INTRODUCTION
Most of the failures of retaining walls are due to
adoption of incorrect design parameters, improper
execution/construction or a combination of both.
Although the design of retaining walls is
considered to be the job of structural engineers,
geotechnical engineers play a significant role with
regard to selection of appropriate backfill, design
of wall for surcharge loads and suggestion of
measures for drainage of the backfill if suitable
materials are unavailable. Increased land costs and
lack of sufficient space has resulted in construction
of
many
multi-storeyed
structures
with
underground retaining walls to facilitate cellar and
sub-cellar parking. The construction of these
retaining walls needs proper attention if they had
been initially designed akin to a framed structure,
i.e., in conjunction with beams, columns and slab.
The present paper deals with the failure of a
basement retaining wall of a proposed multistoreyed
building
at
Dwarakanagar,
Visakhapatnam. The failure occurred on November
3, 2012 after the onset of tropical storm Neelam.
The building consists of eight storeys
accommodating two basement floors, one stilt floor
with five upper floors and is proposed to be used
partly for residential purpose and partly for
commercial establishments. The retaining wall is
Crack at corner
Fig. 1 Failure of retaining wall with crack at corner
To investigate into the failure, samples of the
backfill are collected and analysed in the
laboratory for its properties. The retaining wall has
been redesigned based on these properties and
thereafter compared comprehensively with the
design given by the structural engineer. The causes
for failure of the retaining wall are determined and
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Value
2.67
1
62
37
26.5
18.0
8.5
SC
16.4
18.2
2.16
10
260
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Foundation Depth
Base Slab
(a) Toe Slab Width
(b) Heel Slab Width
(c) Total Width
(b) Thickness
Stem
(a) Height
(b) Thickness
Resultant Eccentricity
Base Pressure at Toe
Framed
Structure
0.60 m
Retaining
Wall
1.00 m
0.67 m
0.53 m
1.20 m
230 mm
1.00 m
1.50 m
2.50 m
350 mm
5.87 m
230 mm
2.12 m
717.5 kPa
6.15 m
350 mm
0.33 m
161.4 kPa
CONCLUSIONS
A combination of various factors such as improper
interpretation of backfill properties, absence of
proper weep holes and alteration in the behaviour
of the wall due to delay in progress of work, are
considered to be responsible for failure of the
retaining wall. It is desirable to design and
construct a basement retaining wall as a
conventional, distinct retaining wall rather than
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