Exam #2 Results

Class Average = 77 (Great Job!)

Week 9

CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

Exam #2 Results
4 Perfect Scores!

Week 9

CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

Ch 6: Chemical Equilibrium

What is Equilibrium?
Equilibrium Constant, K
Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures
Activity
Heterogeneous Equilibria
Applications of Equilibrium Constant
Solving Equilibrium Problems
Le Chateliers Principle - very important
Equilibria Involving Real Gases
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

What is Equilibrium?

Equilibrium is the phenomenon that occurs when

the rate of the forward reaction equals
the rate of the reverse reaction.
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

What is Equilibrium?
At equilibrium, the concentrations of all reactants
and products remain constant with time.
Example
Forward Rxn

H2(g) + I2(g)

2 HI(g)
Reverse Rxn

Forward Rxn: Product = HI

Reverse Rxn: Products = H2 and I2
[HI] = constant; [H2] = constant; [I2] = constant
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

What is Equilibrium?

Notice how the concentrations of products for the

forward and reverse reactions are not necessarily equal
at equilibrium!
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

Equilibrium Characteristics
What does equilibrium look like in a chemical system?
N2O4
colorless

2 NO2
brown
Equilibrium

Closed system reaches the same equilibrium concentrations

whether the reaction starts with the N2O4 or the NO2!
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

The Equilibrium Constant

aA + bB
Equilibrium
Constant

cC + dD
K=

[C]c x [D]d
[A]a x [B]b

Characteristics
Exponents are coefficients from balanced chemical equation.
Units for K will vary depending upon coefficients.

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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

The Equilibrium Constant

cC + dD
Equilibrium
Constant

aA + bB
K=

[A]a x [B]b
[C]c x [D]d

Characteristics
Reversing the reactants and products inverts the equilibrium
expression. Thus,
Kforward =
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1
Kreverse

CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

Law of Mass Action

K is constant despite different initial and equilibrium
concentrations of reactants and products!

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Manipulation of Equilibrium Eqns

Equilibrium equations can be reversed, scaled or
combined.
Forward:
K1

aA + bB

cC + dD

K1 =

Reverse:
K2

cC + dD

aA + bB

K2 =

[C]c x [D]d
[A]a x [B]b

[A]a x [B]b
[C]c x [D]d

By defn: K1 x K2 = 1
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Manipulation of Equilibrium Eqns

Equilibrium equations can be reversed, scaled or
combined.

PCl3 + Cl2

PCl5

K1 =

Scaled:
2 PCl3 + 2 Cl2

2 PCl5

When stoichiometry is scaled, the

resulting K is raised to the power of
the scale factor
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

K2 =

[PCl5]
[PCl3] x [Cl2]

[PCl5]

[PCl3] x [Cl2]

Example
K2 = (K1)2
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Subtraction of Equilibrium Eqns

Equilibrium equations can be reversed, scaled or
combined.
Equation #1

K1

Equation #1

K1

- Equation #2

K2

+ Equation #2

K2

Equation #3

K3 = K1
K2

Equation #3

Subtraction

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K3 = K1 x K2

Addition

CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

13

K and the Reaction Quotient, Q

What is the relationship between Q and K?
aA + bB

cC + dD

Reaction Quotient
Q=

[C]c x [D]d
[A]a x [B]b

vs.

Equilibrium Constant
K=

Holds whether at
equilibrium or not!
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

[C]c x [D]d
[A]a x [B]b

Holds at
equilibrium only!
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Q vs K
What is the relationship between Q and K?
aA + bB

cC + dD

When Q = K =

[C]c x [D]d
[A]a x [B]b

Equilibrium occurs

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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

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Q vs K
What is the relationship between Q and K?
aA + bB

When Q = K =

cC + dD

[C]c x [D]d
[A]a x [B]b

WHEN
[A] and [B] >>> [C] and [D]

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Q<K

CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

Equilibrium occurs

Forward rxn
proceeds

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Q vs K
What is the relationship between Q and K?
aA + bB

When Q = K =

cC + dD

[C]c x [D]d
[A]a x [B]b

WHEN
[C] and [D] >>> [A] and [B]

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Equilibrium occurs

Reverse rxn
proceeds

Q>K

CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

17

Q vs K
aA + bB

cC + dD

When Q < K

reaction proceeds to the right

When Q = K

equilibrium occurs

When Q > K

reaction proceeds to the left

Thus, knowing K and calculating Q for any given state

helps us predict which way a chemical reaction
will proceed!
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

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Equilibrium Equations for Gases

Equilibrium equations for gaseous reactions can be
written in terms of concentrations or
partial pressures.
Why?

Recall

PV = nRT
P=

n
V

P=

M (RT)

RT

Pressure is proportional to molar concentration.

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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

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Equilibrium and Partial Pressure

Equilibrium expressions can be written in terms of
the partial pressures of the gases instead of their
molar concentrations
N2(g) + 3H2(g)

K=

2
PNH

N2

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2NH3(g)

PH3

In text, Kp denotes
equilibrium constant
expressed in terms
of partial pressures

CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

20

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Heterogeneous Equilibria
How can we express the equilibrium constant when
the reactants and products are in different phases?
Si3N4(s) + 4 O2(g)

3 SiO2(s) + 2 N2O(g)

Rule #1. Express gases as partial pressures

Rule #2. Express solute in solution as molar conc.
Rule #3. Express pure solids/liquids as 1.
Rule #4. Products multiplied in the numerator
reactants multiplied in the denominator
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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

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Heterogeneous Equilibria
How can we express the equilibrium constant when
the reactants and products are in different phases?
Si3N4(s) + 4 O2(g)

3 SiO2(s) + 2 N2O(g)

Rule #1. Express gases as partial pressures

Rule #2. Express solute in solution as molar conc.

K=

x 13

P4

x 1

N2O
O2

Rule #3. Express pure solids/liquids as 1.

P2

Rule #4. Products multiplied in the numerator

reactants multiplied in the denominator

P2

K=

N2O

P4

O2

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What To Study and Know

Know how to write equilibrium expressions

Know how to calculate K and mathematically

manipulate K

Be able to calculate Q (via conc or partial

pressures) and relate Q to K

Be able to calculate K for gases in equilibrium

Know how to express heterogeneous equilibria

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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

23

PRS Question
2 SO2 + O2

2SO3

Calculate K for SO3

K = 7.0 x 1025
SO2 + 0.5 O2

[1]

3.5 x 1025

[3]

1.2 x 10-13

[2]

7.0 x 10-25

[4]

1.4 x 10-26

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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

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PRS Question
2 SO2 + O2

2SO3

Calculate K for SO3

K = 7.0 x 1025
SO2 + 0.5 O2

To solve this problem:

1st: Kreverse =

Kreverse = 1.4 x 10-26

Kforward
2nd: Molar ratio is half, so take the square root of Kreverse
K = 1.2 x 10-13
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Answer = #3
CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

25

PRS Question
Which reaction will tend to proceed farthest toward
completion?
[1]

H2 + Br2

[2]

2NO

N2 + O2

K = 2.1 x 1030

[3]

2BrCl

Br2 + Cl2

K = 0.145

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2 HBr

CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

K = 1.4 x 10-21

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PRS Question
Which reaction will tend to proceed farthest toward
completion?
[1]

H2 + Br2

[2]

2NO

N2 + O2

K = 2.1 x 1030

[3]

2BrCl

Br2 + Cl2

K = 0.145

K=

2 HBr

K = 1.4 x 10-21

[Products]
[Reactants]

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CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M

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