
what each symbol means.

10
CHAPTER IV- PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
This chapter presents analyzes, and interprets the data findings or results based
on the sub-problems and null-hypothesis that were set at the outset of the study.
CHAPTER V SUMMARY
RECOMMENDATIONS

OF

FINDINGS,

CONCLUSIONS

ND

The last chapter of the manuscript is divided into t hree parts. Namely:
1. Summary of Findings under this component is the very brief resume. The summary
on significant findings is organized by topics to jibe with the sub-problem questions or
subject areas of the study. Relative to the findings on the hypothesized sub-problems, the
explicit answer to each is given; that is, whether the null hypothesis is rejected or
retained.
2. Conclusions discussed under this topical component are the corresponding
conclusions to each of the sub-problems and null-hypothesis statements.
3. Recommendations under this component are the recommendation on the findings
and conclusions. It envisions how such findings could be applied in resolving the
problem or issued and in the betterment of the existing situation as a whole.
BIBLIOGRAPHY A cover page duly labeled in bold letters, BIBLIOGRAPHY, at the
middle center portion of the page, is used to separate the bibliography division from the
succeeding appendix division. When preparing the list of reference sources from the
bibliography, the format, content, spacing, punctuation marks, and other features.
APPENDIX Similarly, a cover page labeled APPENDIX precedes the succeeding
pages that embody the pertinent appendices. Its cover page follows the same format as
that of the bibliography
CURRICULUM VITAE A cover page for the Curriculum Vitae is likewise used to
separate the Curriculum Vitae division from that of the Appendix division.
27. In a capsule form, present the steps in organizing a thesis/research
proposal(Note: Start on Title page to chapter III. Include Bibliography, appendix
and curriculum. Do not copy chapter 4 and 5.
Title page- is the first preliminary page that gives the title of the research or thesis, name
of school and address, major , name of author and date defended.
Committee Evaluation- This portion also included the title of the investigation, of
course the author, the chairman, members and adviser as the panelists for oral
examination.

11
Approval Sheet- This part presents the verdict of the committee on oral examination by
indicating their individual signature including the invited member from the CHEd.
Acknowledgment- This section recognizes the immeasurable assistance rendered by
other person or even by your direct members of the family that made you work realized.
Dedication- is a way recognizing the constant support of your love ones, friends, relative
and other special persons near to the heart of the researcher.
Table of Contents- gives what is inside of this thesis from title page to curriculum vitae
with their corresponding pages. Furthermore, for easy location of the page of the topic
you wanted to read.
List of Table presents the general listing of tables included in the study by writing the
caption heading of each table and their page number.
List of Figure- it is about a schematic model or diagram of the study with its page
number.
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction- the introductory section serves to orient the reader on what prompted the
researcher to undertaken the study. It gives a brief narrative exposition on the nature and
background of the problem area in general and rationale for the study.
Conceptual or Theoretical Framework- This main component expounds on the theory,
indicator, and variables that led to the evolvement of the research problem and its
corresponding hypothesis. Its narrative test is supported by a schematic paradigm.
Statement of the Problem- presented under this section are the main problem statement
and the corresponding sub-problems. The main problem is generally expressed in a
declarative statement that is more or less consistent with the title of the study. It is
followed by the sub-problems which are usually stated in question form.
Null Hypothesis- This section embodies only the null-hypothesis statements that
corresponds to each or tom some of the sub-problem statements that were presented at the
outset of the study.
Important of the Study- this section discusses the importance of the study to society, the
country, the government, the community, the institution, the agency concerned, and the
thesis writer himself.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study- explained in this section is the nature, coverage,
and time frame of the study. It presents in brief the subject areas of investigation, the
number of respondents or subject s involved, the place, the time period or school year
covered, and the rationale behind delimiting the scope of the study.
Definition of Terms Used- Under this main topical component are the operational and
conceptual definitions of the terms that are found in the title of the study, including other
unusual and technical terms.
CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter starts with a very brief introductory paragraph concerning the
researchers exploration of the related literature and studies on the research problem. It
states the main coverage of said chapter.
Related Literature the introductory paragraph under this main topical component
merely enumerate the topical sections by subject areas that are to be covered in it. The
review of related literature embodies the cited theories, principles, concepts, facts, ideas,
and views regarding the pertinent variables or aspects of gleaned from books, research
journals, monographs, and other scholarly publications perused by the researcher.

12
Related Studies Embodied under this main topical component are the cited studies of
thesis-dissertation authors and others w ho have conducted researchers abroad and in the
Philippines.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURE
Research Method briefly describe the type of research method used. De pending on
the nature and purpose of the study, any one of the following research method may be
availed of: descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative, historical, experimental and
others.
Research Instrument The details on the research or experimental instrument that was
used are described in this section. Its nature, purpose, construction, content-validation,
pre-testing, and rationale for its use are explained. Tests and research instruments that are
standardized are preferred over self-constructive ones as the former have already been
validated nationwide and are universally accepted for public consumption and
commercial use.
Research Locale This section describe in brief the place were the study was conducted
and the rationale behind its choice.
Sampling Design describes in detail the sampling procedure used in the choice of
subjects for the study. Its purpose is to show how the sample groups was selected and
whether it is representative of the population of interest.
Treatment of Data This section presents and enumerates the statistical measures and
tests that were used on the gathered data for the study. The formula of each of the more
sophisticated statistical tests are given followed by the corresponding legend showing
what each symbol means.
BIBLIOGRAPHY A cover page duly labeled in bold letters, BIBLIOGRAPHY, at the
middle center portion of the page, is used to separate the bibliography division from the
succeeding appendix division. When preparing the list of reference sources from the
bibliography, the format, content, spacing, punctuation marks, and other features.
APPENDIX Similarly, a cover page labeled APPENDIX precedes the succeeding
pages that embody the pertinent appendices. Its cover page follows the same format as
that of the bibliography
CURRICULUM VITAE A cover page for the Curriculum Vitae is likewise used to
separate the Curriculum Vitae division from that of the Appendix division.
28. What is Research Proposal? is a plan, stock of ideas, offers proposed for writing
your research paper and it is also one of the requirements in the subject education 200 to
be passed before the end of the semester as partial fulfillment of the subject.
29. Make a sample of Thesis Title with a corresponding Statement of the Problem
and at least 3 sub-problems and null hypothesis and provide a schematic
diagram of the study
LEADERSHIP ROLES PRACTICED BY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS IN
LABANGAN I DISTRICT: ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT

13
Statement of the Problem
This investigation looks into the leadership roles of the school administrators in
Alicia District; its significance to effective management
Specifically, this investigation raise the following sub-questions:
1. What are the leadership roles of the school administrators in terms of:
1.1. Leader and trainer of his employees;
1.2. Implement of ideas;
1.3. Co-worker with other supervisor;
1.4. Subordinate to his own boss; and
1.5. Mediator of employee needs?
2. How often are these leadership roles practiced by the school administrators?
3. What is the extent of comparability between the responses of the school
administrators and the teachers along with the five variables?
4. Is there a significant difference between the responses of the school
administrators and the teachers along with the five variables?

Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between the responses of the school
administrators and the teachers along with the five variables.

14

LEADERSHIP ROLES PRACTICED BY SCHOOL

ADMINISTRATORS IN LABANGAN
I DISTRICT

LEADERHIP ROLES
1. Leader and trainer of his
employees
2. Implement of ideas
3. Co-worker with other
supervisor;
4. Subordinate to his own boss;
5. Mediator of employee needs

RESPONSES

4 Always Practiced (AP)

3 Often Practiced (OP)
2 Sometimes Practiced
(SP)
1 Never Practiced At All
(NAA)

ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT

Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram of the Study

15
30. Give the importance why important terms are defined. How do you define?
Discuss substantially.
It is important that readers always learn the definition of all of the terms used in
all of the new definitions that are introduced in your thesis or research work. Without
knowing the definition of a term used in a new terms definition, the new terms meaning
will not be understood and therefore be useless information. Important and uncommon
terms should be defined in accordance with the used of these in the study.

31. How do you state a null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis?
Null hypothesis - can be stated this way "There is no significant relationship,
difference, variation and etc. between the intellectual and spiritual growth of the students.
While Alternative Hypothesis is the reverse statement of a null hypothesis.
For Example:
Is there a significant relationship, difference, variation and etc. between the
intellectual and spiritual growth of the students.
32. Differentiate Independent and Dependent Variables.
Independent Variable - is called the treatment stimulus, predictor, in out or
experimental variable. While Dependent is the characteristics or factor or condition that
is observed and measured to find out how the independent variable affects it. It is also
called as outcome, criterion or attribute variable.
33. Explain the following:
1. Simple Random Sampling - According to Weirsma (1975) is a method of selecting
a sample size from a universe such that each member of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
2. Lottery Sampling - also called as fishbowl technique by Fox (1969). This can be
applied by first assigning members to the participants of your population assembling
them in a sampling frame. Write the numbers of your participants in small piece of paper
one number to a piece.
3. Purposive Sampling - This is done by finding out a particular reaction of some
students/respondents on the probable under study. Instead of asking the opinions of all
the students in various colleges or universities you may purposely ask only the student
leaders on a particular college. This is a sampling with purpose.

16
4. Stratified Random Sampling - is selected according to the proportion found in the
identified sub-groups of the defined population in get a representative group.
34. Discus the common sources of errors in the presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
1. Mere presentation, of a series of data as found in each table without adequate
analysis and interpretation;
2. Faulty logic in one's reasoning or thought processes in discussing the findings per
table;
3. Misstatement of true facts caused by the researcher's prejudices, and biases;
4. Use of sweeping statements in the interpretation of findings that are not supported
by the objective facts portrayed in the pertinent tables; and
5. Careless Collation, tabulation, and computation of the sampling data resulting in
wrong figures that are presented in the tables and or the text.
Common sources of Errors in the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data is
merely presenting in the text the data shown in each table is insufficient. Adequate
analysis and interpretation of the data are necessary. It is cautioned. However, to refrain
from discussing each and every figure or data embodied in the table. It is only the very
significant ones that are made the subject of discussion, analysis and interpretation.
Similarly, sweeping and opinionated statement have no place in scientific reporting.
35..Differentiate the following:
1. Open-ended questionnaire and close-ended questionnaireOpen-ended and close-ended questions differ in several characteristics, especially as
regards the role of respondents when answering such questions. Close-ended questions
limit the respondent to the set of alternatives being offered, while openended questions
allow the respondent to express an opinion without being influenced by the researcher
2.Standardized and self-made questionnaire
Standardized questionnaire The wording and order of questions and response
choices are scripted in advance and administered as worded by interviewers.
Self-made questionnaire.
3. Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis - A type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that no statistical
significance exists in a set of given observations. The null hypothesis attempts to show
that no variation exists between variables, or that a single variable is no different than

17
zero. It is presumed to be true until statistical evidence nullifies it for an alternative
hypothesis.

Alternative Hypothesis In statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis (or

maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis) and the null hypothesis are the two rival
hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis test. An example might be
where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of
the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves
of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half
of the record.
4.Random and Purposive Sampling.Purposive Sampling
A purposive sample is one which is selected by the researcher subjectively. The
researcher attempts to obtain sample that appears to him/her to be representative of the
population and will usually try to ensure that a range from one extreme to the other is
included.
Purposive sampling is an informant selection tool widely used in ethnobotany (Table 1).
However, the use of the method is not adequately explained in most studies. The
purposive sampling technique, also called judgment sampling, is the deliberate choice of
an informant due to the qualities the informant possesses. It is a nonrandom technique
that does not need underlying theories or a set number of informants. Simply put, the
researcher decides what needs to be known and sets out to find people who can and are
willing to provide the information by virtue of knowledge or experience (Bernard 2002,
Lewis & Sheppard 2006). Purposive sampling is especially exemplified through the key
informant technique
5. Type I Error and Type II Error
Type I Error
In a hypothesis test, a type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in
fact true; that is, H0 is wrongly rejected. For example, in a clinical trial of a new drug, the
null hypothesis might be that the new drug is no better, on average, than the current drug;
that is H0: there is no difference between the two drugs on average. A type I error would
occur if we concluded that the two drugs produced different effects when in fact there
was no difference between them.
Type II Error

18
In a hypothesis test, a type II error occurs when the null hypothesis H0, is not rejected
when it is in fact false. For example, in a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis
might be that the new drug is no better, on average, than the current drug; that is H0:
there is no difference between the two drugs on average.A type II error would occur if it
was concluded that the two drugs produced the same effect, that is, there is no difference
between the two drugs on average, when in fact they produced different ones.
6. Independent and Dependent Variables
The terms "dependent variable" and "independent variable" are used in similar but
subtly different ways in mathematics and statistics as part of the standard terminology in
those subjects. They are used to distinguish between two types of quantities being
considered, separating them into those available at the start of a process and those being
created by it, where the latter (dependent variables) are dependent on the former
(independent variables) In statistics, in an experiment, the dependent variable is the event
studied and expected to change when the independent variable is changed. In summary,
Independent variables answer the question "What do I change?"Dependent variables
answer the question "What do I observe?"
36. EXPLAIN HOW TO PRESENT DATA IN RESEARCH
1. Textual form. This is the simplest method of presenting data when there are only
a few numbers to be presented. In this form, the results are explained in paragraph
form as shown in the text.
2. Tabular form. Presenting data by means of statistical tables is a systematic
manner of arranging them in rows and columns. Each category in the table is
placed in a row or column and the data are assigned in suitable cells. In this way,
the reader can compare immediately the different data in different categories.
3. Graphical Form. Presentation of data in graphical form gives a clearer picture to
the reader of the data. A graph is a geometrical image or a mathematical picute of
a set of data.
37. EXPLAIN THE ACRONYM S.M.A.R.T
Specific
Ambiguous research title produce ambiguous results. Incomplete research title produce
incomplete output.
Measurable
Always choose research title which are measurable. A S.M.A.R.T. research title is
measurable.

19
Attainable: One of the detrimental things that many researchers doand they do it with
good intentionsis to choose titles that are so high they are unattainable. Yes, it is very
important to choose attainable research title that cause your heart to soar with excitement,
but it is also imperative to make sure that they are attainable.. So what does it mean to be
attainable? An attainable research title is one that is both realistic but also attainable in a
shorter period of time than what you have to work with. Now when I say attainable, I
don't mean easy. Our choosen title should be set so they are just out of our reach; so they
will challenge us to grow as we reach forward to achieve them. After A S.M.A.R.T. goal
is attainable.
Realistic
The root word of realistic is "real." A research title has to be something that we can
reasonably make "real" or a "reality" in our lives. There are some research title that
simply are not realistic. A S.M.A.R.T. goal is realistic.
Time: Every research title should have a timeframe attached to it. I think that life itself is
much more productive for us as humans because there is a timeframe connected to it. A
S.M.A.R.T. goal has a timeline

20

STATISTICS
1. Discuss the use of the following:
1.1. Sample Size - it is use to tell us something about the population value and
corresponding strength of respondents requires for a certain research activity.
1.2. Random Sampling - it is a method of selecting a sample size from a universe such
that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
1.3 Purposive Sampling - this is done by finding out a particular reactions of some
respondents on the problem under study. Instead of asking the opinion of all
students/respondents in various colleges or universities, you may purposely ask only the
respondents' leaders on a particular institutions.
1.4. Type I Error - this is characterized by the rejection of the null hypothesis when it
is true.
1.5 Type II Error - this is characterized by the acceptance of the null hypothesis when
it is falls.
2. Define the following terms:
1. Statistics - a method that can be used to analyze data that is to organize and make
sense out of a large current of materials.
2. Sample - a set of data consist of only a part of the observation.
3. Level of Significance- is the maximum value of the probability of rejecting the null
hypothesis Ho when in fact it is true.
4. Probability - is the theoretical or expected frequency when the laws of chance are
operating.]
5. Population - is used to refer to groups or aggregate of people used as respondents in
the process of gathering data, information and other vital point that will allow the
researcher to compare with accurate hypothesis.
6. Degrees of Freedom - where degrees of freedom is define as N minus 1 in
confidence interval work.
7. Decision rule - the final element in decision mode. This, like the hypothesis is stated
when the experiment is being designed.
8. Class Interval - This is the grouping or category defined by a lower limit and
upper limit.
9.Mean - is the average found by adding all the values and dividing the sum by the
number of values.

21
10.Weighted Mean. is similar to an arithmetic mean (the most common type of
average), where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final
average, some data points contribute more than others. The notion of weighted mean
plays a role in descriptive statistics and also occurs in a more general form in several
other areas of mathematics.
11.Analysis of Variance . analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical
models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance is partitioned
into components due to different explanatory variables. In its simplest form ANOVA
gives a statistical test of whether the means of several groups are all equal, and
therefore generalizes Student's two-sample t-test to more than two groups.
12.T-test. A statistical test involving means of normal populations with unknown
standard deviations; small samples are used, based on a variable t equal to the
difference between the mean of the sample and the mean of the population divided by
a result obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the sample by the square root
of the number of individuals in the sample.
13.Coefficient of correlation.
The correlation coefficient r is a measure of how nearly a scatterplot falls on a
straight line. The correlation coefficient is always between -1 and +1. To compute the
correlation coefficient of a list of pairs of measurements (X,Y), first transform X and Y
individually into standard units. Multiply corresponding elements of the transformed
pairs to get a single list of numbers. The correlation coefficient is the mean of that list of
products. This page contains a tool that lets you generate bivariate data with any
correlation coefficient you want.
When do you use the following statistical tests?

1. Anova or F test. In statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of

statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance is
partitioned into components due to different explanatory variables. In its simplest form
ANOVA gives a statistical test of whether the means of several groups are all equal, and
therefore generalizes Student's two-sample t-test to more than two groups.
Another answer:
An analysis of the variation in the outcomes of an experiment to assess the contribution
of each variable to the variation.

22
F-test. When using the F-test, you again require a hypothesis, but this time, it is to
compare standard deviations. That is, you will test the null hypothesis H0: 12 = 22
against an appropriate alternate hypothesis.
Another answer for f-test
The F-test is used to test for differences among sample variance. Like the Student's t, one
calculates an F and compares this to a table value.
2. t-test. T-test be used if the value that we obtain can be related back to a t-distribution in
order to estimate the probability of obtaining a value this far from the population mean or
farther.
Another answer:
The T-TEST computes a t-value which is a standardized score that is calculated
by dividing the difference in means between the two groups by its standard error
(i.e., the standard deviation of the mean differences).

3. chi-square. The chi-square test is a statistical test that can be used to determine
whether observed frequencies are significantly different from expected frequencies.
Another answer:
Chi-square tests enable us to compare observed and expected frequencies
objectively, since it is not always possible to tell just by looking at them whether they are
"different enough" to be considered statistically significant. Statistical significance in this
case implies that the differences are not due to chance alone, but instead may be
indicative of other processes at work.
4. z-test. A Z-test is any statistical test for which the distribution of the test statistic under
the null hypothesis can be approximated by a normal distribution. Due to the central limit
theorem, many test statistics are approximately normally distributed for large samples.
Therefore, many statistical tests can be performed as approximate Z-tests if the sample
size is not too small. In addition, some statistical tests, such as comparisons of means
between two samples, or a comparison of the mean of one sample to a given constant, are
exact Z-tests under certain assumptions.
Another Answer:
The Z-test is a statistical test used in inference which determines if the difference
between a sample mean and the population mean is large enough to be statistically
significant.

23

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
1. Give the implication of the statement Education is Life.
Majority knows that education is a continuous process and the purpose of
education is to change for the better. This description connotes its dynamic character and
implies that it is a lifetime process of integral development of the human person. Life
itself demands a continuous learning process. The term life is continuing education or
ongoing formation.
2. Six foundations of Education
1. Psychology. It is the study of human behavior of how a person acts and reacts
under different situations, consciously or unconscioustly, mentally,
physiologically, physically, overtly, or covertly. It is the study of mans reactions
to life stimulations.
2. Sociology. It is the study of human beings living in groups, of how people act
and interact under different social situations, an d how they relate themselves to
one another. Terms that indicate group action are used here such as cooperate,
team work, sociable, conflict, etc.
3. Anthropology. It is the study of civilizations and cultures of people; their origins,
customs, traditions, beliefs, mores, folkways, and practices. Also included are
languages, forms of writing, tools and weapons, buildings and other physical
structures.
4. History. It is the study of past events that makes us understand the present
situation, and to enable us to predict future events.
5. Philosophy. It is a systematized truth or principle that serves as a guide for
conduct or thinking. Philosophy is a fixed idea or principle arrived at after a very
rigid scrutiny or study of the state of things, situations, or events.
6. Legality. Legality refers to the conformity to the laws passed by the State to
establish and guide the conduct of an educational system. The constitution is the
most important legal document that establishes and guides the conduct of an
educational system. It contains the philosophy of education of the country.
3. What is academic freedom. Discuss its importance in our educational system
Academic freedom encompasses more than the freedom of professors to speak
and write freely on their fields of specialty. It also recognizes the crucial role that
academics play as intellectual leaders of society. In countries such as Ethiopia where only
a small percentage of the population completes secondary school, schoolteachers and
even high school students are among the most educated members of society. Their role as

24
community leaders is vital and must be protected. As this report demonstrates, academic
freedom is a sensitive barometer of a government's respect for human rights. Educators
and their students are often among the first targets of governments that do not respect
their citizens' civil and political rights; education and academic institutions are often
among the first to suffer at the hands of governments that do not provide their citizens
with social, economic, and cultural rights. Because educational systems (and universities
in particular) are public institutions or depend on government funding, and because such
institutions are viewed by governments as prime instruments of national policy,
governments have considerable power and incentive to influence what takes place in
schools (and on campus).
4. Discuss the importance of foundation of education.
Foundations mean a bases, support, principles, origin, tenets, or whatever
substructure to be built upon, any strong or worthwhile thing needs foundations.
5. Discuss the following:
1. Foundation of Education - are psychological, sociological, anthropological,
philosophical and historical. Psychology is the science of human behavior. Sociology it is
the study of society a people living in groups and their social behavior. Anthropology is
the study of civilization of the cultural development, beliefs, customs, mores traditions,
superstitious etc of mankind. Philosophy it is a way of thinking; the study of the truths or
principles underlying something. History it is the study of past events.
2. Education - process of securing desirable changes in the behavior of the
individual and to bring out his potentialities. The goal of education, then is to change man
to be better mentally, physically, sociology, morally and spiritually.
3. Sociology - it is the study of society or people living in groups and their social
behavior.
4. Psychology - it is the science of human behavior, including all sorts of responses
to situation that arise and those response maybe conscious or unconscious, mental;
physical or glandular, court or overt.
5. Values Education - is the process by which values are formed in the learner
under the guidance of the teacher and as he interacts with his environment.
6. Values Formation - are identical with those of moral development. This is
because man's sense of morality is colored by his cultural sense of what is right, moral or
virtuous. Basically man's conscience and morality are dependent on the acceptance of
standard and values of society.
7. Human Relation - is the out of getting along favorably with one another.

25
8. Human Rights - is meant a "moral and inviolable power to hold to do or to exact
something from others. It is said to be a moral power because it is not based on physical
force.
9. Culture - is a social heritage transmitted form one generation to another and
shared. It consist of the sum total of skills, beliefs, knowledge and product that are
commonly shared be a number of people and transmitted to their children.
10. Centralization - is the systematic and consistent reservation of authority at
central point within the organization.

5. Explain how the following school of thoughts agree from each other basically.
1. Philo of Idealism - is right in stressing the human and personal elements in life
and education.
2. Philo of Realism - the doctrine that ideas or universe have an absolute existence
outside the mind.
3. Philo of Naturalism - a mode of thoughts glorifying nature and excluding
supernatural and spiritual elements.
4. Philo of Pragmatism - a doctrine which test truth by its practical consequences.
Truth is therefore held to be relative and not attainable by metaphysical speculation.
5. Philo of Communism - the ownership of properly, or means of production
distribution and supply by the whole of a classless society with wealth shared on the
principle of to each according to his needs.
6. Philo of Existentialism - the doctrine that man is not a part of an ordered
metaphysical scheme but that individual must create their own being, each in his own
specific situation and environment.
6. Differentiate double standard morality from split level morality.
Double standard morality - allows pumarital or extramarital sexual activity for
men but not for women.
Split Level Morality - the situation where there is a co-existence within the same
person of two or more thought and behavior system which are inconsistent with each
other. Split level individuals at one level profess allegiance to ideas, attitudes, the ways of
behaving which are borrowed from at another level. This level marries and maintains a
Querida.

26
7. How do sociology related to the other social science in contributing to man's
understanding of himself and of the world he lives in?
Sociology is related to the other social sciences because it deals with human
relationships, social systems, and societies. These aspects contributes to man's
understanding through the outcomes of peoples' search for a valid, reliable, and precise
knowledge about human nature and society.
8.What are the positive and negative implication of the value orientation of the
Filipino in our national development goals?
Value

Orientation

Positive

Negative

May Pakisama
(With brotherhood)
+
Tapat makisama
(Honest in relationship)
+
Matatag na samahan
(Strong relationship)
+
Sang-ayon sa samahan
(Confirms with the groups)

Walang Pakisama
(Without brotherhood)
Mapagkunwaring makisama
(dishonest in relationship)
Marupok na samahan
(Weak relationship)
Tutol sa samahan
(disagrees with the groups)

9. Discuss the importance of the following: educational philosophy of John Dewey:

1. Education is life - this description connotes its dynamic character and implies
that it is a life time process of integral development of the human person. Life itself
demands a continuous learning process. The term life is "continuing education or ongoing
formation.
2. Education is growth - the process of education is the change that takes place
from day to day. As long as growth continuous, education is taking place. The great goal
of modern education is growth that begins at birth, is guided through the school years and
continues throughout life.
3. Education is a social process - Education in a democracy must be education for
living. It must go on in a social group. Education is more than learning; it is living.
Schools must be democratic societies in which children live natural democratic live with
their comparison i order that they must grow into adulthood with good citizenship as part
of their experience.
10. Disscuss how the following school of thoughts agree from each other basically:

27
1. Philo of naturalism and humanism.
In my own point of view, they do not agree to each other because naturalism is
the philosophy that maintains that (1) nature is all there is and whatever exists
or happens is natural; (2) nature (the universe or cosmos) consists only of
natural elements, that is, of spatiotemporal material elements--matter and
energy--and non-material elements--mind, ideas, values, logical relationships,
mathematical laws, etc.--that are either associated with the human brain or
exist independently of the brain but are still somehow immanent in the
physical structure of the universe; (3) nature operates by natural processes that
follow natural laws and can, in principle, be explained and understood by
science and philosophy; and (4) the supernatural does not exist, i.e., only
nature is real, therefore, supernature is not real. Naturalism is therefore a
metaphysical philosophy opposed primarily by supernaturalism.
2. Idealism and Communism.
Idealism, in philosophy, a theory of reality and of knowledge that attributes to
consciousness, or the immaterial mind, a primary role in the constitution of
the world.Communism is a philosophy which seeks to prove that God does
not exist. They have three laws which tries to explain away God. Man
therefore becomes the highest form of life and hence should be worshipped.
By removing the classes than there will cease to be conflict and you will
eventually you will need no government as the better nature of people will
overcome their selfish desires and people will live happily ever after. Doesn't
that sound nice? How do you get there though? Communists do not believe
in God and hence believe that the ends justify the means. The magic words
here is FORCE and DISHONESTY. If you believe in God then they will do
everything in their means to destroy your faith, prevent your worship, and
most importantly, prevent you from teaching your family about your faith.
How will they convince other people to accept their form of government? By
whatever means necessary. I find this part the most disturbing because I find
it far worse than the religious wars of history. Is Communism a religion?
Why not?
I disagree. Without the inherent idealism, and the willingness to give upn
individualism and personal isolationism for a more communal oriented
existence, requires the elevation of the individual. It requires idealism
3. Pragmatism and Realism
The Pragmatist believes that reality is basically a process or an
experience, that knowledge is gained through a trial-and-error approach,
and that values are determined by norms established by society. Thus, the
Pragmatist tries to promote the most net happiness for the greatest
number of people (even though in some cases this net happiness may be
more eventual than immediate).

28
The Realist believes that reality is basically matter or the physical
universe, that knowledge is gained through the senses, and that value
is measured by conformity to nature. Thus, the Realist attempts to act
in accord with mental and physical nature; to live in the mean between
excess and deficiency.
4.Realism and Naturalism.
Naturalism is a more recent movement in the literary circle (compared to classicism and
romanticism) that strives to depict believable everyday reality as embodied in the works
of the foremost literary figures in naturalism.
The Evolution Theory of Charles Darwin provides the greatest influence to naturalistic
writers. That is why stories from naturalistic writers espoused the view that ones
bloodline and environment determine a persons character. Realism presents the character
exactly who he or she is. Naturalism, on the other hand, goes beyond this by depicting
objectively the determining forces such as environment and heredity that help shape the
individuals actions. Realism is similar to naturalism though in the sense that they are in
direct contrast to romanticism.
Realism also focuses on literary technique. Naturalistic works, on the other hand, are
characterized by philosophical pessimism that enables them to depict human beings in an
impartial and objective way without moralizing.
Naturalism is a literary movement derived from Realism. But it seeks not only to depict
real life but also to probe deeper than the surface, a characteristic reminiscent of
romanticism. Due to this, naturalistic writings often depict pessimistic determinism. The
philosophical slant in naturalistic writing as exhibited by its known writers Crane, Norris,
Dreiser and London provides naturalism an identity uniquely its own.
11. The following are famous sociological thinkers. What their contributions to
management.
1. Frederick Taylor. His system broke up industrial production into very small and
highly regulated steps and required that workers obey the instructions of managers
concerning the proper way to perform these very specific steps. Taylor determined these
steps through careful scientific observations, his most significant individual contribution
to scientific management. He used these observations to compare the pace at which
various workers completed tasks. Taylor's system of management atomized, or separated
workers from each other. Workers in his system were given highly detailed work
instructions that Taylor's scientific studies had determined to be the very best - that is
most efficient - way to perform the specific, isolated, task. Workers became parts of a
larger machine and they were expected to understand that their interests were in accord
with the interests of managers. This "mental revolution" of interests was, Taylor believed,
the most significant contribution of scientific management, in that it reduced
management-worker strife.

29

2 Kurt Lewin. has significant contribution to the fields of social science, psychology,
social psychology, organizational development, process management, and change
management. Lewin often characterized organizational management styles and cultures
in terms of leadership climates defined by (1) authoritarian, (2) democratic and (3)
laissez-faire work environments. Authoritarian environments are characterized where the
leader determines policy with techniques and steps for work tasks dictated by the leader
in the division of labor. The leader is not necessarily hostile but is aloof from
participation in work and commonly offers personal praise and criticism for the work
done. Democratic climates are characterized where policy is determined through
collective processes with decisions assisted by the leader. Before accomplishing tasks,
perspectives are gained from group discussion and technical advice from a leader.
Members are given choices and collectively decide the division of labor. Praise and
criticism in such an environment are objective, fact minded and given by a group member
without necessarily having participated extensively in the actual work. Laissez faire
environments give freedom to the group for policy determination without any
participation from the leader. The leader remains uninvolved in work decisions unless
asked, does not participate in the division of labor, and very infrequently gives praise.
3 Doughlas McArthur. General Douglas MacArthur, his contributions is on military
strategy and leadership, his role as an early proponent of the Air Force as an integral part
of modern warfare, and his management of peace during the U.S. occupation of Japan.
12. Explain briefly how psychologists, sociologists, and philosophers viewed
education.
Psychologist, Sociologists and Philosophers viewed education - that man is a
rational being who learns only by using his senses. Education used to offer facts from
which reasons could derive knowledge. Since the early 1020's a philosophical view of
man and how he acquires knowledge has led a great change in educational practices.
Under the influence of the American philosopher Dr. John Dewey, man come to be
viewed as union of mind and body who learned through self-activity or through his own
experiences or reactions.
13.What are the basic philosophical principles. Explain each and cite concrete
example.
1. The principle of Non-Contradiction - which helds what is true is true anytime,
anywhere, and in any situation.
Ex. A being, an object or a person can not exist at the same time and in the same
sense.
A coconut tree cannot be burn tree at the same time in its being a coconut tree.
2. The principles of Identify - which determines a being what it really is.

30

Ex. Man is man, you are what you are.

3. The principle of casuality - which determines a being or distinguishes and effect
from its cause whatever has a beginning must be made, or produced by somebody else.
An effect can not be basically or essentially superior to its cause, that is an effect
than its cause.
4. The principle of sufficient reason or intelligently.
Whatever exists has reason for its existence.
5. The principle of human knowledge begin with the senses.
Human knowledge brings with the sense. The mid cannot understand something
unless that something was grasped or perceived first somehow directly or indirectly by
the sense of sight, hearing, smelling, touching and tasting.
14. Explain briefly this educational concept: "The child must be the center of the
educative process".
The child is made the center of the educative process - this means that the ability,
interest, and needs of the child or pupils must be taken into consideration in the selection
and organization of the school programs or activities. The child is considered that starting
principle of teaching and learning.
15. How can similarities and differences in culture be determine?
All culture are similar to as well as different to each other because they all attempt
to satisfy basic biological and group needs, they develop out of the individuals psychic
unity, and they are drawn from the limited alternatives that are available in one's
environment. They are different because they tend to be conditioned by such factors as
the natural and human resources within the environment.
16. How do you describe an educated person?
Educated person is a man who possessed all the highest education and acted
professionally. Very knowledgeable in all aspects and moreso, he knows how to respect
and treasure the worth of others.

17. How as the Filipino family been affected by social change?

31
In an industrializing country like the Philippine, it is inevitable that the process of
modernization will affect all aspects of life.
The kind ship system refers to the unit society comprising those within consanguine
relationships. The concept of kind ship group is extended to ritual relationship and even
to individual related to the family be close family ties. This
affects the Filipino family by social change.
18. Discuss substantially how valuable the Philippine value system.
The Philippine value-system is valuable because it will help the development
planners, policy-makers, and community development workers to motivate the people to
be receptive to innovation. For the Filipino nation to withstand
the difficulties of the present socio-economic crisis, it is imperative to ring about social
transformation in structure as well as in behavior; form wasteful consumption patterns to
resourceful productivity; form the tendency to depend on others to creative self-reliance
and efficiency; form "bahala na" to realistic planning and implementation.
19. Explain the importance of motivation in the teaching learning process.
Motivation is important in the teaching-learning process for the control and
direction of human behavior, for human happiness and for providing a goal.
20. Explain the following discipline of foundations of education:
1. Psychological foundations of education offers several possible focus areas including
measurement and evaluation, statistics and research design, learning and cognition,
technology and learning, social psychology, cooperative learning, and moral
development. The field attracts professionals from education, business, and youth
services who enter the program to prepare for careers in higher education, technology,
consulting, testing and assessment, corporate training, and curriculum development,
among many others. Study is usually individualized, requiring only minimal core
coursework.
2. Sociological Foundations of education is dynamic and provides future teachers
with an opportunity to explore current, as well as historical, issues in education.
Each future teacher will be able to contribute to the seminar style curriculum
design.
3. Philosophical Foundations of Education examined the origins and meaning of
social and philosophical ideas and how these ideas influence the lives of children and
teachers in schools. The major philosophical systems and ideologies that have shaped and
continue to shape educational thought and practice are the focus of this disciplines.

32

MAJOR IN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND COGNATES

1. Relate the value of theory X and theory Y of Douglas McGregor for effective
management.
Theory X - the assumptions that the average employee dislikes to work, lazy, has
little ambition, and must be directed, coerced, or threatened with punishment to perform
adequately.
Theory Y - the assumption that the average person can enjoy to work, be
committed to objectives and seek responsibility.
2. From the given data, compute for:
Example:
a) Participate Rate
PR = Current Enrollment 7-12 years old
Population 7-12 years old
Assuming there are 900 population in the community who are 7-12 years old.
PR = 620 * 100 = 68.89%
900
b) Survival Rate
SR = Grade IV Enrollment Current Year
Enrollment 5 years ago of Grade I
SR = 98 *100 = 89.09%
100
c) Transition Rate, SY 1998-1999
TR = No. of Primary Pupils Promoted
(Grade 10) * 100
Intermediate Enrollment in Grade V
TR = 95 * 100 = 95%
100

33
d) Retention Rate
RR = Enrollment Current SY Grade II-IV
Enrollment Previous SY Grades I-V
RR = 572 * 100 = 92.86%
616
e) Completion Rate
CR = Graduates Current SY (Grade VI)
Enrollment of Grade I, 5 years ago
CR = 87 * 100 = 79.09%
110
f) Promotion Rate
PR = Total number of Pupils Promoted CY(I-VI)
Total Annual Enrollment Current Year
PR = 611 * 100 = 87.04%
702
g) Graduation Rate
GR = No. of Graduates, Grade VI,CY
Grade VI Enrollment Current Year
GR = 87 * 100 = 88.78%
98
h) Drop-out Rate
DR = No. of Drop-outs Current SY(I-VI)
Total Enrollment Current SY (I-VI)
DR = 41 * 100 = 5.84%
702
i) Failure
FR = No. of Pupils with Failure, Current SY, I-VI
Annual Enrollment Current SY, I-VI
FR = 26 * 100 = 3.70%
702
j) Teacher-Pupils Ratio
TPR = Enrollment Current SY, I-VI
No. of Teachers

34
TPR = 702 * 100 = 35.1
20
TPR = 1:35
3. The Five Types of Management According to Franco:
1. Management by Kayod. Kayod is a Filipino term which means to sweat it out or
to give oneself to hard work. The manager of this, is action-hungry, highly
dedicated, but his manners are rather formal and that of an introvert. He is serious
worker and will not give in to bribing or any anomalous deals.
2. Management by lusot. Lusot is another Filipino word which means capitalizing
on a loophole. Thus, the manager will always be on the lookout for loopholes of
anything and will use them to avoid too much work, or as an excuse for failure.
He is also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal ways
to attain objectives.Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally.
3. Management by Libro. Libro in English is book. Under this type, the manager
operates by the dictates of the book what the manuals and other formal
documents say. He is systematic, tough, and analytical. He usually has adequate
formal training in management.
4. Management by Oido. Under this, the manager learners his managerial skills by
Oido or by ear. He has a vast field of practical experiences to compensate for this
lack of formal management education. He is the opposite of libro manager.
5. Management by Ugnayan. The manager under this, is a hybrid of all types of
managers.Hence, he is one type of manager now, and different in another time,
depending on the situation. He is a gifted reconciler of all philosophies and beliefs
held in various styles of management depending on the need and conditions of his
organization. He is participatory and cooperative.

4. Discuss the following:

Idealism is the impetus for a nation's survival and growth. It is the driving force to keep
the country going. But in this case, too much idealism won't get the country going. The
recent rally of civil groups during the anniversary of EDSA II reflects this. Motorists
were affected, commuters were affected, business was affected...badly. We are not living
in democracy; in this case, we are living in anarchy.
Realism in the arts: the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of
contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close
observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised
many artistic currents in different civilizations. In the visual arts, for example, realism
can be found in ancient Hellenistic Greek sculptures accurately portraying boxers and
decrepit old women. The works of such 17th-century painters as Caravaggio, the Dutch
genre painters, the Spanish painters Jos de Ribera, Diego Vel zquez, and Francisco de
Zurbar n, and the Le Nain brothers in France are realist in approach. The works of the
18th-century English novelists Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett may
also be called realistic.

35
Realism was not consciously adopted as an aesthetic program until the mid-19th century
in France, however. Indeed, realism may be viewed as a major trend in French novels and
paintings between 1850 and 1880. One of the first appearances of the term realism was in
the Mercure francais du XIX siecle in 1826, in which the word is used to describe a
doctrine based not upon imitating past artistic achievements but upon the truthful and
accurate depiction of the models that nature and contemporary life offer the artist. The
French proponents of realism were agreed in their rejection of the artificiality of both the
Classicism and Romanticism of the academies and on the necessity for contemporaneity
in an effective work of art. They attempted to portray the lives, appearances, problems,
customs, and mores of the middle and lower classes, of the unexceptional, the ordinary,
the humble, and the unadorned. Indeed, they conscientiously set themselves to
reproducing all the hitherto-ignored aspects of contemporary life and society--its mental
attitudes, physical settings, and material conditions.
Realism was stimulated by several intellectual developments in the first half of the 19th
century. Among these were the anti-Romantic movement in Germany, with its emphasis
on the common man as an artistic subject; Auguste Comte's Positivist philosophy, in
which sociology's importance as the scientific study of society was emphasized; the rise
of professional journalism, with its accurate and dispassionate recording of current
events; and the development of photography, with its capability of mechanically
reproducing visual appearances with extreme accuracy. All these developments
stimulated interest in accurately recording contemporary life and society.
Naturalism
Naturalism, commonly known as materialism, is a philosophical paradigm whereby
everything can be explained in terms of natural causes. Physical matter is the only reality
-- everything can be explained in terms of matter and physical phenomena. Naturalism,
by definition, excludes any Supernatural Agent or activity. Thus, naturalism is atheism.
Naturalism's exclusion of God necessitates moral relativism. Philosophers agree, without
God there is no universal moral standard of conduct.

Supernaturalism
A belief in forces beyond ordinary human understanding. The quality of being attributed
to power that seems to violate or go beyond natural forces. The supernatural comprises
forces and phenomena that cannot be perceived by natural or empirical senses, and whose
understanding may be said to lie with religious, magical, or otherwise mysterious
explanation yet remains firmly outside of the realm of science.
Progressivism
A belief system honoring or urging improvement, change, growth, and reform. A
prominent social movement in London's day, when people worked for slum

36
improvement, public health, women's suffrage, elimination of prostitution, child labor
laws, destruction of urban political machines, and so forth. Most socialists, like London,
supported Progressive causes but added a class-based analysis to their arguments.

5. Discuss the following:

Leave of absence - leave of absence - the period of time during which you are absent
from work or duty; "a ten day's leave to visit his mother. In accordance with the
provisions of this Article 18 of leave under general provinsion, a leave of absence, with
or without pay, may be approved by the University for medical purposes and non-medical
reasons.
Maternity leave - is provided through a combination of sick leave and vacation leave.
The purpose of this type of leave is to allow mothers to take time off work following the
birth of a child.
In a nutshell, what is provided in labour standards legislation?
An employee who gives birth is, under certain conditions,
entitled to 17 weeks' unpaid leave ( 15 weeks in Alberta,
18 weeks in Quebec and Saskatchewan). Employees must
give their employer notice in writing a few weeks prior to
the start of such leave. In some jurisdictions, the leave
can also start up to 16 or 17 weeks prior to the expected
due date, terminating 17 or 18 weeks after the actual date
of delivery, depending on the jurisdiction. Extensions are
also possible in some jurisdictions. When she comes back
to work, the employee usually returns to her former
position or be assigned equivalent duties, with the same
salary and benefits.
Generally, the employee must have worked for the same
employer for a certain period, except in British Columbia,
New Brunswick and Quebec, which do not have such a
requirement.
In the federal and Quebec jurisdictions, a pregnant
woman or nursing mother may ask her employer to
temporarily modify her duties or to assign her to another
position, if continuation of her present duties puts her
health or that of her unborn child or nursing infant at risk.
This request must, however, be accompanied by a
certificate from a qualified physician. If it is impossible to
reassign the employee or to modify her duties, she may
take leave immediately.

37
In several jurisdictions, labour standards legislation
stipulates that benefits may continue throughout the leave
period, provided the employee makes all the contributions
she would normally have made, within a reasonable
period of time. In some jurisdictions she may also be
required to pay the employer's share of these benefits.
Under federal jurisdiction, an employer may not dismiss,
lay off or demote an employee because of her pregnancy
or intention to take maternity leave. The employer also
may not use an employee's pregnancy as grounds for
denial of promotion or training.
Paternity leave
Paternity leave enables a father to take a few days or weeks off work after a child is born.
In a nutshell, what is provided in labour standards legislation?
Paternity leave was replaced by parental leave in the 1990s in many jurisdictions.
Generally, parental leave is considered to be similar to long term paternity leave for
fathers who wish to take time off work to care for their child.
This leave enables a father to take time to look after his child and the child's mother.
Approximately one third of collective agreements include a provision for a few days
paternity leave. Paternity leave of several weeks' duration is rarely offered by Canadian
employers.
Study leave
Study leave is an important feature of academic life that provides academics with release
from teaching, administrative and related duties to pursue research and other scholarly
work which requires uninterrupted periods of time. The University supports study leave
through a generous system of travel grants for those staff needing to leave the Perth
metropolitan area.Study leave provides for periods of release from regular teaching and
administrative duties for the primary purpose of research and scholarly work. It may also
incorporate conference attendance and/or postgraduate study to complete a higher degree.
It can be taken either outside or within the University. It may also be used by staff to look
at teaching developments in their field of expertise or to engage in a period of
professional practice to keep abreast of professional developments.
6. Discuss the Following:
1. Management - is a dynamic element in every organization. He is the giver of life
in an organization through his control of the decision making structive in the corporate
organization. A process of controlling persons.

38
2. Leadership - as a process of influencing the activities of an organized group in
the task of goal setting and goal achieving. It a two-way process, the leader and a
follower.
3. Planning - is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and to
measure performance. Is an intellectual process to determine the causes of action to
achieve certain goals.
4. Administration - connotes the machinery of an organization and its function. It
refers in general to the plan of organization and how such is controlled and operated. It
involves direction, control and operation of the organizational activities to accomplish the
desired aims and objectives.
5. Supervision - refers to the routinary tasks of administrators in any entity whose
primary responsibility is to protect the interest of the system as well as upholding the
rights of management for the welfare of the employees or workers in general.
6. Decision Making - is one of the function comprising the management process. It
is easy step to recognize that the manager makes planning, decisions, organizing decision,
motivating and control decisions.
7. Motivation - is a concept designating the factors that move human beings to
achieve desired goals or objectives.
8. Service Credit - an extra service rendered during long vacation or during
summer for teachers. When the teachers attending seminars given by the DECS, teachers
are required to fill up the daily time record (DTR) corresponds to the member of days
rendered during the seminar and duly signed by the authorized person who conducting
the seminar, and submitted to the record section together with the certification for
recording.
9. PRODED - Program on Decentralized Educational Development.
10. LAC - Learning Action Cell.
11. NESC - New Elementary School Curriculum.
12. SEDP - Secondary Education Department Program.
13. Vacation Leave - this is refer to long vacation, rights after the last day of
service in every school/year. The teachers are entitled and will come back at the first day
of classes for the succeeding school/year.
14. Organizing - a system of authority and responsibility must be set up and
maintained.

39

15. Staffing - is the recruitment, placement, and training of qualified personnel to

do the organizational work.
16. Directing - this is the process of communicating with an influencing
subordinates towards the achievement of organizational goal.
17. Coordinating - this is the function of monitoring performance and undertaking
corrective actions to insure the attainment of predetermined goals and objective of the
organization.
18. Recording - is administrative function to insure results with to maximum
delegation of authority, school records should be kept for comparison and evaluation
process.
19. Job Description - is a summary of the important facts about a particular job. It
tells: 1) the duties; 2) how these duties performance, 3) the skills needed to do the work
and, 4) why the job is necessary.
20. Promotion - a movement to a position in which responsibilities are increased
generally associated with a corresponding increase in pay. It is used to reward employees
for their loyal and faithful service to the company, meritorious performance, outstanding
ability on the job.
21. Merit Increase - is a reward that perpetuated year after year even though the
performance required to earn. It increases to recognize seniority or to accommodate rises
in the cost of living.
22. Maternity Leave - this is only for female teachers. Female teachers will enjoy
6o days maternity leave, depending upon the nature of their appointment. For noneligibles they're entitled only to have 30 days with pay and 30 days without pay provided
that they rendered already 2
years in service. Likewise, for an eligible they are rendering 2 years in service fro the
effectivity of her appointment.
23. Personnel Management - described as the field of management which has to
do with planning, organizing and controlling various. Operative functions of improving
developing, maintaining and utilizing a labor force.
24. Human behavior - consists of any act of an individual person that reflects his
thoughts, feelings, emotions, sentiments and in general, his state or condition.
25. School Administrators - are the school principals, head teachers and teachersincharge who are responsible in the administration and supervision of the schools within
the district.

40
25. School Manager - is one who exercises his authority and leadership over other
personnel.
26. POSDCORB - Planning
- Organizing
- Staffing
- Directing
- Coordinating
- Reporting
- Budgeting
27. TEEP - Third Elementary Education Program. This project or program aims
to improve the quality of instruction in the classroom and improve the achievement rate
of the pupils by employing some innovative strategies.
28. SEDP - Secondary Education Development Program. It is a program for high
school curriculum started in 1988 for Free Secondary Education.
7. Compare the educational system in Philippines with one of the system of an Asian
country. The educational system in the Philippines is quite behind compared tot he system in
Japan. In our Country, several experimentation have been made in our curriculum, yet we
suffer from economic and social crises, In Japan, the educational system is designed to
developed the country's technology that is in global competitiveness. The Japanese offer
curriculum that suits
their needs. While in the Philippines, we have several focus in education. We want more
but our resources is very inadequate.
8. What are the different customs and traditions which Filipino have to review on
values that will rebuild a strong family and society.
Custom and traditions of Filipinos have survived generations and are still with us.
The most tenacious of these
customs is the pagmamano, or keeping of the older's hands to show respect, or as a
greeting during various occasions.
When building one's new home, coins are usually placed at the base of the stairs to
insure the family's financial comfort. Paninilbihan is expected until now especially in
rural areas.
Filipino wake is not a wake without the accompanying prayer, gambling, and
eating. These will revive and will rebuilt a strong family ties and to the society.
9. Differentiate a boss and a leader in good human relations.
BOSS

41
1. Creates fear
2. Bossism creates resentment
3. A boss says "I"
4. Boss fixes blames
5. A boss knows how
6. Bossism make drudgery
7. A boss relies on authority
8. A boss drives
LEADER
1. Creates confidence
2. Leadership breeds enthusiasm
3. A leader says "We"
4. Leader fixes mistakes
5. A leader shows how
6. Leadership makes work interesting
7. Leader relies on cooperation
8. A leader leads.
10. Identify and explain the types of discipline use by administrators.
1. Preventive discipline - is action taken to encourage employees to fallowstandards and rules so that infractions do not occur. The basic objective is to encourage
employees a self-discipline. In this way the employees maintain their own discipline
rather than have management impose it.
2. Corrective Discipline - is an action that follows infraction of a rule, it seeks
discourage further infractions
so that future acts will be in compliance with standards. Typically. The corrective action
is a penalty of some type and is called a disciplinary.
11. What are the devices used in the evaluation of the teaching-learning situation.
a) Diagnostic Test - a test given administered at the opening of the classes in
order to know the strength and weaknesses of the learners and that the teachers will know
where and how to reinforce.
b) Formative Test - a test given after every lesson is taught in order to measure
the mastery level of the class.
c) Summative Test - a test given periodically or in every rating period to master
the achievement or performance of the students.

42
d) Achievements/Assessment Test - is given whether or not a criterion or norm
reference test in order to test the performance of the students, the teachers and the school
as a whole.
3) The importance of In-Service Education of teachers, i.e. trainings, seminars,
workshop, helps the teachers grow professionally. It would enhance the teachers
competence in the field of teaching. It will also help improve the teachers' knowledge,
skills, attitudes, values and behavior because education is a continuous process of
learning and a never ending process as well.
12. What is academic freedom? Disscuss its important in our educational system.
Academic freedom is the right of the teacher to teach the subject of his /her
specialization according to his/her best lights; to hold, in other subjects, such ideas as
he/she believes sincerely to be right; and to express his opinions on public questions in a
manner that shall not interfere with his duties as a member of the faculty or negative to
his/her loyalty to the school, college, or university that employs him/her.
13. Discuss the following leadership styles:
1. Nomothetic - means it is based on law, characterized by behavior that stresses
goal accomplishment, rules and regulations, and centralized authority at the expense of
the individual.
2. Ideographic - means it is something peculiar to an individual characterized by
behavior that stresses the individuality of people, minimum rules and regulations,
decentralized authority and highly individualistic relationship with subordinates happy
and contested.
3. Transaction - means that which applies to a matter transacted or realized in
actuality. It is characterized by behavior that stresses goal accomplishment but which also
makes provision for individual fulfillment.
4. Laissez-Faire - one who offers information to the members but shows little
involvement and participation in group activities.
14. One of the helps for human relation is "Friendliness to Overcome Opposition".
How will you conduct yourself with a groups of radical subordinate or radical coworkers.
A managerial leader must know how to work with people. He must command their
admiration and respect their trust, loyalty, and responsiveness.
"Friendliness" to overcome the opposition, he has time for friendly chats. He shows
interest in their lives, hopes, and dreams of those under him, so that they feel free to share
their ideas and ideas and suggestions with him. Good human relation helps toward his

43
subordinates by sharing views regarding problems that face their work in the
organization.
15. Differentiate Theory X from Theory Y
THEORY X ASSUMPTIONS:
People inherently dislike work
People must be coerced or controlled to do work to achieve objectives
People prefer to be directed
THEORY Y ASSUMPTIONS:
People view work as being as natural as play and rest
People will exercise self-direction and -control towards achieving objectives
they are committed to
People learn to accept and seek responsibility
16. What does the acronym POSDCORB stand for? Explain each
The acronym of POSDCROB stands for:
1. Planning working out in broad outline what needs to be done and the method
for doing it to accomplish the stated purpose.
2. Organizing the establishment of a formal structure of authority through which work
subdivisions are arranged, defined, and coordinated for the objective.
3. Staffing the whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff and
maintaining favorable work conditions.
4. Directing the continuous task of making decisions, embodying them in specific and
general orders and instructions while serving as a leader.
5. Coordinating the all-important duty of interrelating the various parts of the
organization.
6. Reporting This can include external reporting, too, meaning that a Public
Information department reports operational information to the public.
7. Budgeting Finance departments conduct the fiduciary activities.

44

17. How do you resolve the following educational problems?

There are many educational problems that beset the country which may
adversely affect its progress. The school has an important obligation to help minimize
such problems if not entirely eradicated them. Some of the more serious problems are the
following:
1. Drug Abuse is both serious national and international problem. Some of the causes
are: membership in barkada, overuse, curiousity, frustration, victim of pusher, removal of
inhibition, boredom, ignorance and easy access to drugs.
The ill effects of drug abuse are being suffered by seriously addicted
individuals. Some of the evil effects are the following: (1) the personality of the addict
becomes disorganized; (2) his physical health also deteriorates; and (3) the more he is
addicted, the more he craves for the drug.
2. Unemployment and Underemployment this a perennial problem. Among the
causes are: population explosion, mismatch between skills developed by schools and
skills needed by industry and slow industrialization.
Adverse effects of unemployment are: poverty, employment abroad, low
education and low quality of life and squatting.
3. Poverty this refers to a situation where the family experience inadequate supply of
food, clothing and other needs of the individuals in school in the community.
4. Health and Nutrition The phrase provides the general condition of the body and
mind with reflects vigor and stamina. It also connotes the proper selection of food
preparation of menu and the correct feeding in the right time and right occasion.
5. Human Rights The terms closely relate to the ideas of social justice and an
atmosphere of independence which allow human beings to live a human life.
To resolve these problems, government should promulgate laws and regulations
that will forbid and should strictly implement this laws to erring citizens of our country.
Moreso, cooperation of people is highly enjoined.
18. Discuss the Applicability of Academic Freedom?
It is Dr. John Dewey, the American philosopher who suggested that academic
freedom should be applied in the classroom because it is the content of democracy. This
idea calls for the use of democratic principles in teaching and learning situation. The
school has the task of preparing the youth for life in a democracy. As seen in the
Philippine Constitution, it givew a clear concept that encourages the school to be a
training ground for learning in the essence of democratic way.

45
19. 5 MS IN MANAGEMENT
5 ms in Management
money,manpower, methods, materials, and. machinery
Money, Manpower, Minutes (Time), Material and Machinery. Because time is
important in production, the most appropriate method of delivery must be applied.
Therefore, you would still say that "Methods" is the other M but the ultimate resource
being managed here is "Time".
20. Varied Functions of School Managers of School Administrators
These functions of the manager in a school are classified as:
a) Planning function:
This is a function that involves preparation of some sets of decisions that will ensure goal
achievement in future. The local school supervisors, heads of service and education
secretaries should be able to plan ahead of school resumption by way of providing
enough teachers, assigning teachers to classes, procuring teaching materials, and time
tabling of activities for the new term or session. In planning, you identify all the goals of
the school as spelt out in the National Policy on Education and work out programmes
towards achieving the goals.
b) Organizing function:
Organizing the school simply involves grouping the activities of the school in an
effective and efficient way. For instance, departmentalizing the subject is a form of
organizing. Organizing involves identifyingspecialization of staff and assigning them
responsibilities based on specialization and division of labour.
c) Directing function:
Directing implies guiding people to do their work. This is done through provision of
guidelines, leading people to do the work and motivating the workers to the job. It is a
process of ensuring that the policies and techniques laid down for goal achievement are
strictly complied with.
d) Staffing function:
Identifying staff needs, scouting for staff (both teaching and non-teaching), recruiting
staff, placement of staff, discipline of staff andmaintenance of staff are vital function of
school managers. In modern time,some of these functions are not performed directly by
the headmasters ofour public schools because there is a parastatal that performs the
function centrally.
e) Coordinating function:

46
The function of coordinating is one performed by the manager when he ensures the
activities of all departments are properly harmonized so that no one is hindering the
progress of the other.
f) Reporting function:
The manager must perform the function of reporting. This is accountability in
management. The proprietor of the school must be given some account of how resources
given to the school had been used. The parents of the pupils must be given report on how
the pupils performed in class and there must also be annual performance report on each
staff of this school to assist in taking some decisions in promotion or demotion or
sacking of staff.
g) Budgeting function:
A budget is an instrument of financial resources allocation, utilization and control. It is
important in a school because schools will receive money and spend money. To ensure
financial accountability, the preparation of a budget is necessary. However, most primary
school headmasters do not prepare budget because they do not get subvention from
government and teachers salaries are not paid through them. In modern days, the
schools budgets are used as the overall programmes of the school year translated.
21. Prioritize the top 10 counties of the world in terms of the extent of their
administrative status more on the academe. Identify their unique features.
I-JAPAN
The philosophy of Education
1. All people shall have the right to receive an equal education corresponding to their
ability as provided by law.
2. The people shall obliged to have all boys and girls under their protection, receive
ordinary education as provided for by law.
3. Compulsory education shall be free.
4. To aim at the full development of personality striving for the rearing of school
children.
Innovations
1. A law enacted on October 1967 empowered the executive to set up a school
supplies fund to produce and distribute educational materials, this fund will contribute to
improving quality and efficient use of such materials and reducing their cost.
2. The (NME) National Campaign for teaching supplies
Strength
1. Once it is established that a family can't afford to pay for compulsory education the
state is bound to supply them with the necessary funds for this purpose so that children
have the same opportunity to learn.
2. Every educational system must have a school assistance service with the task of
ensuring better study conditions for pupils in need.

47
3. Scholarship for secondary and higher studies were offered.
4. Subsidies scholarships and loans were given to private schols.
5. Adult education were offered.
Weaknesses
1. Thee is not nationwide minimum or standardized curriculum for Brazilian primary
schools.
2. In the urban schools, there are three or three and a half hours of classes of the
people, sound in the mind and body who shall love truth and justice, esteem individual
values, respect laborer have a deep sense of responsibility and be imbued with an
independent spirit as builders of a peaceful society and state.
Structure of Education
1. The school education Law enacted in 1947 prescribed the establishment of a
democratic single-track education system and the so called 6+3+3+4 system was
introduced.
2. The six years of primary school and the three years of lower secondary school
comprise the nine years period of compulsory educatio. Upper secondary scholls have
different tyupes of causes, full-time, part-time and correspondence.
3. Universities are allowed to provide evening classes/courses.
4. Upper secondary schols and universities also provide special courses and special
study courses.
5. Technical education was offered .
6. They offer 5 year courses to graduates of lower secondary schools and provide an
integrated education for technological training in response to the manpower demands for
industry.
7. In the field of higher education there are t wo-year Junior Colleges in addition to the
four-year universities.
8. Institutions of special education for the mentally retarded and physically
handicapped have also been established.
9. Kindergarten admit children between 3 and 5 years of age.
10. Nursery schools are under the jurisdiction of the ministry of welfare.
Standard and Control
1. Based on entrance examinations.
2. There is selections of admissions.
Innovations
1. The ministry of education endeavors to expand and improve facilities and
equipment of national universities and technical colleges to cope with an expected
increase in applicants for admissions.
2. The national government offers private institutions substantial financial aid by
means of direct grants for instructional equipment as well as low interest loans through
the private school promotion association which is supported by the government.

48
3. Scholarship loan programmes are provided for students in higher educational
institutions mainly by the Japan scholarship foundation which is quasi-governmental
organization.
4. The Ministry of Education also promotes educational activities.
Standard of Control
1. Almost all testing of public elementary students is conducted by the local school
district and schools. These children are generally tested periodically for achievement in
various scholastic areas for intelligence, for social maturity and adjustment.
2. Students in public colleges and universities are tested within the institutions they
attended.
3. Students seeking admissions to graduate school must take a standard achievement
examination such as the Graduate Record examination, administered privately.
Innovations
1. The library services and construction act of 1964 was designed to assist in
extending public library services.
2. The medical Library assistance act of 1965 authorized help for medical libraries.
3. The national defense education act of 1958 is a landmark in federal legislation. It
authorizes federal assistance to help institutions of higher vocational education act of
1963.
4. The civil rights act of 1964.
5. The economic opportunity act of 1964.
6. The National Technical Institute for the Deaf Act.
7. The National Sea Grant Colleges and programmes Act of 1966.
Strength
1. The democratic way of life, the needs of the people their philosophy on the control
and regulation of education and federal interest all combine to produce a continuing
impact on education in the nation.
2. Children from the low income families have the chance to continue their education
with the aid of the goverment.
3. Federal funds are available for secondary vocational education, post secondary,
vocational education, adult vocational education for person having academic socioeconomic or other handicaps, construction of area, vocational schools, and ancillary
services, and activities.
4. Pupils in private institutions are often eligible for benefits on the same basis as
pupils in public schools.
Weaknesses
1. There is no textbooks on any subject which is in standard use throughout the
country. Instead these are thousands of different ones.
2. Any school of higher education institutions, established by public authority,
controlled and operated by publicly elected or appointed officials.

49
3. The scope of education is very broad within the nation the programmes operating
under the structural pattern vary widely beyond the scope of the courses of study for
upper secondary schools.
Distinctive Features
1. In Japan there is equal opportunity for all students.
2. Public and private are given academic freedom.
3. There are persons in authority.
4. There are subsidies.
5. It is centralized.
II - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Philosophy of Education
1. To form a more perfect union establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide
for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty
to ourselves and our posterity.
Structure of Education
1. Not all the rungs of the educational ladder are available in each system since some
systems are located in sparsely populated areas, and since usually are separate systems
for higher education. At least above the community or junior-college or the technical
institute level.
2. Some of the "Head Start" (a) an action programmes usually administered by the
local school system. (b) providing cultural enrichment activities, educational experiences
and needed services for children of pre-elementary school age. (c) designed to help
economically disadvantaged children catch-up in their development with children having
greater advantages so that all may have the opportunity to obtain maximum benefits in
their forthcoming elementary school programmes are organized in classrooms and some
are health a recreational programmes outside the classroom setting.
3. Paralleling the regular programmes for the first to sixth grades of elementary
schooling and sometimes paralleling and sometimes integrated into the regular
programmes from that level to and through the secondary level are the varied day and
evening classes to accomodate adults who wish to enrol at the different stages of basic
education to overcome English language deficiencies a fundamental needs in other parts
of their general preparation for gainful employment.
4. The structure may parallel or be the same as for the regular programmes to
accomodate adults interested in informal or formal extension or continuing education
beginning at the Junior High Schools and extending to the post doctoral levels.
Distinctive Feature
1. Control and regulation of education in general throughout the nation are
decentralized.
2. Education is basic to freedom and progress in the nations republic democracy.

50
3. Everyone is entitled to equal opportunity for high quality education.
III-BRAZIL
Philosophy of Education
1. All persons shall entitled to education which will be given in home or at school.
2. Education shall ensure equality of opportunity and shall be based on the principle of
national unity and the ideals of freedom and the brotherhood of man.
3. The aim opf primary education is to develop the child's reasoning powers and
expressions and to integrate him in his physical and social environment.
Structure of Education
1. The Brazilian Eductional System has three levels. Primary, secondary and higher
education.
Standard of Control
1. Entrance examinations are given to secondary educations in both public and private
institutions daily which enables three groups of pupils to used the same premises in turn
and makes the teaching somewhat inefficient.
2. They have shortage of classrooms.
Distinctive Feature
1. In Brazil there is equal opportunity of all students
2. Public and private are given academic freedom.
IV-GREAT BRITAIN
Philosophy of Education
1. Promote christian knowledge and useful education through the instruction of 3R's
with practicable handicrafts so that children may ensured to labor.
Structure
1. Primary School - start at 5 years old. Old infant section 5-7 years old. Junior section
7-11 years old.
2. Secondary School - Junior High School 11-14 years old. Senior High School - 1418 years old.
3. Higher Education- 3 yrs. Bachelor's study 18-21 yrs. old. 1 yr. master's degree.
Types of School
1. government school
2. private school/universities
3. polytechnic school
Funding
1. Funds are coming from central government which is 50% and 50% and 50%-60%
from the local revenue for public and government school.

51
2. Universities were financed primarily for endowments and fees.
System of Control
1. Selection test for secondary level.
2. Standard Exam. before entering British University.
3. Ordinary Level-leading to General Certificate of Education.
4. Advanced level-demanded qualification for entry to may professionals.
Basic Laws & Policies
1. Handbook of Suggestions for Teachers.
School Administration
1. Decentralized administration of both British primary and secondary education
described as partnership.
Networking & Linkages
1. Central government, department of education made linkages to science and various
local government authorities and parents.
Strengths
1. Free and compulsory secondary education provided with books and other
equipments. Free medical and dental treatment to handicapped and disabled with daily
milk and mid-day meals.
2. Students were truly directed through selection test. Developed the children
especially the boys to grow up a skilled worker and upright citizen.
V-AUSTRALIA
Philosophy of Education
1. Increase in the overall proficiency of early schooling.
2. Equal opportunity to free education and the state is determined to provide good
primary education for all children.
Structure
1. Compulsory education from ages 6-15 for primary and secondary.
2. Higher Education has 3 systems: 1. secondary schols to universities. 2. college of
advanced education. 3. American college or junior college.
Types of School
1. Government School and Non-Government school and universities with
correspondence schols run by state department of education.
Funding
1. Derived from consolidated revenues of the state.
System of Control

52
1. Centralized educational system to a high degree of quality. Each state system
operates under a professional head who is responsible to the state Minister of education
and highly specialized staff.
Basic Laws & Policies
1. Education Act of 1945 which is the establishment of commonwealth office of
education as the central coordinating body for Australian contact to UNESCO and other
international group of education.
School Administration
1. Introduced universal and compulsory education. The educational and cultural
outlook is pattern from British and American lifestyle.
Network and Linkages
1. The federal government has steadily increased its participation in matters relating to
education. Parents and employees should be participants in school process.
Strength
1. All administrators and teachers in the public school system enjoy permanent tenure
of office.
Weaknesses
1. School drop-out had been reported and unemployment is also a problem since
school is ill-equipped to provide young people for the job market.
VI-EGYPT
Philosophy of Education
1. High regard for educational pursuit and entire population have access to education.
To spread education which will facilitate the economic and political development by the
people.
2. Primary education is designed to give basic training in reading and writing to create
a literacy citizenry.
Structure
1. 3 years preparatory education then followed by priamry schooling: secondary
school-vocational and academic-2 distinctive emphasis.
Type of School
1. Public School
2. Private School
3. Koranic School
Funding
1. Funds are coming from the state.

53

System of Control
1. Educational control is decentralized among local educational authorities.
Basic Laws & Policies
1. Constitution
School Administration
1. Education is under Ministry of Education.
2. The country is divided into educational zones, the council of which are entrusted
with administrative responsibility.
Networking/Linkages
1. Educational authorities with the state leaders
Strength
1. The Egyptian government has placed major emphasis on education and has large
number of university graduates and it contribute and intellectual resource for the entire
Arab World but inspite of spread education, Egypt still has the high number of illiterates.
VII- PHILIPPINES
Philosophy of Education
To provide education for all covering the six concerns of education system as follows:
1. pupil/student development
2. Curriculum development
3. staff development
4. physical facilities
5. community extension services
6. the use of special programs and projects.
Structure
1. 6 years elementary curriculum
2. 4 years secondary
3. 4 years college courses
4. 2-3 years graduate studies maximum of 5 years doctor of education and doctor of
philosophy.
Types of School
1. Public
2. Private
3. Agricultural
4. Technical School
5. Vocational School
Funding

54
1. National & Local
2. Private Sector
3. Scholarship grant and donations.
System of Control
1. Highly centralized
Basic Laws and Policies
1. Decree, Memoranda, Civil Service Manual, Magna Carta for Teachers and
Philippine Constitution.
School Administration
1. A municipality may have 1 or 2 districts, districts is head by district supervisory and
every school is headed by a head teacher or TIC except in central school which is headed
by a principal.
Networking/Linkages
1. The school believes in the ability of people to work together for common purposes.
We have school officials and teachers linking with the local government unit, nongovernment organization, parents, community and churches.
Strengths
1. Fond of giving special considerations.
2. Students have equal opportunity to study in public and private schools.
3. Teachers enjoyed the right and can suggest innovations.
4. Educational authorities are keep on changing the education system and actions were
taken without looking into the viability of the program.
VIII- GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Philosophy of Education
1. To develop a high level of culture in the entire people.
2. To education and train harmoniously developed socialist, peronalities, who
conscriously shape social life change nature and lead full, happy lives in line with the
highest aspirations of human beings.
Structure
1. There is nursery and kindergarten for children under the age of 6, secondary and
higher education.
2. 10-class comprehensive polytechnical secondary school(6-16 years stages:
a) Junior cycle classes I-III
b) Intermediate cycle classes IV-VI
c) Senior cycle, classes VIII-X
3. There is separate school for deaf, dumb, blind and intellectually defective children.
4. Eight years in General Secondary.
5. Giving entrance exams for higher education.

55

Standard of Control
1. With entrance examinations.
2. The university entrance examinations consists of both oral and written tests.
Innovations
1. Law for the democratization of German Schools 1946.
2. Constitutions adopted on Oct. 7, 1949.
Strength and Distinctive Feature
1. Science & Art and their teaching is free.
2. Free tuition
3. Free instructional materials.
4. Freedom of religious instructions by the religious association.
Weaknesses
1. It is difficult to enter higher education for the slow learners for there is oral and
written tests.
IX- SINGAPORE
Philosophy of Education
1. The main aim of education in Singapore is to develop the potentialities of every
child physically, mentally and morally to the fullies extent possible in accords with the
needs and interest of security by ensuring the optimum acquisition of experienced,
knowledge and skill, each according to his intelligence, ability, aptitude and interest.
Structure
The structure of education system consist of three main stages:
1. six years primary
2. four years secondary
3. two years pre-university.
The six primary course beginning at age 6 maybe completed in a maximum of eight
years and pupils who are not promoted to four year secondary schools at age 14 are given
a two year course in vocational schools.
The minimum school-learning age is thus 16 in all cases. Those who do well in
vocational schools are admitted to vocational for training as craftmen.
Standard of Control
1. The Ministry of Education is responsible for all educational matters. There are no
regional authorities or local bodies.
2. Examinations at levels and in all the four official languages are conducted by the
examination division of the Ministry of Education.
Innovations

56
1. The main legislations governing education is the education ordinance which covers
all aspects of pre-primary, primary and secondary education and all types of schools,
government-aided and private.
2. University of Singapore Ordinance.
Strength
1. Teachers salary is big.
2. Public education is financed almost entirely from the State Revenue.
3. Primary Eduation is free.
4. Boys and girls have equal opportunity for education in the republic.
Weaknesses
1. At the secondary stage there is a general shortage on graduate teachers in the Malay
and Tamil media and a shortage of graduate teachers in the English Medium in
mathematics and Physics.
Distinctive Feature
1. All government schools are supplied with standard equipment at government
expense.
2. They have four medium languages English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil.
X- LIBYA
Philosophy of Education
1. The broad national aims of education in the Kingdom of Libya include the
preparation of the Libyan citizens to become a good members of a modern society, wellequipped with useful knowledge and skills which he can apply to improve his own
welfare and the welfare of his country.
2. The provision of ample opportunity for every child to complete at least his primary
education which is considered as the minimum attainment of every citizen; and an equal
educational opportunity to all citizens.
Structure of Education.
1. The national system of eduation comprises general and religious education.
2. The general has the following level: primary preparatory (public and technical)
secondary (public and technical) men and women teacher institutes and university.
3. The religious education is provided at the pre-primary (Kovanic recitation schools)
primary and preparatory schools at the university level instruction is given at the colleges
of the Islamic University.
Standard of Control
1. The Ministry of Education is considered the main authorized.
2. The Educational Directorates represent the Ministry at the local level and enforce its
policies.

57
3. The Directorates refers to the Ministry in all important problems of an
administrative technical and financial nature.
4. At the central level, the undersecretaries of state and the directors-general enforce
the General Policies fo the Ministry.
Strength
1. The Ministy of Eduation has established an educational planning and follow-up
administration.
2. The educational plan has a close relationship.
Weaknesses.
1. Contractual teachers and skilled workers had only short time in implementing their
skills and potentials for uplifting education in Libya thus training of the students become
the half-baked.
Distinctive Features
1. The Minister of Education implements departmental policies.
2. The government finances educational projects.
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF MALAYSIA
In Malaysia education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 16,
and an additional two years of free education are optional. In 20022003, virtually all
Malaysian children attended primary school. Parents may choose between Bahasa
Malaysia, Chinese, or Tamil as the language of instruction for their primary school
children. Bahasa Malaysia is the primary language of instruction in all secondary schools,
although continued learning in Chinese and Tamil is available and English is a
compulsory second language. Enrollment in secondary education was 70 percent in
20022003. Malaysia has a number of institutions of higher education, including nine
universities. Universities include the National University, in Bangi; the University of
Technology, in Johor Baharu; and the University of Malaya, in Kuala Lumpur.
22. Define and Explain the use of the following:
1. National Achievement Test (NAT)
At the national level, the National Educational Testing and Research Centre (NETRC)
has the task of administer ing the national achievement test to students leaving the
education sector. For grade VI this means administering the national elementary
achievement test and, for year IV, the national secondary assessment test. The tests cover
five subject areas and are based on the elementary and secondary level learning
competencies. The examinations are administered annually, towards the end of the school
year. The results provide the bases for policy formulation and educational reforms. At the

58
regional and division levels, diagnostic and achievement tests are administered to a
sample group depending on the availability of funds. No
examination is required for admission to public secondary
schools.
The purposes of the school-based assessments are: (a) to improve the teaching/learning
process; (b) to identify students strengths and weaknesses; (c) to determine the students subject area performance and/or achievement levels and; (d) to report student
progress to parents. Although there are four periods annually at both elementary
and secondary levels where students are examined in each subject, formative and
summative evaluation are undertaken regularly. Paper and pencil tests are the most common forms of examination in the schools.
2. Adopt a School Program
Adopt A School program is a holistic approach that would help the schools to improve
the education offered to migrant children. The characteristics of such a program would be
as follows:
3. NCAE
The NCAE is similar to the National College Enrance Examination (NCEE) which was
discontinued in 1994. A major part o f the NCAE consists of the general scholastic
aptitude test. In addition, the NCAE also measures a senior high school students
potentials or inclination in such areas as general scholarstic aptitude (GSA), technicalvocational aptitude (TVA), entrepreneurial skills, nonverbal ability and occupational
interest. The test components are: Scientific Ability, Mathematical Ability, Reading
Comprehension, Verbal Ability, Manipulative Skills, Clerical Ability, Non-Verbal Ability,
and Entrepreneurial skills. The NCAE results are at best recommendatory and are not a
requisite for admission to college.
NCAE,- The NCAE is similar to the National College Enrance Examination (NCEE)
which was discontinued in 1994. A major part o f the NCAE consists of the general
scholastic aptitude test. In addition, the NCAE also measures a senior high school
students potentials or inclination in such areas as general scholarstic aptitude (GSA),
technical-vocational aptitude (TVA), entrepreneurial skills, nonverbal ability and
occupational interest. The test components are: Scientific Ability, Mathematical Ability,
Reading Comprehension, Verbal Ability, Manipulative Skills, Clerical Ability, NonVerbal Ability, and Entrepreneurial skills. The NCAE results are at best recommendatory
and are not a requisite for admission to college.
4. School-based management (SBM)

59
School based management is the decentralization of levels of authority to the school
level. Responsibility and decision-making over school operations is transferred to
principals, teachers, parents, sometimes students, and other school community members.
The school-level actors, however, have to conform to, or operate, within a set of centrally
determined policies.
SBM programs take on many different forms, both in terms of who has the power to
make decisions as well as the degree of decision-making devolved to the school level.
While some programs transfer authority to principals or teachers only, others encourage
or mandate parental and community participation, often in school committees (sometimes
known as school councils). In general, SBM programs transfer authority over one or
more of the following activities: budget allocation, hiring and firing of teachers and other
school staff, curriculum development, textbook and other educational material
procurement, infrastructure improvement, setting the school calendar to better meet the
specific needs of the local community, and monitoring and evaluation of teacher
performance and student learning outcomes. SBM also includes school-development
plans, school grants, and sometimes information dissemination of educational results
(otherwise known as report cards).
5. BESRA
The Department of Education (DepED) is currently implementing the Schools First
Initiative, an effort to improve basic education outcomes through a broadly participated,
popular movement featuring a wide variety of initiatives undertaken by individual
schools and communities as well as networks of schools at localities involving school
districts and divisions, local governments, civil society organizations and other
stakeholder groups and associations.
Even as the Schools First Initiative seeks to improve the way all public schools perform
now, the DepED is also undertaking fundamental reforms to sustain better performance.
DepED is pursuing a package of policy reforms that as a whole seeks to systematically
improve critical regulatory, institutional, structural, financial, cultural, physical and
informational conditions affecting basic education provision, access and delivery on the
ground. These policy reforms are expected to create critical changes necessary to further
accelerate, broaden, deepen and sustain the improved education effort already being
started by the Schools First Initiative. This package of policy reforms is called the Basic
Education Sector Reform Agenda (BESRA)
In order for the basic education sector to achieve the desired educational outcomes for all
Filipinos, the BESRA focuses on specific policy actions within five key reform thrusts
(KRT) as follows:
KRT 1: Get all schools to continuously improve
KRT 2: Enable teachers to further enhance their contribution to learning outcomes
KRT 3: Increase social support to attainment of desired learning outcomes
KRT 4: Improve impact on outcomes from complementary early childhood education,

60
alternative learning systems and private sector participation
KRT 5: Change institutional culture of DepED to better support these key reform thrusts
6. NEAP -NATIONAL EDUCATORS ACADEMY OF THE PHILIPPINES
The National Educators Academy of the Philippines (NEAP) responds to the demand for
professional competence as well as management and leadership excellence in the
educational community. To fulfill this mandate are three components: the training and
development component; program and development component; and, research and
development component.
It also has training materials development function and clearing house and information
dissemination component.
7. BRIGADA ESKWELA
Brigada Eskwela,is a nationwide schools maintenance week that prepares schools for
the coming school year.
Brigada Eskwela volunteers do minor repair works such as painting of roofs and walls,
cementing of footpath, fixing leaking water pipes, repairing chairs, desks, furniture,
toilets and replacing ceiling boards, among others
Brigada Eskwela - is to prepare schools rooms and facilities in bringing good
environment. Brigada Eskwela also aimed to prevent retardness in the class opening and
in compliance of the DEPED objective to deliver quality education in both elementary
and secondary
8. Child Friendly School
CHILD FRIENDLY SCHOOL as an entry point for Democratization of
Education System and Learning. Education is the fundamentalhuman and childs right.
Therefore we should ensure that education is rights-based. In doing so, we make
education the tool and the result of a rights-based, democratic society. In other
words, democratization of the education systems and of the learning processes is one of
the surest ways of establishing and sustaining democratic processes ina given society.
The child can learn democracy ONLY by living and experiencing it through out
his/her life: in the family, at school, in the community and later as a citizen of a
global democratic society.
23.Different Acronyms
ACCRONYMS

61

MENTAL APTITUDE TEST BATTERY

MATB
LEARNING MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
LMP
NATIONAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE
NPMO
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
PIP
PROJECT ADMINISTRATION MEMORANDUM
PAM
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DEPED
NATIONAL EDUCATORS ACADEMY OF THE PHILIPPINES
NEAP
BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
BSE
EDUCATION SUPERVISOR (division supervisor)
ES 1
SOCIAL REFORM AGENDA
SRA
SECONDARY EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
SEDIP
NEEDS ANALYSIS
NA
TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
TNA
TRAINING COMPLETION REPORT
TCR
SCHOOL/CLUSTER INSET PLAN
S/CIP
DIVISION INSET PLAN
DIP
SCHOOL INSET TEAM
SIT
COMPETENCY PROGRESS TRACKING
CPT
DIVISION INSET MONITORING AND EVALUATION COMMITTEE
DIMEC
INSET COORDINATOR
IC
DIVISION REVIEW AND APPROVAL COMMITTEE
DRAC
ASSISTANT SCHOOLS DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT
ASDS
SCHOOLS DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT
SDS
DIVISION INSET MANAGEMENT TEAM
DIMT
INSERVICE TRAINING
INSET
SEDIP INSET PLAN
SEDAN
NCIP National Commission on Indigenous People
NCONational Coordinating Organizations
NCR National Capital Region
NCWDP National Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons
NDHS National Demographic and Health Survey
NDS National Demographic Survey
NEAP National Educators Academy of the Philippines
NEAT National Elementary Achievement Test
NEDA National Economic Development Agency
NETRC National Education Testing and Research Centre
NFEA&E Non-Formal Education Accreditation and Equivalency
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
NHIP National Health Insurance Programme
NMYC National Manpower and Youth Council
NMYL National Movement of Young Legislators
NSAT National Secondary Assessment Test
NSO National Statistic Office
NSTIC National Science Teaching Instrumentation Center

62
NUS National Union of Students
NYC National Youth Commission
NYP National Youth Parliament
OSY Out-of-School Youth
PEPT Philippine Education Placement Test
PIA Public Information Agency
PIDS Philippine Institute of Development Studies
PMTDP Philippine Medium-Term Development Plan
PMTYDP Philippine Medium-Term Youth Development Plan
PNAC Philippine National AIDS Council
PNDP Philippine National Development Plan
POPCOM Population Commission
PPA Philippine Plan of Action for Education for All
PPAN Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition
PPMP Philippine Population Management Programme
PSC Philippine Sports Commission
RHM Rural Health Midwife
RHU Rural Health Unit
ROTC Reserve Officer Training Course
SCMP Student Christian Movement of the Philippines
SDK Samahan ng Demokratikong Kabataan
SHNC School Health and Nutrition Center
SK Sangguniang Kabataan
SLF Student Leaders Forum
SRA Social Reform Agenda
STD Sexually Transmitted Disease
SWS Social Weather Station
TESDA Technical Education Skills Development Authority
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UQPE Universal Quality Primary Education
USD US Dollar
WHO World Health Organization
24. GIVE THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING:
1. Republic Act No. 9293 is
AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN SECTIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED
SEVENTY-EIGHT HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIX (R. A. NO. 7836), OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS THE "PHILIPPINE TEACHERS PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT OF
1994"
2. Republic Act No. 9155 is

63
AN ACT INSTITUTING A FRAME WORK OF GOVERNANCE FOR BASIC
EDUCATION, ESTABLISHING AUTHORITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY,
RENAMING THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS AS
THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
25. PREPARE AND EXPLAIN SECTION 1 TO 4 OF ARTICLE XI THE
TEACHER AS A PERSON
Section 1. A teacher is, above all, a human being endowed with life for which it is the
highest obligation to live with dignity at all times whether in school, in the home, or
elsewhere.
Section 2. A teacher shall place premium upon self-discipline as the primary principle of
personal behavior in all relationships with others and in all situations.
Section 3. A teacher shall maintain at all times a dignified personality which could serve
as a model worthy of emulation by learners, peers and all others.
Section 4. A teacher shall always recognize the Almighty God as guide of his own
destiny and of the destinies of mean and nations.

26. Write the Lyrics of the SMC Loyalty Song

THE LYRIC OF SMC LOYALTY SONG
WHERE FRIENDLY MOUNTAINS GRANDLY TOWR
AND ROLLING VALLEYS SPREAD BEYOND
WHERE SOFTLY BLOWS THE GENTLE BREEZE
FROM OER THE PLACID SOUTHERN SEAS
STAND ON A HILL A BEACON LIGHT
THE SOUTHERN MINDANAO COLLEGES
TO US ENDEARED AS SMC
THE SCHOOL WE LOVE AND HOLD THE BEST
CHORUS
OUR LOVE AND LOYALTY WE PLEDGE
TO SMC ALMA MATER DEAR
HER PRAISES WE WILL ALWAYS SING

64
HER NAME WILL FORER UPHOLD
WITH TEACHERS DEAR AND FRIENDS SO TRUE
WITH VISION CLEAR WE SEEK THE TRUTH
AND LIVE OUR DAYS IN SMC
IN EARNEST WORK AND PLAY AND SONG
WHEN OUT THE HALLS OF SMC
INTO THE GREAT WIDE WORLD WE ROAM
THE LESSONS SHARED AND VICTORIES WON
IN MEMORY WE LINGER ON

Prepare an Administrative and Supervisory Plan for One School Year. Describe
what to accomplish from June to March.
SUPERVISORY PLAN FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2009-2010
MONTH

OBJECTIVES

WHAT TO
SUPERVISE

TARGETS

January

Continues to
direct and
closely
supervise task
accomplishmen
t but explains
decisions,
solicits
suggestions and
support
progress
1. Educate

All subject
areas

All schools
within the
districts

SUPERVISOR
Y
TECHNIQUES
School
classroom
visitations.

All Subject

All schools

Classroom

February

65

March

April

May

d
teachers
effective
ness for
selfimprove
ment in
teaching
a
subject.
2. Apply
correctly the
techniques for
apprising pupils
students
progress
Clearly telling
the teachers
what to do, how
to do it and
when to do
closing
activities and
closely
supervise their
performance.
To finish
making the
forms such as
Form 137, 138
and form 18E
and
promotional
Reports.
To conduct an
enrolment to all
year levels for
the preparation
of the next
school year.

areas

within the
districts

visitation

All subject
areas

At least 90% of
teachers within
the district can
follow
instructions.

Meeting

Teachers

That all
teachers will
pass the forms
needed for
submission in
the Division
Office.

Make a
checklist
monitor the
submission of
the reports
before signing
the clearance.

Teachers- First
to Fourth Year

75% of the
students will
enroll
-Teachers
should be
present during
the enrolment

Teachers
conference.
-Monitor the
number of
students
enrolled to
determined the
number of
teachers, chairs
and classrooms
needed for the
next school

66

June

1. Conduct
orientation to
all students.
2. To
participate the
independence
day.
Prepare
students/pupils
for the
celebration of
nutrition month

Students
activities in
Araling
Panlipunan

August

Conduct
activity in the
Linggo Ng
Wika

Students
Activity

.September

1. Prepare
children/student
s for the
intramurals
activity in
school
2. Conduct
activity on
science and
technology
month
celebration
1. Conducts
seminars for
Boy Scout
activities.

Students
activity in
PEHM, Math,
Science &
Technology
subjects.

1. Conduct
clinical
supervision
2. Attend
meetings
3. Prepare

All subject
areas

July

October

November

Students
activities in
THE

At least 100%
of the total
enrollees will
join
- at least 90%
of total number
will join.
At least 85% of
the total
enrollees will
get the
frequency level
of attendance.

year.
Delegating
leaders
responsibility.
-Facilitate and
support
subordinates.
Support
subordinates
efforts towards
the celebration

At least 85% of
the total
enrollees will
get the
attendance of
participating
At least 50% of
the enrollees
will participate
All schools
within the
districts.

Help and
support teachers
effort towards
the celebration.

At least 85% of
the students
whose age is
below 12 years
and 12 years
will join.
At least 82 %
of the total
enrollees will
get the
frequency level

Delegating
leaders
responsibility.

Delegating
leaders
responsibility
or support
subordinates
towards the
celebration.

MAPE

Meetings

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December

students/pupils
for district test.
1. Respond to
community
functions.
2. Let the
pupils/students
feel what is
Christmas
celebration.

Teachers.
-PTCA,
students/pupils
activities.

Experiences
Christmas
Celebration.

Facilitate and
support
subordinates
effort towards
Christmas
Celebration.

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Prepare for
Common In-Service Activities engage in by the teachers. Explain how each kind of
activity helps the teachers in his present work?
Organizational Structure of the district where you are connected.
Define and Explain the following:
1. Statistics
2. Data Presentation
3. Data
4. Sample
5. Population
6. Table value
Find the sample size if the population is 2,500 at 95% accuracy. What is the level of
significance? Give the correct formula.
Answer:
N
1 + ne2
2,500
=
1+(2,500)e (5%)2
=

2,500
1+(2,500(.0025)

2,500
1+ 6.25

2,500
7.25

344.83

69

MAJOR FIELD OF CONCENTRATION

Spell out the following Acronym and discuss briefly its important features
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

BESRA
NEAP
SBM (Elem/Sec)
NAT
INSET
SDSZDS
CFSS
MBO
MPS

Give the importance of the following:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Administration
Supervision
Management
Leadership
Brigada Eskwela

How important are the 5Ms of Management in the educational system. Discuss
substantially.
Differentiate the Theory X and Y of Douglas McGregor and Theory Z of William
Quchi.

70