MASA

770
The Make-Safe Guide

Crime Reduction Initiatives

For Multi-Housing Environments
In Houston Texas 770

B.R. Munguia
2015

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Table of Contents
WELCOME

CHAPTER 1 CRIME

Section 1.1 Elements of Crime

Image Page

Section 1.2 Elements of Larceny

5
8
11

Section 1.6 Elements of Prostitution

14
19
20
22
24
27
28
29
35
37

Section 1.7 Elements of Criminal Trespass

42

Section 1.3 Elements of Gangs

Image Page

Section 1.4 Elements of Lease Fraud

Examples of Fraudulent Leasing Practices
Examples of Fraudulent Ploys
Diagram: Business of a Sublet
Diagram: Sub-Let Network

Section 1.5 Elements of Narcotics Trafficking

Image Page

CHAPTER 2 CRIME REDUCTION STRATEGIES

48

Section 2.1 Strategy of the Castle

49

Section 2.2 Strategy of CPTED

52

Section 2.3 Strategy of Territoriality

55

Section 2.4 Strategy of Access Control

58
62
65
70
71
75
77

Images Page

Section 2.5 Strategy of Surveillance

Image Page

Section 2.6 Strategy of Maintenance

Image Page

Section 2.7 Broken Windows Theory

CHAPTER 3 C.R.I.M.E.

78

Section 3.1 Crime Reduction Initiatives

79

Section 3.2 Strategy of Policy

82
85
86
88
89

Form: Responsibility Agreement

Form: Crime Free Lease Addendum
Form: Post Trespass Affidavit
Form: Letter of Exclusion

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Section 3.3 Strategy of People

90

Section 3.4 Strategy of Police

95
97
98
101

Blue Star Multi-Housing Program

Positive Interaction Program.

Section 3.5 Time & Money

FINAL THOUGHTS

107

CHAPTER 4 - BLUE PAGES

109

HPD MAP

110

Store Fronts

112

Important Phone Numbers & Websites

113

References

114

Index

116

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

When something bad happens you have

three choices.
You can let it define you, let it destroy you,
or you can let it strengthen you.
Unknown

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Welcome

Objective: This guide will provide owners, managers, employees and residents of
multi-family properties, i.e., multi-housing projects, apartments and condominiums,
with empirical understandings regarding those criminal elements and their
dynamics that favor environments that are nugatory, of security, and the strategies
such as CPTED and C.R.I.M.E. to reduce their criminal activities.
Also, information from the Drug Enforcement Agency and Homeland Security is
included for your review.

Introduction: It is an accepted fact that crime has been around since the beginning
of civilization. Crime continues to exist and to thrive because it adapts and masters
to the environment. As such, there is much debate among the scholars as to what
is considered to be anticrime methods. Some believe in Crime Prevention
methods, while others believe in Crime Reduction methods.
For the purpose of helping you with the problem of crime, we should consider
Crime Prevention as a idealistic goal because preventing crime has never been
achievable. On the other hand, by considering Crime Reduction as a realistic goal
crime can be reduced by altering its environment. Therefore, while Crime
Reduction and Crime Prevention are not exactly the same thing, their
methodologies will displace crime out of your property which is the goal to
achieve.

Page number 1

Problem: Criminals and deviants are experts at committing crimes and quickly
develop an understanding of their environment which is also their hunting grounds.
It is because the property owners and employees and residents lack these
understandings, they can unintentionally create an environment that invites
criminal activities.
Subsequently, the criminal is successful because people are not knowledgeable
about crime and do not know how to utilize time and money effectively in protecting
the environment, themselves and their property.
All crimes result in some kind of gain for the criminal and some kind of loss for the
victim. Therefore, the factors of gains, losses, costs and benefits all have some type
of worth, which can be time or money or intrinsic value or a combination of all of
these.
The effects of crime are not limited to the following:
Decline in property values, i.e. market value.
Decline in the reputation of the property
Increase in costs and losses due to vandalism and thefts
Increase in frustrations from the residents and the police
Increase in the risk of Police Remediation and Court Order Closure of the property.
Loss of revenue from the good residents that moved off the property
Decrease in revenue to cover the costs to prepare vacated units for leasing
Resentment and distrust of the employees by residents.
Degradation in the environment into being unsafe and dangerous
Property known as a Sanctuary or Safe-Haven for criminals
Increase in trespassing
Increase in foot and vehicle traffic conducting criminal activities
Increase of people covertly residing on the property

Page number 2

Solution: Because all properties are unique, some of the strategies and concepts in
this guide will prove more beneficial than other for reducing and eliminating
criminal activities that plague your property.
However, crime deterrence and efforts to prevent it are common endeavors that
should be standard practices for all multi-family properties. Keep in mind that
preventing crime from occurring is not the same as eliminating or eradicating
crime.
Therefore this guide will provide the following:

Understanding the elements of crime

Understanding the strategies against crime
Understanding your options and responsibilities
Understanding the Houston Police Department

Conclusion: This guide is designed for everyone except the criminals! So whether
you are an owner, manager, employee, resident, tenant, security guard or a
concerned citizen, the information in this guide will prove to be helpful towards
reducing the elements that invite and enable criminal activities to occur on your
property.
Keep in mind that the goal is to reduce and eliminate the conditions on your
property that invite criminal activities.
Therefore, the deviant, offender and criminal will come to understand that it will be
more beneficial to commit their activities elsewhere and not on your property.

Page number 3

CHAPTER 1 CRIME

Page number 4

1.1

Section 1.1 Elements of Crime

Definition:
Crime or offense (or criminal offense) is an act harmful not only to some individual
or individuals but also to a community, society or the state ("a public wrong).

Introduction:
There are different types of crimes but all of them have common elements, 1) The
Criminal, 2) The Victim or Target and 3) The Opportunity, which is the unrestrained
freedom that exists like a pathway between the criminal and the target, (see figure 2)
Criminals are predators that hunt along all paths of least resistance seeking
opportunities that are considered as Low Risk but High Benefits, (see figure 1):
For example: There are two persons that are unaware and unconcerned about
crime where they have parked their cars. One of drivers turns off the car and
takes the keys then locks the doors. While the other driver exits the car but
leaves it running and also leaves the doors unlocked.
So then the criminal goes over to the cars and finds that one of them is locked,
but the other has it turned on. While the criminal could break into the locked
car and steal it, the risk of getting caught is higher because the pathway
provided by opportunity is impeded.
Page number 5

1.1
But the next car is running and the doors are unlocked. So the criminal gets in
and drives away with it. Because the Opportunity presented itself as a path of
least resistance, there was low risk and high benefits with stealing this car
than the one next to it.
To put it in accounting terms, the Risk-Benefit for the thief was Low Risk and High
Benefit. The Cost-Benefit for the owner that did not take the time to protect the
asset from theft, i.e. stolen car, turned out to be High Cost and No Benefits. The only
cost the person would have incurred from becoming a victim was to simply allocate
30 seconds of time to take the cars keys and lock the car doors.

Problem:
The property is infested with criminal activities and I do not know what to do.

Solution:
Understanding what crime is and how to combat it with knowledge,
communications and pro-activism. Understanding why criminals discovered your
property as convenient hunting grounds for their criminal activities. (See 1.1.1).
There are different categories of crime and they are divided in two parts by the
Federal Bureau of Investigations which is Part 1 and Part 2.
Part I - Violent and property crimes. Aggravated assault, forcible rape, murder,
and robbery are classified as violent while arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and
motor vehicle theft are classified as property crimes.
.
Part II, The following categories are tracked: simple assault, curfew offenses
and loitering, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, disorderly conduct,
driving under the influence, drug offenses, fraud, gambling, liquor offenses,
offenses against the family, prostitution, public drunkenness, runaways, sex
offenses, stolen property, vandalism, vagrancy, and weapons offenses.

Page number 6

1.1
There are other types of deviants and behaviors that undermine the integrity and
security of the property as well:
Master Sub Leasers, cantineros, boozers, un-restrained partiers, unauthorized
tenancy, trespassers, squatters, drug traffickers, human smugglers, human
traffickers/coyotes, et al.
There is a great deal of information, data and statistics that are provided by law
enforcement, e.g. city, county, state and federal, which can be found at their
websites on the internet. Reading and studying the information will help you to
become more knowledgeable and to help convey this information to others as well.

Conclusion:
Deviants and criminals require the element of Opportunity in order to commit their
activities. If the opportunity is not conveniently available on your property, then these
offenders will find a convenient opportunity elsewhere. However, in some cases, if
the Benefit is Very High but there is No Opportunity to obtain the Benefit, then the
criminal will create the Opportunity and accept the Increase of Risk of being
apprehended.
For example the criminal can conveniently steal a pickup truck then drive it
through the barricade at the store that protects the ATM cash machine.
Another example is if the criminal wants to bypass your security front gate,
then the criminal can cut a hole through the chain link fence in the back side
of the property.
Therefore, by understanding the elements of crime, anti crime strategies can then
be applied to deter criminal activities on the property and force the criminal to go
somewhere else for the Opportunity they need to commit their anti social deeds.

Page number 7

1.1.1
Image Page

Benefit

Fig 1 Risk-Benefit Ratio

Showing Low Risk
and High Benefit for
criminals

Risk

Fig 2 Elements of Crime,

Target

People Property

Criminal + Opportunity+ Target

complement each other
because the elements of community
are marginalize

Policy

Criminal

Opportunity

Page number 8

1.1.2
Opportunity Facilitates Crime

Criminals
Offenders
Deviants

Opportunity

Targets:
Tenants
Employees
Property

Disturbing the Peace

Public Intoxications
Sex Buyers

Viscous Dog Owners

Gang Members

Office Drop Box Theft

Lack of Security Gate

Open Door Partys

Animal Cruelty

Prostitutes

Illegal Sub Letting

Drug Dealers

Auto Vandalism

Lack of Security Lights

Lack of Community

Property Vandalism
Thieves
Alcoholic

Lack of Up-Keep
Graffiti
Clandestine Activities

Lack of Patrol

Mail Box Theft

Non Lease Holders
Look Outs & Loitering
Trespasser
Sub Leasers

Lack of Evictions

Property Theft
Auto Theft

Lack of Property Rules

Fear & Intimidations

Bad Behaving Tenants

Drug Buyers

Lack of Natural Barriers

Gun Firing
Drug Manufacturing
Dwelling Over Crowding
Loud Music
Human Trafficking

Page number 9

1.1.3
Lack of Opportunity Will Reduce or Can Prevent Crimes

Criminals
Offenders
Deviants

Opportunity

Targets:
Tenants
Employees
Property

Disturbing the Peace

Public Intoxications
Sex Buyers

Viscous Dog Owners

Gang Members

Office Drop Box Theft

Open Door Partys
Animal Cruelty

Prostitutes
Drug Dealers

Security Gate

Security Lights

Clandestine Sub Letting

Auto Vandalisms

Active Community

Property Vandalism
Thieves
Alcoholic

Graffiti

Active Up-Keep

Underground Activities
Mail Box Theft

Active Patrol

Non Lease Holders

Look Outs & Loitering
Evictions with Prejudice
Trespasser
Sub Leasers

Property Theft
Auto Theft
Fear & Intimidations

Bad Behaving Tenants

Drug Buyers

Enforcement of Property
Rules
Creation of Natural Barriers

Gun Firing
Drug Manufacturing
Dwelling Over Crowding
Loud Music
Human Trafficking

Page number 10

1.2

Section 1.2 Elements of Larceny

Definitions:
Texas Penal Code 30.02 defines Burglary as: Unlawfully entering or remaining in any

structure (public or private) with the intent to commit a felony, theft, or assault
inside. Home invasion is included in this definition, and refers specifically to a
burglary that occurs within a habitation (any structure or vehicle that is adapted for
the overnight accommodation of one or more people).
Texas Penal Code 30.04 defines Burglary of Vehicle as: A person commits an offense

if, without the effective consent of the owner, he breaks into or enters a vehicle or
any part of a vehicle with intent to commit any felony or theft.
A person
commits an offense if he intentionally or knowingly operates anothers boat,
airplane, or motor-propelled vehicle without the effective consent of the owner.
Texas Penal Code 31.07 defines Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle as:

Introduction:
Theft is a crime that occurs virtually everywhere in our society. Therefore no one is
truly immune to it. But there are people that are more prone to becoming victims
than others because their environments contains ample Opportunity to be robbed.
In other words, when there is plenty of opportunity to rob somebody with little or no
risk, then the criminal will easily accept those risks. So when crimes occur on

Page number: 11

1.2
multi-family properties it is usually because there is ample opportunity and little or
no risk to the offender.
Problem:
Criminals have access to the property and are committing burglaries.
Solution
The strategies to consider and implement are Access Control & Target Hardening,
(see section 2.4), to help reduce the element of Opportunity, (see sections 1.1.2 & 1.1.3).
Subsequently, when the Risk of Detection and Apprehension increases then the
desire to commit a criminal act can decrease.
Below are some easy examples that can deter the occurrence of theft:

Get a noisy dog

Install thumb screws locks on windows and or sliding patio doors

Install low cost door and window chimes/alarms

Jam a chair back under the door knob

Change out the standard door knob with a new one and dont share the key

Understand what the State of Texas Castle Law is and consider using
deadly force to protect yourself and your property.

Here are some specific strategies for auto thefts:

Security lighting is the most effective psychological deterrent to nighttime

criminal activity.

Spread the word about thefts into the community so that the residents can
take appropriate actions against being victimized.

Page number: 12

1.2

If the crime is occurring in your presence, report it to 911 and take cell
phone pics.

The following recommendations are from police to make your vehicle and the
property inside it a harder target:

Make sure the vehicles are locked because thieves prefer entering without
breaking glass.

Do not leave valuables inside the auto and in plain view for thieves to see.
This includes clothing, mail, laptops, purses, cell phones, computer tablets,
radar detectors, luggage, fire arms and music accessories.

Thieves will normally park within 50 feet of the target vehicle. So park close
to your destination in a well-lit area and avoid parking next to a large vehicle

Use anti-theft devices like alarms, steering wheel locking devices, switches
that kill the power to the motor, and collars for steering columns. These
deterrents are visible and reduce the opportunity of car theft.

Remove keys from the ignition.

Never leave the vehicle running and unattended.

Roll up windows completely

Never leave a spare key on the vehicle.

Contact your insurance company to get additional methods on protecting

your vehicle, which may also provide you with discounted insurance rates

Conclusion:
Because thieves seek the path of least resistance, our objectives are to make the
opportunities more difficult for them to steal from us.

Page number: 13

1.3

Section 1.3 Elements of Gangs

Definition:
Texas Penal Code 71.01 (d) defines a criminal gang as three or more persons having
a common identifying sign or symbol or an identifiable leadership who continuously
or regularly associate in the commission of criminal activities.

Introduction:
A gang is a group of people that engage in antisocial, unlawful and sometimes
violent activities.
They also have a common name, identifying signs, symbols and colors. They mark
themselves with tattoos and dress with special clothing like bandanas and ball caps
and t-shirts and with hoodies.
A recollection: There was a case of two teenagers walking home from the park
after soccer practice. Not long thereafter, the boys were shot and killed by the
gang members that claimed the park as their turf. Unfortunately, the kids
uniforms appeared to be that of a rival gang.

Page number: 14

1.3
Problem:
Gang members have made the multifamily property their territory and home base.
Graffiti appears on the structures and walls. And through conversations, you also
hear the terms the hood and gang banger from the residents.
1. Territorial acquisitions: Gangs need to identify their territory / turf with graffiti
on walls or utility boxes or dumpsters with their gang symbols and warnings.
2. Graffiti: Painting gang symbols, aka Tagging can be done by real gang
members or kids that are inspired by gangs but are not members.
3. Dangling sneakers: A symbolic method marking the border or boundaries of
gang territory by the hanging of sneakers from electrical lines.
4. Unspent bullets: Gangs can leave unspent bullets on the parking lots where
they can be noticed and sometimes they will also fire guns in the middle of the
night to intimidate and or announce their presence to the residents.
5. Congregations: Gangs congregate. Through appearing innocuous as any other
group of people hanging around together but are studying the environment or
planning activities or making themselves noticeable to other people.
6. Lookouts and Spies: Gangs will post outlooks to monitor the encroachment of
police, management, and security guard or other gang members and
unfamiliar people especially if they are undercover agents of law enforcement.
7. Viscous Dogs: Gangs love viscous dogs and adorn them with spiked collars or
use heavy chains as collars and leashes. Their dogs are used as a show of
strength and will allow the dogs to charge at people for intimidation purposes
and for entertainment. They are also used to kill other pets as entertainment or
intimidation to the residents or retaliation of the pet owners. Dog walking is
also a cover for drug dealing with other dog walkers.
8. Drive-by Shootings: Gang members can also spray bullets at you or your home
or parked car. But using high powered pellet guns are quieter.

Page number: 15

1.3
9. Slashing Tires: Slashing one tire is a warning. Slashing two or more is more
than a warning.
10. Random Gun Fire: Gangs will also use gun fire to announce their presence.
They will shoot their guns into the air usually at night and in the early morning
hours when the risk of being identified is low.
11. Gangs use violence: Gang warfare is not as common In the United States as it
is in Latin America. In other countries gangs are closely tied to the drug
cartels and they ruthlessly slaughter rival gang members and also anyone that
is presumed to be a high value target or threat to their illegal activities and the
cartel.
12. Ritual Murder: Some gangs require ritual murder as part of the initiation
process for new members.
13. Gangs members are unemployed: Most gang members have no employment.
As such, most members generate revenue by drug trafficking and with thefts
and thefts of cars to sell them for parts and by prostitution and trafficking of
human slaves.

Solution:
Consider and apply the strategies of Territoriality, Access Control and
Maintenance (see chapter 2). Below are also some additional suggestions:
1. Remove the Graffiti: When graffiti is discovered on your property then it is
required to remove it. The City of Houston ordinance holds the owner of the
property responsible for removing the graffiti.
2. Document Graffiti: Before removing graffiti it should be photographed and
provided to the Police Gang Task Force. The department will use the
information to locate and track the gangs.

Page number: 16

1.3
3. Provide Notice: Speak with your tenants that are exhibiting gang like
behaviors. Citing to the suspected resident that the police have spoken to you
about them can send a signal that worries the gang member and encourages
that person to move off the property
4. Remove Viscous Dogs: Dogs that are raised to attack and bite and kill are
dangerous to the community that has kids and docile pets. If any tenant has a
viscous dog but is not on the lease then it is a violation of the lease and the
opportunity to evict the tenant and the dog from the property. Also, if the dog is
not vaccinated and licensed then this is additional justification to evict them off
the property.
5. Scrutinize the owners of vicious dogs: Keep in mind that the gang member will
circumvent detection of their deviant activities and the detection of their
vicious dog by operating during the times when the property office is closed.
6. Exercise Evictions: There is no reason to have dangerous people and
dangerous animals residing on the property. The company can be held
financially liable if innocent residents get hurt or killed because management
ignored the dangerous situation that could have been prevented. Therefore, if a
resident is known to have committed an offense such as assault, robbery,
vandalism, sexual rape, fighting, dealing narcotics, animal abuse and or gun
firing then these should be sufficient grounds for eviction.

Conclusion:
Unlike wild or domesticated animals, viscous dogs are trained to be dangerous.
They are also an extension of the dogs owner and reveals their inner personality.
There is no room in society for viscous dogs and viscous people, let alone being
place for them on a multi-family property; because they can hurt and kill people and
pets.
So if the property owner turns a blind eye at the threat imposed by dangerous
animals, the property owner can be held financially liable for the harm and damages
incurred by the victim(s), (refer to 1.3 under References).

Page number: 17

Therefore, the property needs to be an unwelcome environment to gang members

and their viscous dogs. They can go somewhere else where they feel that nobody
cares about them or what they do.

Page number: 18

1.3.1
Image Page

Fig. 3 Gang Hand Language

Fig. 5 Graffiti

Fig. 4 Kid Tagger

Fig. 6 Your Resident?

Page number: 19

1.4

Section 1.4 Elements of Lease Fraud

Definition:
Subleasing is to use an apartment or home that is rented by someone in return for
payment.

Introduction:
While subleasing is an acceptable business practice for commercial properties, it is
by no means an acceptable practice on multi-family properties.
Like the Trojan horse, fraudulent renters will sublet their assigned apartment to
other people that want to elude criminal background checks and law enforcement.
These people can be involved in organized criminal activites, (see section 1.4.1).
Unfortunately, a fraudulent renter can have various apartment leases all over the
city or state because there is no centralized database that registers that renter and
all the leases that the renter has unethically acquired.

Problem:
As a landlord or leasing agent you are unable to ascertain accurate information on
the perspective tenant.

Page number: 20

1.4
Solutions:
1. Leasing agent must interview perspective tenants to ascertain if they have
all the qualities that will benefit the property and its community of tenants.
2. Leasing agent must obtain references from friends, tenants and property
managers of their former residences.
3. Leasing agent must be attentive and know who lives on the property and
who does not have a lease.
4. Leasing agent must audit the leases to ensure persons named on them are
the persons residing in the units.
5. Leasing agents should not receive sign up bonuses from the company or
bribes from perspective tenants.
6. All new tenants should be on three month probation and observed during
that time.
7. Prospective tenants should not be allowed to wander the property without
escort
8. When fraud is discovered then the lease agreement should be terminated
and or take further action in civil court.

Conclusion:
Subletting is an Opportunity required by fraudulent renters and criminals to bypass
the security of the property
.

Page number: 21

1.4.1
Examples of Fraudulent Leasing Practices
Case 1: A person that appears to have respectable qualities is granted to rent a 2
bedroom and is now the official renter on the landlords lease. Subsequently, the
following scenarios can occur:
Scenario 1a - The official renter gets a roommate that is now living secretly on
the property. The landlord would not have allowed that person to live on the
property because of poor credit, poor character or criminal history. Also that
roommate may not be able to get employment therefore results in drug dealing
or may be hiding from the police.
Scenario 1b The official renter secretly moves off the property after a few
months but then allows other people to secretly live in the apartment for a fee
or higher rent monies. These people may be undocumented workers or people
hiding from the police. Meanwhile the official renter continues to pay the
landlord on a regular basis.
Scenario 1c The official renter is a prostitution pimp and the apartment is
being used by prostitutes. Further, the official renter may have other leases and
will transfer the prostitutes between the properties to avoid suspicion and the
law.
Scenario 1d The tenant on the lease is a narcotics trafficker and the people
living in the apartment also are drug dealing buddies. The dealers stay on the
property for a few months before transferring to another property where they
have another lease that is active.
Thus the narcotics trafficker may have a network of leases and the drug sellers
will freely move from one property to another property to avoid suspicion and
the law. As long as the narcotics trafficker pays all the properties their rent
money on time, the property managers do not suspect illegal activities.
Scenario 1e The official tenant is a human trafficker / coyote and the people
living in the apartment are immigrants smuggled into the country as slaves or
ransom or prostitution. Because the property is populated with legalized
immigrants, there is a code of silence to report the problem to the landlord and

Page number: 22

1.4.1
police. The coyote also has other leases that help transport humans to other
cities and states to avoid suspicion and the law.

Case 2: The landlord only cares about generating revenue and filling up empty
apartment units. The landlord expects the leasing agent obtain new tenants but
there is no standard or requirements to ensure good quality of new tenants.
Subsequently, the following scenarios can occur:
Scenario 2a The leasing agent accepts financial gifts, i.e. bribes, from the
prospective tenants if allowed to sign leases. The leasing agent then keeps the
landlord misinformed of issues by those tenants as long as rent is being paid
regularly.
Scenario 2b The landlord provides sign up bonuses to the leasing agent and
doesnt care about the creditability of the prospective tenant as long as rent is
paid regularly.
Scenario 2c The leasing agent has friends and family members that are
moved into the property and receive special rent and services. When the
leasing agent is fired or quits and then finds employment at another property,
the friends and family members move to the new property follow the leasing
agent to get special rent and services again.

Page number: 23

1.4.2
Examples of Fraudulent Ploys
Case 3: Below are deceptions that people use to obtain lease contracts. Though
they sound ridiculous and outdated, they still work very well on the leasing agents
that have no knowledge or no experience:
Deception 3a: The Pregnant Woman Ploy. This scheme is used on female leasing
agents to gain their sympathy. The pregnancy may be physically true or there is just
a big pillow under the blouse or the woman has a pot belly. The reasons to use this
ploy can be:

The woman may have a husband that is an alcoholic or is a drug trafficker or

is a wanted fugitive from the law.

The woman may also be getting leases using the same scheme on other
properties.

The woman may actually move into the unit for a short period of time. Then
another person that looks like her will move into her place.

Deception 3B: The Sickly Child Ploy. This scheme involves a woman that has a sick
child with a deadly illness in order to gain sympathy from the lease agent.

The childs hair has been shaved from the head and is being kept
malnourished to look like a cancer patient.

The woman keeps the child out of school and does not allow the child to go
outside to socialize with other kids.

The woman also uses the child to get donations of money from other people.

The woman uses the child as an excuse to pay rent late and get special
treatment from the property management.

But the truth is that the child is being abused by the woman and it is against
the law.

Page number: 24

1.4.2
Deception 3c: The Elderly Folks Ploy The scheme involves the elderly because they
appear fragile or disabled and in need of an apartment. In either case, scrutiny
involving the elderly and disabled tenants is required by the leasing agent because:

The elderly can be manipulated into leasing an apartment for other people
that are hiding from the police.

The elderly can use their credentials to help younger family members to
bypass background checks by the property owner.

Younger people can be stealing the retirement checks and the medicine from
the elderly.

Younger people can be registered as bonafide caretakers for the elderly, but
may be secretly abusing them which are against the law.

Deception 3d: The Referral Ploy This scheme involves official tenants that have
gained an understanding with how the property management operates.
Subsequently, the tenant will refer new people to move onto the property and will
provide a personal reference to management. In some case, the landlord may also
have a program that compensates tenants when they refer new people to the
property.

The problem is the people that are being referred to move onto the property
may be deviant friends and or partners in crime and the reference provided
to management is deceitful

Deception 3e: Apartment hunters This scheme involves women that travel from
property to property pretending to be in need of an apartment for their family. They
may also claim that their husbands are at work. The leasing agent must scrutinize
these people while in the office and while presenting the available unit.

For a fee they will help people that are unable to ascertain a lease or hiding
from the police, find an apartment.
The apartment hunters may sign the lease and then sublet the apartment.
The apartment hunter can have a network of apartments that are being sublet
around city.

Page number: 25

1.4.2

If the leasing agent suspects a scheme in progress, it is best not to reveal the
clues made by the apartment hunter when asked why they are denied the
lease. Subsequently, they will use any information the leasing agent provides
to improve their fraudulent scheming.

Page number: 26

1.4.3
Diagram: Business of a Sublet
The diagram shows the domain of a sub lessee who has various leases throughout the city and the state and towns in other
states. Without a centralized database of leases, landlords and leasing agents cannot know that the prospective tenant has
more leases in their name. This type of lease fraud allows a person to set up an underground business of providing
apartments to people that the landlord and the leasing agent would disapprove.

Northside
of City

Eastside
of City

SubLet
Master

City in
Southern
State

Westside
of City

Cith on
EastCoast

City in
Northern
State

Midtown

Southside
of City

Page number: 27

1.4.4
Diagram: Sub-Let Network
The diagram shows the domain of a sub lessee who has various leases throughout the city and the state and towns in
other states. The master sub letter can lease the apartments as sanctuary for people hiding from police or conducting
illegal activities. Subsequently, the master sub letter can rotate deviants like drug dealers, prostitutes and human
traffickers with slaves between the properties in order to avoid suspicion of illegal activities and the police.

City
Northside

City
Eastend

SubLet
Master

City of
Northern
State

City
Westend

City on East
Coast Line

City
Upstate

Midtown

City
Southside
Page number: 28

1.5

Section 1.5 Elements of Narcotics Trafficking

Definition:
Prescription Drugs and Narcotics Trafficking is a global illicit trade involving the
cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to
drug prohibition laws.
Introduction:
Because the trade of illegal drugs is a multi dimensional problem, this section will
focus on the dynamics between it and your property.

Problem:
Multi-family properties are highly desirable by drug trade because the business of
illegal drugs requires a place- of distribution and customers which are opportunities
that exist on properties.
When infiltration occurs a number of dynamics are created. It is like a disease that
creates a number of symptoms and the infection of illegal drugs will foster other
criminal activities..
.

Page number: 29

1.5
The Opportunities drug dealers seek are: 1) Convenience, 2) Confidentiality and 3)
Clientele:
1. Convenience:
a. An apartment provides a convenient place to temporarily conduct
operations because staying at one location for a longer time will bring
attention to themselves and their operations.
b. If the drug dealers are unable to ascertain a lease then they will seek out
a sub letter.
c. A master sub letter with a network of available apartments is ideal for
rotating them from property to property to avoid suspicion.
2. Confidentiality:
a. Because most properties have no sense of community, the residents do
not know each other or care to know each other. For example: If children
are not allowed to play on the property, then there will be no doting
parents to monitor for drug dealings
b. The drug dealers will find it easier to operate due to lack of surveillance
and scrutiny when the property office is closed and people are asleep.
c. The drug dealers may also find it easier to operate during the day if
management and the residents dont care about their operations.
d. Conducting operations among the many residents and visitors allows
drug dealers to mask their operations. For example, some drug dealers
can also be soccer moms while others appear to be dog walkers.
Security guards and property workers can also be dealing drugs or
ignore the operations.
e. A short term security guard does not hinder drug dealings. For example,
if a drug deal could be occurring in back of the property, then an
accomplice will create a distraction in front of the property to distract
the guard while the drug deal transpires.

Page number: 30

1.5
3. Clientele:
a. A multifamily property with many residents can provide many
customers to the drug dealer.
b. Drug buying residents can provide access to the property to their friends
that are also drug buyers.
c. Visitors like prostitutes, gangs, thieves, drug sellers and drug buyers will
trespass in order to conduct their business.
Additional evidence that narcotics trafficking is occurring on the property are 4)
drug paraphernalia, 5) unusual odors & appearance 6) suspicious behaviors and 7)
increased foot and auto traffic:
4. Drug Paraphernalia
a. Sometimes, items for drug usage are left on the property landscaping
after use by the addicts that are intoxicated with narcotics. These items
include tiny plastic bags with emblems used for cocaine or heroin or
pills. There can also be pieces of aluminum foil with ashes or aluminum
cans used to smoke the cocaine. Sometimes there can also be syringes
and broken glass pipes or tiny squares of copper mesh screen.
b. Packaging for Items associated with drug manufacturing can be found
at or inside dumpsters, like empty cartons of specialty lighting that are
used for growing marijuana. Also there can be empty plastic barrels and
jugs for chemicals, laboratory glassware, rubber tubing and heating
appliances.
5. Detection by odor and appearance
a. Narcotics like LSD or Heroin or Cocaine cause eyes to be glassy and the
pupils are unusually large or small.
b. People that smoke marijuana or the crack cocaine will have a strong
odor.

Page number: 31

1.5
c. Smoke from marijuana easily seeps between the cracks around
apartment doors and windows and from automobiles too.
d. Persons that grow large quantities of marijuana plants also have the
odor of fresh marijuana after handling the plants or processing the fresh
leaves that are heavily infused with the marijuana oils.
e. The manufacturing of crack cocaine is easy to do and the smoke smells
like melting plastic and burning plastic.
f. The manufacturing of crystal meth is highly complex and emits fumes
that are poisonous and explosive. If an apartment or condo or home is
used for the manufacturing of crystal meth, the place is condemned by
the health department.
6. Suspicious Behaviors
a. People are jittery or have broken speech patterns or appear paranoid
b. Windows are covered up with sun blocking fabric or foil to block indoor
and outdoor lightings.
c. Refusing to allow maintenance inside the unit
d. The electricity usage is higher for one building because the night light
system is being tapped into.
e. Extra deadbolt locks, additional security latches on doors and windows,
and security cam systems.
f. A weekly or biweekly visitor to an apartment carrying a briefcase or
backpack.
g. Bicyclists making brief stops regularly to deliver or pickup narcotics.
7. Increased Traffic
a. Drug buyers can be a single person or a pair of persons. Rarely, is there
a group of people that line up at the door of the drug dealer.

Page number: 32

1.5
b. Pairs of drug buyers usually conduct business by having one person
going inside to buy drugs while the other casually waits outside.
c. Drug dealing residents that are nervous about their neighbors will sell
drugs somewhere on the property where their customers can find them
and usually at night time.
d. Increased foot traffic and auto traffic permits deviants and trespassers
the opportunity to check out the vulnerabilities of the property when they
purchase illegal drugs.
e. A constant flow of cars driving onto the property by people asking for
directions from someone near the driveway is an indication of narcotics
or prostitution activities.
f. Visitors enter the apartment of the resident with large valuables like
electronic things and leave the apartment without these things.
g. Increased foot traffic and vehicle traffic on property, especially on late
nights and weekends.

Solutions:
Consider and implement the strategies of Access Control and Surveillance.
If the drug dealing is prevalent, the police will send undercover personnel posing as
buyers or sellers.
The property management must establish community and communications among
the residents to monitor and report suspicious activities.
Offending residents must be confronted and advised that their suspicious activities
are unwelcome.
Employees must report the drug paraphernalia they find when they collect the trash
instead of disposing the things and ignoring the indicators of illegal activities on the
property.

Page number: 33

1.5
Conclusion:
With so many places to operate from, there is absolutely no reason why drug
dealers should be allowed to operate on your property.
In many cases narcotics is the common denominator that deviants and criminals
have in common. It is because of their dependency on narcotics that attribute to
other criminal activities in order to support their drug addictions.
The question is if the drug user will cross the boundary between that of theft to that
of rape or murder? The answer could be Sure, why not if the Risk is Low and the
Benefit is High
Therefore, it is everyones responsibility on your property to maintain a watchful eye
and opened ear when it comes to illicit activities, especially the dealings of
narcotics; because it is a contagious disease that crosses all boundaries, especially
the children.

Page number: 34

1.5.1
Image Page

Fig. 7
Meth Labs inside Apartment

Fig. 8
Meth Lab inside Apartment Bathroom

Figures. 9a, 9b
Meth Lab in apartment if
it explodes

Page number: 35

1.5.1
Image page
Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Paraphernalia used for meth and crack and other narcotics

Page number: 36

1.6

Section 1.6 Elements of Prostitution

Definition:
The practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment
Texas Prostitution Statute Penal Code, Title 9, Chapter 43, Section 43.02 - 43.06 Basically it is a crime to commit and or promote and or compel prostitution.

Introduction:
There are many dynamics associated to the world wide sex trade. However for the
purposes of this article, the focus will be on the dynamics of prostitution on the
multi-family housing property and also to briefly introduce the dynamic of human
trafficking for prostitution, (see 1.6.1).
Multi-family properties are highly desirable for prostitution especially those
properties with low rent or low maintenance fees. Residents of low income
properties are complacent about prostitution and most accept it as a necessary
method for mothers with hungry children. Prostitution however, also supports drug
habits which is another prevalent trait among the low income. On the other hand,
multifamily properties with high rents are equally desirable by prostitutes who
operate as escorts and cater to clientele of higher incomes.

Page number: 37

1.6
Problem:
Prostitution occurs on a multifamily property because it provides the opportunity of
access..
Additionally, depending on the area where the property is, prostitution flourishes
where there are blind eyes at them, that is to say where residents and police are
passive about prostitution activities. This is the opportunity of complacency.
Also prostitution is not clandestine like the narcotics trade. Prostitutes are like
billboards that announce their services to customers. But in doing so, deviants also
take notice that if opportunities exist for prostitutes, then there are additional
opportunities for other criminal activities, as well.
Below is an outline of the points pertaining to prostitution:
1. Prostitution requires
a. Location to Live
1) with lease under their own name or
2) with lease under pimps name
3) renting from master sub leaser (see section 1.4.4)
b. Location to Work
1) where the residents mind their own business
2) where community is passive
3) where police are passive
4) where property management is passive
5) where the property is riddled with social problems.
6) where the property poorly managed
7) where there is no security on property
c. Access
1) to sidewalks and driveways
2) through security gates
3) to the property
d. Clients
1) that can be residents

Page number: 38

1.6
2) that can be none residents
3) that can be anyone with money, booze and or drugs
2. Indications of Prostitution are
a. Provocatively clothed or sexually revealing persons
b. Irrational behaviors consistent with narcotics usage
c. Loitering or pacing on
1) driveways or
2) sidewalks or
3) alleys between buildings
d. Increased auto traffic on driveways and chatting with suspected
resident
e. Condoms laying around on property
f. Observant residents confirming prostitution activities.
3. Prostitution attracts other deviants and criminal activities
a. More Prostitutes & human trafficking for the sex trade
b. Drug dealings
c. Thieves, Burglaries and Auto Thefts
d. Vandalism
e. Violence
f. People looking for anything and everything for good times
g. Spread of disease

Solutions:

Confront offending resident and ask to stop the suspicious behaviors or

to take their activities off the property
Be vigilant and assertive
Serve warning notice of managerial concerns
Serve evictions if law enforcement arrests offending resident
Allow lease to expire and do not renew
Audit lease to ensure Sub-Letting is not occurring
Enforce no trespassing
Notify police of suspected activities
Employ security guards
Enforce no parking to none permitted cars.

Page number: 39

1.6

Inform the community to monitor and report suspicious activities

Make living on property unfriendly and unwelcome to offenders

Conclusion:
People are free to dress as they like including like a prostitute and it does not mean
they are conducting illegal activities. On the other hand, there are people that dress
normally and they do conduct illegal activities. So the clothes people wear is not the
appropriate method to determine if illegal activities are occurring on the property.
Additionally, police also have investigators that look like prostitutes so that persons
committing prostitution and their clients paying the prostitutes can be
apprehended.
Management must address the activities if they are happening on the property
because the problem will not go away by itself and will only become worst for the
property.
Remember that being a prostitute or to look like a prostitute is not illegal. It is the
act of prostitution which is illegal.

Page number: 40

1.6.1
Human Trafficking 101
What is Human Trafficking?

How do I Identify Human Trafficking?

Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the

Human trafficking is often hidden in plain sight. There are a number

use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor

of red flags, or indicators, which can help alert you to human

or commercial sex act. Millions of men, women, and children

trafficking. Recognizing the signs is the first step in identifying victims.

are trafficked into forced labor situations and into the sex
trade worldwide. Many of these victims are lured from their
homes with false promises of well-paying jobs; instead, they
are forced or coerced into prostitution, domestic servitude, or

Some Indicators Concerning a Potential Victim

Include:

other types of forced labor. Victims are found in legitimate

Behavior or Physical State:

and illegitimate labor industries, including sweatshops,

Does the victim act fearful, anxious, depressed, submissive,

tense, or nervous/paranoid?

massage parlors, agricultural fields, restaurants, hotels, and

domestic service.

Human trafficking is different from human smuggling.

Does the victim defer to another person to speak for him or

her?
Does the victim show signs of physical and/or sexual abuse,
physical restraint, confinement, or torture?

Trafficking is exploitation-based and does not require

movement across borders or any type of transportation.

Who are the Victims? Who is at Risk?

Has the victim been harmed or deprived of food, water, sleep,

medical care, or other life necessities?

Trafficking victims can be any age, race, gender, or

nationality. Trafficking victims can be men or women, young
or old, American or from abroad, with or without legal status.

Traffickers prey on victims with little or no social safety net.

Does the victim have few or no personal possessions?

Social Behavior:

Can the victim freely contact friends or family?

Is the victim allowed to socialize or attend religious services?

Does the victim have freedom of movement?

Has the victim or family been threatened with harm if the victim
attempts to escape?

They look for victims who are vulnerable because of their

illegal immigration status, limited English proficiency, and
those who may be in vulnerable situations due to economic
hardship, political instability, natural disasters, or other causes.

The indicators listed are just a few that may alert you to a
potential human trafficking situation. No single indicator is
necessarily proof of human trafficking. If you suspect that a
person may be a victim of human trafficking, please call the
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Homeland
Security Investigations (HSI) Tip-line at 1-866-347-2423. You

Work Conditions and Immigration Status:

Does the victim work excessively long and/or unusual hours?

Is the victim a juvenile engaged in commercial sex?

Was the victim recruited for one purpose and forced to engage
in some other job?

Is the victims salary being garnished to pay off a smuggling fee?

(Paying off a smuggling fee alone is not considered trafficking.)

Has the victim been forced to perform sexual acts?

Has the victim been threatened with deportation or law
enforcement action? Is the victim in possession of identification

can also report online at www.ice.gov/tips.

and travel documents; if not, who has control of the

documents?

To reach a non-governmental organization for confidential

help and information, 24 hours a day, please call the National
Human Trafficking Resource Center at 1-888-3737-888.

Minor Victims:

Is the victim a juvenile engaged in commercial sex?

For more information, please visit:

www.dhs.gov/bluecampaign

Page number: 41

1.7

Section 1.7 Elements of Criminal Trespass

Definition:
A wrongful entry, encroachment or intrusion, upon the lands of another
Texas Penal Code 30.05 defines Criminal Trespass as: A person commits criminal
trespass when he enters or remains on property or in a building of another without
effective consent and the person had notice that entryway forbidden or received
notice to depart but has failed to do so.

Introduction:
A multifamily property is private property and its resources must be reserved for the
residents that are entitled to live on the property and pay the rent. Therefore, they
have an expectation for privacy and security, especially from the people that have no
business being on the property.
If somebody has gained access to the private property by circumventing the security
measures, then that person has committed criminal trespass. Subsequently, since
the person took action to enter the property illegally, then it is possible another
criminal act by that person will occur, like vandalism, theft, narcotics or more.

Page number: 42

1.7
Problem:
How can management, employees and residents determine 1) what kind of
trespasser is on the premises and 2) how did the trespasser gain access to the
property:
1. Authorized Guests vs. Unauthorized Persons /Trespassers:
a. Authorized Guests of Management are technicians, law
enforcement, people looking for lost dogs, people seeking
employment, etc.
b. Authorized Guests of Resident are family and friends.
c. None Authorized Guests are people that overstayed their welcome
2. Trespassers
a. Can be persons snooping around and examining the property
vulnerabilities,
b. Can be squatters, dumpster divers, aluminum can collectors,
c. Can be solicitors and scammers selling unrequested products and
services
d. Can be recruiters such as religious people seeking members or
donations,
e. Can be Criminals such as Burglars, Auto Thieves, Prostitutes, Drug
dealers, Vandals, Mail Box/Drop Box Thieves, Arsonists, Phony Dog
Walkers, etc.
3. The opportunity used by the trespasser
a. Maybe escorted onto property by a resident
b. Maybe gained access codes, keycards, keys
c. Maybe found vulnerability through perimeter fencing.
d. Maybe entry points were unlocked / unsecured.

Solution:
Consider and implement the strategies of Access Control and Surveillance.
The following also helps to control trespassing:

Page number: 43

1.7
1. Call 911: If trespasser is suspicious, dangerous or committing a crime.
(See Note 1)
2. Be Pro-active:
premises

Ask unwanted visitor(s) and loiterers to leave the

3. Awareness: Ensure the residents and employees understand the policy

that protects the property and themselves from trespassers.
a. Residents should not share access keys, codes and key cards.
b. Be suspicious and observed and report none residents
4. Community: Alliances need to be established between management
and residents and guards and police.
a. Form resident watch groups.
b. Encourage dog walking and cat colony care takers and gardening to
help monitor the surroundings.
c. Also permit kids to play so they and their watchful parents to monitor
as well.
5. Communications: Ensure there are lines of communications between
management, employees, residents and security guard.
6. Signage: Ensure there are No Trespassing signs in obvious areas, (see
note 2)

7. Notices: Ensure the No Trespassing Affidavits in obvious areas.

(see

note 3)

8. Perimeter: Ensure the integrity of the fencing around the property is free
of holes and gaps
9. Lighting: Ensure there is adequate lighting
10. Locks: Ensure locks to access gates, apartment doors, patio doors and
windows locks are adequate and functional.
11. Security Cams & Alarms: Ensure security cams are adequate and
functional and encourage residents to install security cams and alarms

Page number: 44

1.7
their doors and windows. The more security cams and alarms, the better
for everyone.
12. Permit Parking: Apply warning stickers on windows of unauthorized
cars and tow them away as needed.
13. No Access List: Maintain a list of people that are ban from the property
and ensure employees and guards know who they are.

Conclusion:
Your residents have an expectation of safety and privacy. Therefore, when none
residents gain access to the property, they also gain access to your assets, i.e.,
paying tenants and your property.
Trespassers have nothing to lose and much to gain by trespassing. But the tenants
have much to lose and nothing to gain by these intruders.
However, trespassers cannot be successful if management, employees and
residents take a proactive approach to make the property unfriendly for them.
It is community and communications that helps make trespassers unwelcome, and
it is property policy and the physical barriers that keeps them out.

Additional notes:
Note 1: The police may immediately arrest offenders for Criminal Trespass when
any of the following criteria are met:
A current Trespass Affidavit is required by police
charge an offender with trespassing when:

(see section 1.7.1)

to formally

The offender refuses to leave the premises after being asked to do so

The offender refuses to leave when ordered to do so by police.
The police knows the offender has been previously warned and the
warning has been documented

Page number: 45

1.7
However, the Trespass Affidavit is not required by police if the trespasser is:

In progress of committing a crime

Has outstanding warrants
Under the influence of drugs or is drunk
Is mentally disabled and or violent

Note 2: Instruction for completing the Trespass Affidavit

All multifamily properties must have a Trespass Affidavit on file with the Houston
Police Department. You can submit the original notarized Trespass Affidavit form to
your nearest storefront or substation for filing. A copy of the affidavit only must be
posted at the property in a place always accessible to public view. You may call your
local HPD storefront if you have any questions concerning Trespass Affidavit.
Complete the affidavit on next page then have it notarized. Most HPD officers can
notarize it and will do it at no charge to you. Then post copies of the affidavit at your
property and submit the original affidavit to HPD to keep on file. (also see section 2.1)

Note 3: Keep in mind that if and when the agent cited on the affidavit is no longer
associated to the property, a new affidavit with a current owner or agent must be
completed and file again.

Page number: 46

1.7.1
TRESPASS AFFIDAVIT
(BUSINESS OR COMMERCIAL PROPERTY)

My Name is:__________________________
(Print name)

I am the ____________________
(Owner / Agent of Owner)

Of property: ____________________________________________
(Print Property Name)
Located at: _______________________________
(Print Address)

Houston, Texas _________

(Zip code)

I hereby request and authorize the HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT to enter the premises at said
location and, in my absence, to enforce all applicable trespass laws on my behalf in regard to the
above referenced property.
I further request that on my behalf the HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT request all persons who are
not patrons in the normal course of business to immediately leave the property or be arrested
pursuant to Section 3005 of the Texas Penal Code.
NO TRESPASSING signs have been posted throughout the property.
In addition, I, or my designee, will cooperate fully in the prosecution of anyone who is arrested for a
violation of any local or state law.

My business address is____________________________________

My business phone number is______________________________
_____________________
(Signature)

Subscribed and sworn to before me on this the _______ day of____ _________ 20__ ,

to certify which witness my hand and seal of office _____________________________

NOTARY PUBLIC IN AND
FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS

Page number: 47

Chapter 2 Crime Reduction Strategies

DESIGNING

OUT
CRIME

Page number: 48

2.1

Section 2.1 Strategy of the Castle

Introduction:
While Designing out Crime is the modern concept for making our environments
safer; building barriers and defending boundaries has always been the strategy for
surviving those that would harm, steal and or kill people. Manmade environments
were then built in ways that would hinder and deter invaders and attackers.
Problem:
Basic stronghold strategies are not understood.

Solution:
The key to being safe depends on how much is understood about the environment
and how much is done to reduce the vulnerabilities.
Ancient castles were multifamily properties. So a castle is a perfect example built
with the four strategies of:
1. Territoriality,
2. Surveillance,
3. Access Controls and
4. Maintenance.

Page number: 49

2.1

1. Territoriality,
a. Boundaries are defined with barriers, flags and symbolisms
b. Physical presence of king and countrymen, i.e. owner and residents
c. Laws, soldiers, guards and weapons to defend
d. Social Control i.e. civility with rules, punishment and reward
2. Surveillance,
a. Line of Sight over the property and lands from the top of the walls and from
the high towers
b. Guards monitoring the people, property and entrances
c. Observant villagers living inside property and on the lands outside
3. Access Controls
a. Drawbridge, i.e. flexible barrier, to control access into castle
b. Tall walls, i.e. stone barriers, to prevent passage over them (see note 1)
c. Moat, i.e. barrier of water, to prevent passage to walls.
d. Defined pathways to monitor and control access to and from the property
(see note 3)
4. Maintenance
a. Drawbridge is operational
b. Moat is filled with water (see note 4)
c. Walls are not cracked
d. Country side is clear of obscurities that interfere with surveillance (see note 2)

Page number: 50

2.1
Note 1: The walls were built high and thick to protect those on the inside. They also
provided to those that stood on them at the top with exceptional sight over the
surrounding lands

Note 2: The surrounding lands are kept free of bushes and trees and other
obstructions to ensure nothing hinders with surveillance and visibility of the guards

Note 3: There are pathways created through the territory to specifically guide people
through the lands and maximize surveillance of them.

Note 4: Moats of water and sometimes filled with alligators were additional layers of
security to protect the castle.

Conclusion:
These strategies to fortify your home and property are lessons-learned by your
ancestors. The strategies are also the foundation of modern-day concept known as
"Crime Prevention through Environmental Design", i.e. CPTED.
Ultimately it has to be understood that saving time and money to doing nothing to
protect the property can be costly when offenders and criminals discover the
advantageous opportunity left unprotected

Always remember that your home is your castle.

Page number: 51

2.2

Section 2.2 Strategy of CPTED

Definition:
The National Institute of Crime Prevention (NICP) defines CPTED as: The proper
design and effective use of the built-environment can lead to a reduction in the fear
and incidence of crime; increase overall safety of residents and an improvement in
the quality of life.

Introduction:
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a discipline and multistrategic approach for deterring criminal behaviors and activities through
environmental design.
By directly modifying the targets, i.e. building, parking lots, landscaping, etc..,
deviants, offenders and criminals can be influenced not to commit criminal acts in
the environment.
Further, CPTED strategies are often linked with other community-based crime
prevention strategies such as people-oriented policing like Neighborhood Watch
which emphasize tailoring crime prevention strategies to solve specific problems.

Page number: 52

2.2
Problem:
Your multifamily property was built without CPTED strategies and criminal activities
are occurring
Solution:
While CPTED strategies can be implemented during the beginning phases of a
project, e.g., during the building of a new multi-family housing development, the
strategies can also be applied to properties that were built without CPTED planning,
like installing security cameras.
The key components of CPTED are often manipulated to impact specific crime and
to positively affect public perceptions of safety. The strategies are dependent on
each other and include:
The Strategy of Territoriality, promotes a sense of ownership and may include the
use of signs, flags, fences, artwork, etc.., which defines ownership of a given
location.
The Strategy of Access Control, restricts access to specific areas and can include
the use of street barricades, landscaping, locked doors, changes in pedestrian or
vehicular traffic patterns, or the use of security personnel to keep people away from
restricted areas.
Target Hardening, adds physical features that will make it more difficult to
commit a crime such as through the use of improved lighting or electronic
alarms.
The Strategy of Surveillance, increases visibility by natural, formal, and mechanical
methods, such as through promoting routine surveillance by community residents,
employees, and guards or with the use of Security Cameras;
Activity Support - encourages legitimate activities in public places to foster
opportunities for natural surveillance and may include Neighborhood Watch
Patrols, block parties, parents watching kids playing, dog walking, colony cat
caretaking, property clean-up days, or the creation of playgrounds and locating
them to the front of the property to encourage more social interaction.

Page number: 53

2.2
The Strategy of Maintenance, an expression of ownership of property. Deterioration
indicates less control by management and residents of a property but indicate a
greater tolerance of disorder. The Broken Windows Theory is a valuable tool in
understanding the importance of maintenance in deterring crime

The Broken Window Theory

When a broken window is left unrepaired deviants develop the perception that
nobody cares. Subsequently more windows are broken and the vandalism escalates
because the perception has evolved into being a lack of control and unrestrained
freedom on the property. Subsequently vandalism then escalates into criminal
activities.
The broken window is a symbol of unaccountability. If one window in a building is
broken and left unfixed, it is likely that the rest of the windows will be broken soon,
too.
Lesson Learned One broken window is like one criminal offender. Ignoring the
initial problem is an invitation for more broken windows and more criminal
offenders.

Conclusion:
For a multifamily property, CPTED translates in the protection of your assets,
reduction of losses, increased property values and improved quality of life for your
residents and employees. Therefore, Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design concepts can go a long way in making a multifamily property a safer
community.

Page number: 54

2.3

Section 2.3 Strategy of Territoriality

Territoriality, aka Natural Territorial Reinforcement, promotes the sense of a control
through increased definition of space and improved proprietary concern.
An environment designed to clearly delineate private space does two things. First, it
creates a sense of ownership. Owners have a vested interest and are more likely to
challenge intruders or report them to the police. Second, the sense of owned space
creates an environment where strangers or intruders stand out and are more
easily identified.
Territorial reinforcement is also accomplished with buildings, fences, pavement,
lighting, landscapes, signs and symbolism because the sense of ownership is
projected and they also define what public, semi-public and private space is.
Additionally, the objective to define space and project the sense of ownership can
be achieved by assigning unused and unmanaged locations to designated users
and or for designated uses. For example, the dark and empty space under a
stairwell can be designated as a bicycle parking space with a steal bicycle rack and
lighting.
Provided below are some of the goals towards accomplishing the above objectives:

Maintain premises and landscaping such that it communicates an alert

and active presence occupying space.

Page number: 55

2.3

Provide trees in residential areas. Research results indicate that, contrary to

traditional views within the law enforcement community, outdoor
residential spaces with more trees are seen as significantly more attractive,
safer, and more likely to be used by residents than similar spaces without
trees.

Restrict private activities to defined private areas.

Display security system signage at access points.

Chain link fencing and razor-wire fence topping deters people from
climbing over the barrier and breaching the perimeter.

Placing amenities such as seating or refreshments in common areas helps

to attract larger numbers of desired users.

Scheduling activities in common areas increases proper use, attracts more

people and increases the perception that these areas are controlled.

Motion sensor lights at all entry points into the residence.

HPD Suggests:

Keep shrubbery low to allow for more visibility.

To allow visibility from the street avoid closed boarded, concrete fences and
walls.

Accentuate building entrances with architectural elements, lighting and

landscaping.

Clearly identify all buildings and residential units using street numbers that
are a minimum of six inches tall, and well lighted at night.

Results: Territorial reinforcement measures make the normal user feel safe and
make the potential offender aware of increased scrutiny and substantial risk of

Page number: 56

apprehension. When people take pride in what they own and go to the proper
measures to protect their belongings, crime is deterred from those areas.

Page number: 57

2.4

Section 2.4 Strategy of Access Control

& Target Hardening
Definitions:
Access control is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource. The
act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using. Permission to access a
resource is called authorization seeks to allow only those persons who have
legitimate business in an area to enter.
Target hardening, is a term used by police officers, those working in security, and
the military referring to the strengthening of the security of a building or installation
in order to protect it in the event of attack or reduce the risk of theft
Introduction:
Natural Access Control is the concept to direct the flow of people in order to keep
intruders out, decrease the opportunity of crime and increase the perception of risk
to offenders. Examples are walkways, fences, lighting, landscape, and signage are
also utilized to guide people and vehicles to and from the proper entrances.
Physical Access Control is accomplished by Target Hardening.
Target Hardening is the concept to control the physical access of a target by using
devices, systems and or people. For example, keys, locks and key cards can control
physical access. Electronic and mechanical systems can also control physical
access.

Page number: 58

2.4
Additionally, Natural Access Control is used to complement Target Hardening.
Problem:
Non residents, trespassers, vandals and thieves have unrestrained access to the
property, your tenants and their property.
Solution:
Invest time and or money to implement the Strategy of Access Control and Target
Hardening, (see 2.4.1), in order to restrict access to 1) Property, 2) Buildings and 3)
Units/Apartments:
1. Objectives for the Property:
a. Unassigned Spaces - Restrict access to alleys with fences or gates and
illuminate the areas.
b. Assigned Spaces - Define site entrances and access to grounds and
parking lots with landscaping, architectural design, signage and
lighting.
c. Trespassing - Unauthorized entries by non residents are trespassers and
must be directed to leave the private property or face criminal trespass
charges.
d. Towing - Enforce towing of unauthorized vehicles especially after hours
and weekends.
e. Curfew - Enforce curfew to limit and restrict access to the property
grounds.
f. Illumination - Hallways, stairwells, pathways as well as entrances of
buildings, parking lots, balconies, patios and apartments, and
commonly accessible spaces like mail box area should be well lighted.
g. Entrances - Control foot and vehicle traffic flow through the use of a
single, clearly identifiable, point of entry into property.

Page number: 59

2.4
h. Perimeter Barriers - Use tall chain link fencing with razor wire or with
thorny bushes around the property to discourage unauthorized access
by offenders and encourage surveillance by employees and residents.
i. Gate Locking Devices - Installing Door Closer mechanisms and Gate
Locking Latches on external entry points will ensure they will shut close
and then lock after they are opened by residents or employees.
j. Security Guard - Employ guard to enforce Access Control objectives.

2. Objectives for the Buildings:

a. Roof & Upper levels - Eliminate or restrict access to them
b. Entrances - Limit entry into buildings by only one or two points.
c. Doors and Gates - Use door closer mechanisms to ensure entrance
doors close after use.
d. Windows - Use low, thorny bushes beneath windows on ground floors.
Reinforce with window locks.

3. Objectives for the Dwellings:

a. Occupancy - Enforce occupancy provisions of leases. People not
authorized to reside on property and their vehicles should not have
access.
b. Patios - Ground level patio enclosures should be higher than 42 inches
and use thorny plants or bushes next to fences to discourage intrusion.
c. Patio Gates and Sliding Doors - Ground level entrances need to be
reinforced with latches and latches.

Page number: 60

2.4
d. Balcony and Sliding Doors - Upper level balcony railings should be less
than 48 inches high and reinforced and entrances need to be reinforced
with locks and latches.
e. Exterior Windows - Use thorny bushes beneath ground level windows.
Reinforce with window locks.
f. Exterior Doors - Reinforce exterior doors frames by drilling screws that
are 4 inch or longer through the door frame and into the building studs.
Also, there are door reinforcement kits that will reinforce doorways to
impede kick-ins by criminals.

Conclusion:
The objectives provided above are some of the methods to achieve the goal of the
Access Control Strategy, which is to control access by people and make the
property and its residents be more secure. In other words, the goal of the Access
Control Strategy is to provide access only to those that are entitled while preventing
access to those that are not entitled.
However, if the property is still infiltrated by none residents, then it may be that the
Access Control Strategy is not fully implemented or its being circumvented with the
help of someone that has been granted access to the property.
Therefore, consider implementing additional access control methods and also
implement the Strategy of Surveillance, to compliment the Access Control Strategy.
It is by surveillance that you will obtain more information as to where more access
control is needed.

Page number: 61

2.4.1
Images Page
Perimeter
Fig. 17
Security Gate Guard

Fig. 15
Fencing with
BarbedWire.

Fig. 16
Security Gate
Cam

Fig. 18
Access Control
Keypad

Doors
Fig. 20
Door Closer Arms
Indoor and Outdoor Use

Fig. 19
Door Peephole
with Knocker

Page number: 62

2.4.1
Fig. 22
Door with dual
Dead Bolt and Keyed Door Knob

Fig. 21
Dead Bolt Door Lock

Sliding Doors
Fig. 23
Patio Door Bar

Fig 24.
Patio Door U-shape Lock

Fig. 25
Ushape Lock Diagram

Page number: 63

2.4.1
Windows

Fig. 27
Double Thumb Screw

Fig. 26
Thumbscrew Lock

Fig. 29
Thumb Screw Lock

Fig. 28
Yucca
(Drought & Freeze Tolerant.
Will sprout roots from any branch clipping)

Page number: 64

2.5

Section 2.5 Strategy of Surveillance

Definition:
The act of carefully watching someone or something especially to prevent or detect
a crime.

Introduction:
The Strategy of Surveillance relates the placement of physical features, people and
activities in a way that maximizes visibility and fosters positive social interaction
among legitimate users of private spaces.
Some terminologies that are commonly used are Eyes-On-The-Street and Line-ofSight. Eyes on the street means people are watching out for each other. And line of
sight means having a direct line of what you see or what you are observing. It is the
unobstructed visual path of something or someone.
Problem:
Offenders discover that the multifamily property lacks the value of community and
its employees and residents only care about themselves and nothing else.

Page number: 65

2.5
Therefore, the multifamily property is perceived to be low risk for deviant and
criminal activities such as trespass, thefts, vandalism, assaults, prostitution,
narcotics trafficking, human trafficking, payday partying, loud music, drunken and
lewd behavior, disrupting the peace, etc..
Solutions:
By implementing surveillance strategies, potential offenders will feel increased
scrutiny and limitations of opportunity and also perceive a higher risk of
apprehension. The strategies are: 1) Natural Surveillance, 2) Formal Surveillance
and 3) Activity Support. Also surveillance can be improved by 4) Lighting and other
objectives.
1. Natural Surveillance, is casual and there is no specific plan for people to
watch out for criminal activity. For example, by placing signs such as
Caution Children Playing and signs for other activities in the area, the
residents will be more involved in what is happening around them. They will
be more tuned into to who is and who isn't supposed to be there and what
looks suspicious on a day to day life
2. Formal Surveillance, is the specific plan for utilizing security cameras and
guards. Although it is common practice for the company / management to
install security cam systems, residents should be allowed to install personal
security cam systems as well. As they are relatively inexpensive and easily
installed, the surveillance strategy the company is trying to achieve for the
property and its residents is strengthened further by the use of more
cameras.
3. Activity Support, increases the use of the property for tenant activities with
intent of increasing the risk of detection of offenders and their activities. It
would also be beneficial and prudent for the owners and management to
inspire the residents in having a sense of community and the sense of
ownership .
a. Neighborhood Watch, is a program of systematic local vigilance by
residents of a neighborhood or community to discourage trespass and
other criminal activities.

Page number: 66

2.5
b. Citizens Patrol - The Houston Police Department is committed in using
volunteers to enhance the delivery of police service to the citizens of
Houston through the department's Police Volunteer Initiatives Program
(VIP). An important component of the Police VIP is the Citizen Patrol
program.
c. Additional support, can come from individual residents, insightful kids,
play ground attendants and pet caretakers. Dog walkers and cat colony
managers, gardeners and watchful parents are also valuable resources
for observing their surroundings.
d. Customize a watch group that is unique for your property and situation.
For example, multifamily properties that are informally referred to as
The Hood, your group could be called The Apartment-Hood Watch
e. Employee surveillance, is absolutely imperative as a surveillance
strategy. Owners, managers and property workers must be proactive,
vigilant and observant about all things that are detrimental to the
security and safety of the property and residents.
4. Lighting and Other Objectives:
a. Use good lighting at all facades of buildings to allow good surveillance.
b. Assign parking spaces to residents. This makes unauthorized parking
easier to identify and less likely to happen
c. Designate visitor parking. If necessary, have visitors park on public
streets if allowed for curbside parking.
d. Adequately illuminate parking areas and pedestrian walkways.
e. Create recreation areas, like playgrounds and outdoor bench spots and
outdoors bbq pits to encourage outdoor activities.
f. Screen or conceal dumpsters, but avoid creating blind spots and hiding
places.

Page number: 67

2.5
g. Do not allow shrubbery to be overgrown; in order to provide visibility in
vulnerable areas.
h. Place security video cams overlooking sidewalks and parking lots and
access points.
i. Driving around the property is a surveillance method.
j. Revitalize the landscape to provide more opportunity for surveillance,
especially in the proximity of designated points of entry and
opportunistic points of entry
k. Use chain link fence or rod-iron fence where possible in order to provide
better surveillance through them.
l. When improving the lighting situation, avoid poorly placed lights that
create blind-spots for potential observers and miss critical areas. Ensure
problem areas are well lighted like pathways, stairs, entrances, exits,
parking areas, phone kiosks, mailboxes, childrens play areas,
recreation areas, pools, laundry rooms, utility areas, dumpster areas,
etc.
m. Ensure that the security cameras can record night time images. Night
time recording can be enhanced with the installation of more lighting in
the area they are monitoring.
n. Avoid overly bright security lighting that creates blinding glare for
potential observers. Eyes adapt to night lighting and will have trouble
adjusting to severe lighting disparities. So in areas where lighting is
closer to ground level and eye level, consider using lower intensity lights
even though it may require more fixtures.
o. Place lighting along pathways and other pedestrian-use areas at proper
heights to make people easier to see and identify.

Page number: 68

2.5
Conclusion:
Surveillance is one of the key strategies used by people to observe people. When an
offender perceives the risk is high of exposure, then there is a greater perception of
being apprehended.
However, surveillance only works when employees and residents stop turning a
blind eye at people that do not belong or acting suspicious. It is a well known fact
that criminals are successful when nobody notices them and nobody is around to
catch them in the act of committing a crime.

Page number: 69

2.5.1
Image Page

Fig. 30

Fig. 31

Fig. 33
Fig. 32

Fig. 35
Snooping is Good Strategy

Fig. 34

Page number: 70

2.6

Section 2.6 Strategy of Maintenance

Introduction:
The Strategy of Maintenance conveys pride by owners, employees, residents, visitors
and offenders. Otherwise properties that are neglected and poorly maintained are
invitations for deviant behaviors and criminal activity.
Problem:
The perception is being conveyed that the property and its residents have little
value and therefore there is greater tolerance for disorder, deviant behaviors and
criminal activities.

Solution:
1. Implement Maintenance Strategy Objectives:
a. Maintain all areas with quality, including entrances, pathways, and
recreational areas.
b. Maintain trees and shrubs neatly pruned and trimmed.
c. Maintain landscaping. Nice gardens and the surrounding foliage that are
well maintained convey pride and care by owners and residents.

Page number: 71

2.6
d. Maintain the buildings and its features painted.
e. Maintain the integrity of the fencing by repairing, mending and or painting.
f. Ensure all gates at entrances close and open properly. Gates and doors
with locks but do not close and lock properly are the same as gates without
locks.
g. Do not allow tropical plants, like banana trees, to be grown outside of
planters. They will propagate out of control and also create the appearance
of tropical jungles which is like home to drug traffickers and other types of
offenders.
h. Replace foliage and trees that are dead with new ones to maintain the
landscaping. A landscape with dying, dead or no foliage means lack of
pride and no desire for maintenance.
i. Encourage your residents to create gardens in unassigned areas because it
also encourages surveillance..
j. Maintain all exterior lightings and increase where possible.
k. Maintain your security camera system. A faulty or phony system is false
security for you and your residents

2. Residents are part of the strategy:

a. Maintain a community. Promote social activities and remove deviant
tenants and trespassers from the property.
b. Maintain and promote the mission of the property as being "Kid and Pet
Friendly". By affirming that the mission is to protect the vulnerable class of
residents, which is a community objective, the perception of the some
offenders can be altered. Otherwise the deviants had chosen your property
because they had perceived it as being either professionally impersonal,

Page number: 72

2.6
institutionalized or having families that are not community oriented, and a
management that only cares about rent monies.
c. Ask your residents to rename their internet wifi signals to something like
DEASecure or UC1. By inferring to wifi connections as something
related to the DEA or police Under Cover operations, deviants that review
these signals on their devices will become paranoid about their
environment.

3. Other Maintenance Objectives by City of Houston Ordnances:

a. Maintain the lawn. Grass and weeds cannot grow over 8
b. Maintain the property free of trash and junk.
c. Maintain zero tolerance for graffiti and paint over it as needed.
d. Maintain zero tolerance for blighted conditions of buildings and structures.

4. Additional Objectives for owners and management:

a. Maintain your leases to ensure that the people listed on them are those
actually living in the units.
b. Maintain zero tolerance for subletting. Unlisted residents and overcrowding
is detrimental to your customers and your property and the financial
bottom line.
c. Understand the Broken Window Theory (see 2.7)

Conclusion:
Maintaining your assets is the ultimate goal that all people strive to do. As the
owner of the multifamily property, your assets are not only the land, the buildings,
the foliage; the equipment and all else, but also include your customers and your
reputation.

Page number: 73

2.6
Quality and priority for maintenance sends the message of dignity and ownership to
the deviants. In turn deviants perceive their opportunities limited and their desire to
commit their activities as being not worthwhile. When this perception is achieved,
the property will become a safe and peaceful place, which is an asset to be proud of.

Page number: 74

2.6.1
Image Page

Fig. 36
No Broken Windows

Fig. 37
Replace Broken Windows

Fig. 38
Maintain Strategic Objectives

Fig. 39
Paint Buildings and Features

Fig. 40
Nice Gardens means Attentive People

Fig. 41
Lawn areas must be trimmed

Page number: 75

.1

2.6.1

Fig. 42
Ensure Buildings are not in Dis-Repair

Fig. 43
Keep trees and bushes trimmed

Fig. 44
Maintain integrity of Leases

Fig. 45
A Criminal or Deviant Tenant is
the beginning of Infestation

Page number: 76

2.7

Section 2.7 Broken Windows Theory

Introduction:
The Broken Window Theory is a valuable tool in understanding the importance of
maintenance in deterring crime. Broken Windows theory proponents support a zero
tolerance approach for property vandalism, observing that the presence of a broken
window will entice vandals to break more windows in the vicinity.
The quicker the broken windows are replaced, the less likely the vandalism will
occur in the future. Vandalism falls into the broken windows category as well. The
faster the graffiti is removed the more of an inconvenience it is for the deviant or
gang member to paint graffiti once again. Having a positive image in the community
shows a sense of pride and self-worth that no one can take away.
This theory assumes that the landscape "communicates" to people. A broken
window transmits to criminals the message that the community displays a lack of
social control, and therefore the community cannot or does not want to defend itself
against a criminal invasion.
It is not so much that the window is actually broken that is important, but the
message the broken window sends to the people and deviants. It is a symbol of
defenselessness and vulnerability of the community and it also represents the lack
of cohesiveness of the people within. Neighborhoods and communities with a
strong sense of cohesion fix broken windows and assert social responsibility on
them and control over their space.
The outcome is that while the theory emphasizes the built environment, it also takes
into consideration human behavior.

Page number: 77

Chapter 3 C.R.I.M.E.

Page number: 78

3.1
Target

People

Police

Policy
Criminal

Opportunity

Section 3.1 Crime Reduction Initiatives

Definition:
A plan is defined as, a set of concepts and actions that have been thought of as a
way to achieve and maintain a safe and peaceful property.

Introduction:
A plan consisting of Crime Reduction Initiatives will contain procedures that will
target the changes occurring to the environment and its community infrastructure.

Problem:
As seen in figure 46 and figure 2, the elements of
crime are homogeneous because the elements of
community are not taking an active role.

Target

Criminal

Solution:

Opportunity

Figure 46

Create concepts where the elements of Policy,

People and Police will be homogeneous and able to hinder the elements of crime,
as portrayed in the figure at top of this section.

Page number: 79

3.1
The Elements of Policy Develop specific policies that address, reduce and
eliminate from the environment and property the unrestrained freedoms that
deviants and criminals rely upon.

Monitor and maintain your CPTED Strategies

Integrate Concepts of Eviction into current protocols
Hinder antisocial behaviors with Concept of Addendums
Post for public view the antisocial behaviors that are prohibited

The Elements of People Maximize people power and marginalize the

institutionalized infrastructure and impersonal attitudes:

Develop people skills

Develop watch groups
Develop community
Create a network of allies

The Elements of Police Use the wisdom from police and develop an alliance with
them and your friends, i.e. residents, employees, and management of the
neighboring properties. Become allies for the common cause of reducing criminal
activities.

Attend HPD PIP Meetings

Become HPD Blue Star Certified
Organize and inspire Citizen Patrol Groups
Be vigilant and encourage the employees to do the same
Be communicative and share information
Review and analyze the HPD crime stats for your property and area

Conclusion:
If there are no plans currently in place that address the antisocial activities then it is
time to create them.

Page number: 80

3.1
Creating and implementing a anticrime plan ensures that everyone understands
what the protocols are to handle undesirable situations.
This Masa Guide is a good example of what a plan could be for your property. This
guide provides information on the causes and effects of criminal activities that are
specific to multifamily properties and also provides the empirical understandings
with hindering them.
The subsequent sections will explain how C.R.I.M.E. can help you to reduce crime.

Page number: 81

3.2

Section 3.2 Strategy of Policy

Definition:
Policy is a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party,
business, or individual as a way to maintain order, security, consistency, or
otherwise further a goal or mission.

Introduction:
By developing guidelines, people will understand how to deal with situations.
However, the operations of most multifamily properties are fluid because there are
no written procedures except when it comes to processing rent payments and
paying the bills. For the most part, the operations are conducted via verbal
understandings and schedules.
There are some written guidelines, like lease agreements. But they are a matter of
formality on how much rent to pay and when and duration. Other guidelines that
most properties abide are city ordinances, state laws and federal regulations.

Problem:
Management takes little of no action to hinder or deter anti social behaviors and
criminal activities because there is a misconception that police are responsible for
controlling the environment on the property.

Page number: 82

3.2
Solution:
Enhance current practices with concepts that address antisocial behaviors and
criminal activities:

Maintain the Strategies of CPTED Make it policy to routinely inspect, test and
maintain the CPTED Strategies that were implemented to ensure maximum
results. A check list will guide any employee to inspect the areas cited and be
accountable..

Concepts of Lease Addendums There is no law that prohibits the use of

lease addendums. Courts will respect all signed agreements and will rule in
favor of truth and accuracy. Therefore the Concept of Addendums should spell
out in simple language what the expectations are for residing on the property
and what the consequences are if the expectations are not kept. The Concept
of Lease Addendums (see 3.2.1) should entail:

Personal pledges

Understanding of Curfew for kids and adults

Understanding Public Intoxications

Vandalism and destruction of property

Loud noises, music and gatherings

3 Strikes and youre out policy

Visitor check ins

Disseminating access codes and keys

Concepts of Eviction Tenant Eviction and None Lease Renewals are the
process that removes the opportunity of residency from undesirable people
that disrupts or corrupts the environment of the property. But there is no
assurance that the property is free of that former tenant. Therefore fortify
standard practice of evictions and none lease renewals with the Concept of
Eviction because it ensures:
-

Documenting lease and addendum violations

Warning letters of non-compliance have been issued

Page number: 83

3.2
-

Criterias for terminating the lease are true, correct and justified.

Retrieval of the door keys, gate cards, mailbox keys, gate keys, etc

The change out of door locks to the unit and mailbox.

Retrieval of the parking permit

Security guards access list is updated with the removal of former tenants
car license plate number.

The other residents are aware of the eviction so they have peace of mind
and can monitor for the return of that former tenant

The evicted tenant does not covertly move into another unit as a roommate
or sub-lessee.

The forcible removal that former tenant as a trespasser and the termination
of the lease of the partner in crime.

Conclusion: Ultimately, owners and management are responsible for making an

effort to curtail opportunities that invite anti-social and criminal behaviors.
Therefore, evaluate what the goals and the mission is for your property and how to
achieve them. Spell out what anti social behaviors that are not permitted on the
property. Then post these expectations, in Spanish and in English near the office
entrance and mailboxes.
Also make these expectations into addendums to lease contracts to ensure that the
every resident and all new tenants understand and agree to them.
Civil courts have awarded large cash sums to the residents that were victimized on
the property because the property management failed to adequately warn residents
of dangers and turned a blind eye at those dangers instead of removing them.

Page number: 84

3.2.1
Form: Responsibility Agreement, i.e., Property Exclusions Form

Tenant Assurance and Responsibility Agreement

(Name of Property)
In order to ensure a safe and peaceful environment for all residents, the tenant will acknowledge, adhere
to the following provisions while residing on this private property:
1.

_____The resident will not make unreasonable noise.

2.

_____The resident will not engage in fighting or in violent and threatening behavior.

3.

_____The resident will not engage in any activity that constitutes a criminal offense.

4.

_____The resident will not engage in any activity involving firearms or illegal drugs.

5.

_____The resident will not damage, deface or destroy any property belonging to the
apartment, the company or the property of other residents.

6.

_____The resident will not interfere with any right, comfort, or convenience of any resident.

7.

_____The resident will not operate a vehicle in a careless or reckless manner on property

8.

_____The resident will not provide unauthorized access to this private property to noneresidents, including the provision of gate access codes or access keys.

9.

_____The resident will be held accountable for their guests and violation of the above
provisions.

10. _____The resident will notify management of residents that are not complying with the
above provisions
When a resident violates any of these provisions, the resident is subject to the rules of the lease
agreement and local laws.
By initialing each provision above and signing below on this agreement, the tenant understands that
there is an expectation of personal responsibility in order to ensure the quality assurance of this property
for the tenant and for all the residents residing on this private premises.

When you follow the above recommendations, you are sending the message that
criminal elements are not tolerated and that you are taking responsibility of your
property and business.

Page number: 85

3.2.1
Form: Crime Free Lease Addendum

Crime Free Lease Addendum

In consideration of the execution or renewal of a lease of the dwelling unit identified
in the lease, Owner and Resident agree as follows:
Resident, any members of the Resident's household or a guest or other persons
affiliated with the resident:
1. Shall not engage in criminal activity, including drug-related criminal activity, on
or near the apartment community. "Drug related criminal activity" means the
illegal manufacture, sale, distribution, use, or possession with intent to
manufacture, sell, distribute, or use an illegal or controlled substance (as
defined in the federal Controlled Substance Act of the Texas Controlled
Substance Act).
2. Shall not engage in any act intended to facilitate criminal activity.
3. Shall not permit the dwelling unit to be used for or to facilitate criminal activity,
regardless of whether the individual engaging in such activity is a member of
the household, or a guest.
4. Shall not engage in the unlawful manufacturing, selling, using, storing,
keeping, or giving of an illegal or controlled substance as defined in the Texas
Controlled Substance Act, at any locations, whether on or near the dwelling
unit.
5. Shall not engage in any: (i) illegal activity as defined in the Texas Penal Code,
including prostitution, street gang activity, threatening, intimidating, or assault,
including, but not limited to, the unlawful discharge of a weapon, on or near the
dwelling unit; or (ii) breach of the lease agreement that otherwise jeopardizes
the health, safety, and welfare of the owner, the owners agent, or other
residents, or involves imminent or actual serious property damage.
6. Violation of the provisions shall be a material and irreparable violation of the
lease and good cause for immediate termination of tenancy..

Page number: 86

3.2.1
7. A single violation of any of the provisions of this added addendum shall be
deemed a serious violation, and a material and irreparable non-compliance.
It is understood that a single violation shall be good cause for immediate
termination of the residents right to possession of the apartment unit.
Unless otherwise provided by law, proof of violation shall not require a
criminal conviction, but shall be by a preponderance of the evidence.
8. Resident acknowledges that Residents responsibilities under this
addendum are in addition to, not in lieu of, Residents responsibilities under
Residents lease. A violation of this addendum shall automatically constitute
a default under the lease; in which event, Owner shall be entitled to exercise
all rights and remedies under this addendum, the lease or applicable law as
if Resident violated the terms of the lease.
9. In case of conflict between the provisions of this addendum and any other
provisions of the lease, the provisions of this addendum shall govern.
10. This LEASE ADDENDUM is incorporated into the lease executed or renewed
on this
______ day of ______________________, 20_________.
______________________________ Date:_____________
Resident Signature
______________________________ Date:_____________
Resident Signature
______________________________ Date:_____________
Signature of Owner or Owners representative
________________________________________________
Property Name/Location

Page number: 87

3.2.1
Form: Post Trespass Affidavit
TRESPASS AFFIDAVIT
(BUSINESS OR COMMERCIAL PROPERTY)
My Name is:__________________________
(Print First Last Name)

I am the ____________________
(Owner / Agent of Owner)

Of property: ____________________________________________
(Print Property Name)
Located at: _______________________________
(Print Address)

Houston, Texas _________

(Zip code)

I hereby request and authorize the HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT to enter the
premises at said location and, in my absence, to enforce all applicable trespass
laws on my behalf in regard to the above referenced property.
I further request that on my behalf the HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT request
all persons who are not patrons in the normal course of business to immediately
leave the property or be arrested pursuant to Section 3005 of the Texas Penal Code.
NO TRESPASSING signs have been posted throughout the property.
In addition, I, or my designee, will cooperate fully in the prosecution of anyone who
is arrested for a violation of any local or state law.
My business address is____________________________________
My business phone number is______________________________
_____________________
(Signature)

Subscribed and sworn to before me on this the _______ day of____ ________ 20__ ,
to certify which witness my hand and seal of office _____________________________
NOTARY PUBLIC IN AND
FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS

Page number: 88

3.2.1
Form: Letter of Exclusion to resident, i.e. eviction.

Date:

Company Letterhead

Name of Resident
Address of Resident
Dear (resident name),
This letter is to formally advise you that you are no longer welcome in
(property name) premises, and, under the law*, this company now
forbids you from entering in or remaining in any premises in which
(property name) carries on business. This also forbids you from
entering into or remaining on any lands owned by (property name).
At this time you must return the keys to the unit, keys to the mailbox,
keycards (if any) and the vehicle parking permit.
Further, the Houston Police will be informed of this letter and under
the law you will be viewed as a trespasser if you are found in or on
any (property name) property from this date. In the event that you are
found in or on (property name) property in the future, you will be
ordered to leave. If you fail to do so, you render yourself liable to be
removed or arrested.
This letter will remain in force until revoked in writing by (property
name) management.
Yours faithfully
(Signature)
Name of Manager
Property Name
Property Location

Page number: 89

3.3

Section 3.3 Strategy of People

Definition:
Community is a group of people living in the same place or having a particular
interest in common. It is also the feeling of fellowship with others, as a result of
sharing common attitudes, interests, and goals.

Introduction:
There was a time when villagers grabbed their pitchforks and torches, and chased
away the offender from their community. Presently, many people live on multifamily
properties but there is no community among them; at least not by the standard
definition. Unfortunately, most multifamily properties that are plagued by anti-social
behaviors are those that are managed like an institution or clearing house for rent
monies or simply due to a lack of professionalism and lack of concern for a quality
environment.

.Problem:
The property is riddled with deviant and criminal activities because nobody cares.

Page number: 90

3.3
Solution:
Add value to the environment and property with the following::
Element of Communications: Cease your isolation and get out of the office to
establish lines of communications. Communicate with the residents and the
managers of your neighboring properties. When there are more eyes watching and
more ears listening, the opportunity for the offenders to commit their crimes is
riskier. Example: Friendly chats and gossiping with residents will provide you with
more information than sitting inside the office and twiddling your thumbs.
Element of Value: Modify the environment to accentuate the value of community;
because the success of offenders depends on there not being caring management
and community. Examples: Keep hedges trimmed or allow residents to keep them
trimmed. Ensure signage are nice and neat and organized. Use colorful paint to
define areas, like parking spaces, no parking, private parking spaces, mailbox area,
office area, etc..
Element of Parking Spaces: Assign a parking space to each unit, regardless if
parking is general. In doing so, management provides a sense of ownership to the
tenants via their personal parking space. Subsequently, the tenants will enhance
the strategy of surveillance and tow unauthorized cars away.
Element of Gardens: Nice gardens reflect personal care and attentiveness is a
concern for the criminals. Residents tending to gardening is a benefit for the
Strategy of Surveillance. People that have a common interest in gardens also
promotes Community.
On the other hand, properties with institutionalized
landscaping or have removed landscaping and allowed the land to become barren
of grasses conveys a lack of caring people and management.
Element of Socialization: Management can create opportunities so that residents
can meet each other and to know each other so they can look out for one another.
Examples: Pool opening party and parties on holidays, monthly community
meetings. Also, enroll the property in the federally funded summer lunch program
for kids. Sponsoring the program on the property will convey a management that
cares. Further, the daily lunch time is also ideal to communicate with parents while
the kids are eating, and take inventory of the stay at home parents and kids.

Page number: 91

3.3
Element of Watch Groups: Inspire resident watch groups. Crime can be reduced
simply because residents are conveying the perception to deviants and offenders
that they are being watched and they will be reported to police. When residents get
involved, the anti-social will be intimidated about their unwelcome behavior.
Element of Children and Parents: One of the first things police recommend to
management is, if there is a playground located in the back side of the property then
moves it to the front side where it will be visible.
Kids playing and parents monitoring kids provide the Strategy of Surveillance. But
in some cases moving the playground to a visible part of the property incur a cost
and perhaps there may not be a place at the front of the property to move the
playground.
But the fact is that kids do not need a playground, or playground equipment. The
simple act of allowing kids to play in high visibility areas is an alternative method to
apply the same anti crime concept of kids play. Further, the virtue of toys being
left around on the property provides the same perception to offenders like formal
playground equipment do. There is no cost to the company or devaluation in
property value when toys are left unattended.

Element of Pets:
Dog walking is a method that is used by drug dealers because this activity allows
them to walk on public and private property in order to sell narcotics to people and
other dog walkers.
However, dog walking is also an anti crime concept. Concerned people that are dog
walkers will provide the Strategy of Surveillance.
Cat caretakers walking around the property caring for cats also provide the Strategy
of Surveillance as well as to maintain a healthy cat population for legally controlling
rodents.
Additionally, pets on the property provide the perception of a healthy community
dedicated to kids and pets. Therefore, if pets are being killed on the property, then
this is an indication that a deviant is involved that may be killing them. Gangs and

Page number: 92

3.3
drug dealers choice of pets are viscous pit bulls and viscous dog because they are
used intimidate and for amusement, especially for killing docile pets on the
property.
Element of Ownership: Provide a purpose to those empty and unused areas because
they provide concealment to criminals. Therefore, let the residents use those spaces
for community activities and projects or personal use. This will enhance the element
of Community, Strategy of Surveillance and strategy of Territoriality. Example: Empty
spaces under the stairs can be used for parking bicycles or for personal gardens.
Vacant areas on the property can be used for community gardens or plazas
Element of Networking: If the property is built in a manner that it caters to the
professionally impersonal and the environment is not kid and pet friendly
community, then you need to establish a network of communications with the
residents. By developing lines of communications between yourself and the
residents, people will get to know each other and establish a community albeit be
somewhat impersonal. Therefore, host regular meetings and create special events
to gather the residents so that they can get to know each other.
Element of Pro Activism: Move yourself into your property and live on it, or visit your
property after hours. It is only when the office is closed that the owner or manager
will truly see the true environment that exists on the property. Stop fooling yourself
into believing that after you burn rubber going home at the end of your work day the
property is free of anti social behaviors. The fact is that as you go home at the end
of the day, everyone else is coming home to your property.
Element of Police: Attend PIP meetings. Become certified in the Blue Star Program.
Have friendly conversations with police. Present yourself when police officers are
called to the property for any reason. Ask for their advice and opinions. Ask what
you can do to help them so that they can help you.

Conclusion:
The truth is that multifamily properties can be self sabotaging when they depend on
rent money from deviant residents and allow good residents to leave the property.

Page number: 93

This occurs because management does not understand the meaning of value, such
as the value that good residents bring to the property.

Page number: 94

3.4

Section 3.4 Strategy of Police

Definition:
The civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention and
detection of crime and the maintenance of public order.
Introduction:
When it comes to protecting the residents of a multifamily property, there is only so
much that the police can do. This is because police are called for assistance after
a crime has been committed. But if they are notified sooner rather than later, then
will arrive while a crime is in progress or to keep squabbles between residents from
escalating.
Ultimately, it is the responsibility of management to keep the property as safe as
possible. Therefore, if management is aware of their problematic tenants but turns
a blind eye at them because they believe that the police are responsible for keeping
them in check, then management is misguided and can be held financially liable for
their lack of responsibility.
However, do not believe that it is everyone elses responsibility to ensure your safety.
It is important for you to be aware of your environment and to take precautions in
order to avoid becoming a victim in the first place.
Problem:
You dont know what the Houston Police Department provides.

Page number: 95

3.4
Solution:

Be a more knowledgeable citizen.

Have friendly conversations with police.
Present yourself to the police when they visit the property for any reason.
Ask for their advice and opinions.
Ask what you can do to help them so that they can help you.
Become certified in the Blue Star Program (see 3.4.1)
Attend PIP meetings (see 3.4.2)

Conclusion:
There is a fallacy that law enforcement is the deciding factor of whether your deviant
resident continues to stay on the property and pay rent or goes to jail and is evicted
for unpaid rent. Also that police are free security for the property because
management does not want to hire security guards.
Managers that sit inside the office to collect rent money, pay bills, creating and
ending lease contracts, and disperse maintenance work orders, does not ensure a
safe and peaceful environment or create a community.

Page number: 96

3.4.1

Blue Star Multi-Housing Program

The Houston Police Departments Apartment Enforcement Unit offers the Blue Star
Multi-Housing Program to apartment communities and other multi-housing rental
properties throughout the City of Houston. The Blue Star Multi-Housing Program is
a proactive program designed to reduce the potential for crime and to raise
awareness in apartment managers, owners and residents.

About the Blue Star Multi-Housing Program

Houstons Police Departments Blue Star Multi-Housing Program is designed to be
a cooperative effort between apartment managers / owners, apartment residents
and law enforcement, to abate crime and to enhance the quality of life for citizens
living within Blue Star communities. The awarding of a Blue Star designation means
that the apartment community has successfully completed all three phases of the
program and has met the minimum standards for certification. It is hoped that, over
time, many apartment managers and prospective residents will recognize that the
Blue Star Multi-Housing certification will promote a safer and cleaner community
with a higher quality of life.
For more information
http://www.houstontx.gov/police/multi_family/

Page number: 97

3.4.2

Positive Interaction Program.

Citizens and Police. Friendship Through Education

The Houston Police Department has had a Community Service Division since the
Seventies. When a group of citizens requested a presentation on a crime prevention
topic, they would send one of their officers to the group and advise them what they
could do to keep from becoming crime victims again. This is proactive policing. In
1982, out of the patrol division came the idea that citizens also need to know more
about their police department before a crime occurred in their neighborhood. From
this idea came the concept of the Positive Interaction Program, "PIP."
A police agency can be very confusing to most citizens. The Positive Interaction
Program holds monthly PIP meetings featuring speakers from different divisions
(Burglary and Theft, Homicide, K-9, Helicopters, etc.) explaining how their division
operates. This is done so citizens will know what to expect, should they ever need
the police. The department was not sure how citizens would react to coming to a
police station once a month for a presentation on a different division. So, the
Positive Interaction Program was started as a pilot project in only one police station
to begin with. The Program has proven to be an overwhelming success. A
presentation from a different police division or law enforcement agency is provided
each month. You may hear what a judge, district attorney, state prison warden, or a
county boot camp director has to say about what they are doing to fight crime.

A chance to meet the officers that patrol your neighborhood and get to know
them on a first name basis. You even hear from the Captain of your Substation. (This is the person that can tell you what your station will be doing in
the future.)

Page number: 98

3.4.2

Each month a different person is chosen to ride with a police officer on an

actual tour of duty. At the next month's meeting, you'll get to hear from the
"citizen-rookie" about his or her experience.

Crime statistics are given out at the end of each monthly meeting. There are
seven categories of crimes listed, each including the date, time, block address,
and type of location where the crime occurred. The PIP Crime Statistics are
also available on the Internet.

After each formal meeting, a second, informal meeting is held (usually with
refreshments!) You'll have an opportunity to talk to other citizens who attended
the meeting with you -- you may find you have a lot in common and even
exchange ideas on how to help solve your neighborhood problems.

Lots of other things happen at PIP meetings: citizens give crime tips, members
may collect food for the hungry in their community or raise money for
scholarships, the PIP group may honor an officer for outstanding work in the
area, and being invited to a meeting with the chief is not uncommon. You must
be a member of a division PIP group to be eligible to attend the Citywide PIP
meeting.

Remember, PIP does not send an officer out to your group. Your civic association
should send your neighborhood residents to the police station for the civic PIP
meeting.

Growth of "PIP"
Since the pilot program of PIP in 1983 at one sub-station, it has grown considerably.
There are now thirty PIP groups that meet every month throughout the city. Not all
are Civic Association PIP's. There are now Apartment, Business, School, and even a
Deaf and Hard of Hearing PIP groups. Some PIP groups meet during lunch, some at
night, and one even has a breakfast meeting. All have the same purpose, to learn
more about their police department.

Page number: 99

3.4.2
Statement of Purpose
The education of the citizens of Houston on how their police department functions
is essential to the PIP program. Once a citizen understands how the police
department does its job, that citizen can better relay to the police department their
neighborhood needs.
The free flow of information and ideas gives us both a better understanding of each
other's needs and expectations. This fosters trust and friendship between citizens
and the police department that serves them. Cooperation between the Houston
Police Department and the citizens is imperative in the reduction of crime and
enhancing the overall quality of life in their neighborhoods.

For more information please visit:

http://www.houstontx.gov/police/pip/index.htm

Officer James Sobota, The Citywide "PIP" Coordinator

Voice 713.308.9079 / TTY 713.908.9071 / Fax 713.308.9073

E-mail: James.Sobota@houstonpolice.org

Page number: 100

3.5

Section 3.5 Time & Money

Introduction:
Turning a Blind Eye at the Criminal Activities might be good for short term profits
but in the long term will prove to be a costly mistake.
Time and money are factors that affect the criminal element of Opportunity.
Therefore depending on how they are allocated, the Opportunities can either be
created and furthered or reduced and eliminated.

Objective:
Lets review how the investment of time and money basically apply in the following
scenarios. But first lets define a few terms to make the example scenarios easier to
realize:

Cost-Benefit: This is a formula to analyze the relation between the cost of an

undertaking and the value of the resulting benefits. "i.e., a costbenefit

analysis"

Revenue: The amount of money that a company actually receives during a

specific period. It is the "top line" or "gross income" figure from which costs
are subtracted to determine net income. i.e., monthly rent monies

Expense: The monetary costs that a business incurs through its operations to
earn revenue. In order to maximize profits, businesses must attempt to
reduce expenses without also cutting into revenues. Because expenses are
such an important indicator of a business's operations, there are specific

Page number: 101

3.5
accounting rules on expense recognition. i.e., maintenance, repairs,

replacements of property

Liabilities: A company's legal debts or obligations that arise during the

course of business operations. i.e., risks, negligence, lawsuits

Tenant: A resident that is the source of revenue and cause of expenses. So

basically the tenant for my examples below can be either singular or plural,
i.e. gang member or members, prostitute or prostitutes, partier or partiers,
drug dealer or dealers, etc.., or a combination of all of the above.

Problem & Solutions:

Scenario 1: Basic Cost Benefit Analysis

To develop the MASA Guide, the author incurred costs by way of investing personal
time and personal money and will not achieve a personal gain or benefit. However,
the objective for the author was to provide the benefits to the citizens. In other
words, the guide was created as a benefit for the greater good. Therefore the readers
of this guide will incur little or no costs for acquiring the guide but will expend some
cost by way of the time that is needed to study it. However, the benefit from the
guide is profoundly greater than its cost because it provides lifelong knowledge.
Therefore, the Cost Benefit to the author equates to High Cost and Low Benefit. But
for the readers, the Cost Benefit equates to Low Cost and High Benefit, i.e. shortterm Costs and long-term Benefits.

Scenario 2: Cost Benefit of a Blind Eye

So your new tenant moved onto the property not long ago and faithfully pays the
rent money. Therefore the revenue report and cash flow statements sustain
favorable balances each month. But the net income statement shows an
unfavorable balance because of the increase of expenses you are claiming as

Page number: 102

3.5
maintenance for general wear and tear when the expenses actually result from
intentional vandalism, like broken windows, and thefts.
You suspect the increase in costs is related to trespassers or deviants living on the
property. Also the other residents are incurring vandalism and theft of their personal
items. Additionally, the monthly crime stats from the HPD website indicate a rise of
police calls to the property.
However, you are turning a blind eye at the detrimental changes in the environment
that are being contributed directly or indirectly by deviants because you are in favor
of the revenue flow.
But there are unfavorable consequences for turning a blind eye at the deviations
that are negatively affecting your assets each month. In the long term, when the
costs of the deviations are aggregated, the financials and the value of the property
are going to be negatively affected.
Subsequently, the quality residents are moving out of the property and the revenue
stream has decreased. However, those vacated units will then become new
opportunities for new tenants although you have some idea they will not be quality
people. But again, you are turning a blind eye at them because you want the rent
money..
The vandalisms and thefts have increased again. There is graffiti on the walls and
more windows are broken but they will not be replaced for now because 1) you dont
want to allocate revenue until you recover the lost revenue when residents moved
away from the property and 2) you dont want to record expenses that will make the
balances on the financial statements appearing unfavorably.
Subsequently, the image of the property and its environment has degraded. The
propertys market value has also decreased but you see this as a positive because
taxes will be decreased. However, the price of rent must also be lowered as an
Opportunity to attract quality tenants again. But instead, the cheap rent is the
Opportunity that attracts more deviant tenants. Sure they can pay the rent you
desperately need but the costs resulting from vandalism and theft will continue to
rise.

Page number: 103

3.5
Now 24 months later, the results of turning a blind eye for the sake of short term
financial satisfaction has resulted in 1) the degradation of the property, 2) the
devaluation of its market value, 3) the bad reputation to prospective tenants,
investors, bankers and 4) local police being frustrated about the problems occurring
on the property. In addition, 5) the financial risk has also risen because the owners
of the property can also be sued by victims or the property can be ordered closed by
a judge for being a dangerous nuisance to the community.
Subsequently, the company now faces the decision of whether to bite the financial
bullet and dig itself out of the hole it created or to sell the property to a new investor?
If the property is not going to be sold then the company will have to spend money
and time to restore the value lost over the years. The damaged and stolen assets
must be repaired and replaced, and the reputation must also be restored. Also a
safe and healthy environment must be established again and sustained. The
investment needed and the costs that will be incurred will easily exceed the
aggregate amount of all the rent money that was collected during the time when
blind eyes were managing the property.
As you can see in the above, the consequences of turning a blind eye at undesirable
activities ultimately result in No Benefits and Great Costs because decisions were
based on short term accounting practices, i.e. Monthly Revenue and Expenses,
instead of total value over the long term, i.e. Costs and Benefits.
So next time you see a broken window and suspect a deviant tenant has infiltrated
the property, think of the Cost Benefit in turning a blind eye at the problem. Simply,
if the tenant above had been evicted or denied a lease renewal, some short term
revenue would not be earned. However the company would be financially superior
over the long term.

Scenario 3: Cost-Benefit of Investing in Access Control Strategy

So your neighborhood has evolved into an unsafe area and the open landscaping of
your quaint property is no longer an intrinsic amenity. So the company has
implemented the Access Control Strategy and installed chain link fence around the
perimeter and gates of rod iron at the entrances. However, outsiders are still
accessing the property, despite of the investment.

Page number: 104

3.5
What has occurred is that the objective from the Access Control Strategy is still
incomplete and the criminal element of opportunity still exists because
somewhere on the property there is access into the perimeter.

The new front gates are not functional

The new front gates have been sabotaged to make them inoperable
Outsiders have attained the keys or access codes for the gates
Residents or employees are providing access to their friends and strangers
The fencing has gaps or holes
There are objects near the fence that help people jump over it.

Therefore, in order to achieve better Access Control there must be additional time
and money invested to further reduce the criminal element of Opportunity. Some
examples include:

Investing in the Maintenance Strategy to ensure the gates are functional and
maintained secure.
Investing in the Strategy of Surveillance and monitor the entrances 24/7 with
a security camera system or security guards.
Investing in the Concept of Community and inspire residents to monitor the
environment, the perimeter and the gate area.
Implementing the Concept of Policy in order to remove from the property
those residents or employees that are compromising the security and
safeness of the environment.

Lastly, in order to maximize the return on your investment seek out the advice from
the police officers that protect your community. Their experience and expertise is
provided at no charge. FREE is a good thing!

Conclusion:
Cost Benefit analysis can be used to analyze and to make decisions for many things
other than for financial purposes. This is because the factor of Costs and the factor
of Benefits do not always infer to money.

Page number: 105

Sometimes Costs can equate to Money or equate to Time. Hence the Benefits
gained in return could equate to a Value that does not equate to Time or Money. But
it is not to say that a mathematical genius could not convert Value into dollars and
cents.
The following are the goals to achieve from Cost Benefit decision making:

Low Cost, High Benefits

0% Cost, 100% Benefits
Short Term Costs, Long Term Benefits
Teach a stranger to fish, Make a friend for Life

Page number: 106

When crime occurs on the property, you can

either
Allow crime to define the property or
Allow crime to destroy the property or
Use crime, to strengthen you and the property.
BMunguia

Final Thoughts
Much of the activities that degrade the property and its environment can be
attributed to a lack of time and money from the property owners, as well as a lack of
personal responsibility from the employees towards completely tasks to achieve
maximum results.
Therefore, when considering the implementation of a strategy or concept like the
Strategy of Access Control, do not just think that one concept, like chain link
fencing is the total solution. You must also take into consideration the other
concepts, like front gates, locks and lighting, security cameras, gate guards and the
community.
Keep in mind that your residents play a vital role in the strategy of Access Control
and the Strategy of Surveillance, because they can reinforce the strategies or ignore
them or sabotage them.
So my suggestion is to inspire community among the residents so that they can
help monitor their environment and report trespassers and deviant activities to you
or the guards and or the police.
Another similar point that has to be remembered is that when you execute the
Concept of Eviction, it is not just about tearing up the lease of the deviant tenant.
Eviction must remove from the property the deviant problems and keeping the
deviant problems out as well.

Page number: 107

Therefore, you have to take into consideration and ensure that the parking permit is
retrieved and the access list for the security guards is amended accordingly. You
have to retrieve the keys and change the locks. You have to also let the residents
know that the tenant was evicted so that they can monitor and help ensure that your
Concept of Eviction is working as intended.
If you do not ensure that the Concept of Eviction to is completed to its fullest, then
the concept will be a failure because the problem tenant will simply move
somewhere on the property as a sub letter or roommate.
Now you will have to find out who the partner in crime is of that undesired tenant
and continue to clean house of the deviants that are undermining the security and
safety and profitability of the property.
Lastly, you have to communicate! You have to put aside the idea that you as a
business owner or manager are running an institution or a company, instead of
managing a community.
Lines of communications must be opened, friendships must be built and networks
must be established in order to transfer vital information to others and have vital
information transferred to you about activities that have a detrimental effect on the
business and your customers, i.e. tenants.
Therefore, if you do nothing or do not complete a task to its fullest, i.e., ass work,
then the desired benefit cannot be fully achieved.
Finally, you have to become smarter than the criminal if you want to beat them at
their game. So as a final suggestion, don't be hesitant to mix and match strategies
and concepts; in order to achieve the perfect balance for your property. And if
necessary, develop new concepts as well. Then let me know what they are!

Thank you.

Page number: 108

Chapter 4 - Blue Pages

Page number: 109

4.1

Houston Police Department Headquarters

1200 Travis, Houston TX 77002

HPD MAP
Legend
Stations

Store Fronts

Beats

Districts

Page number: 110

4.1
Divisions
Airport Division -Districts 21 & 23
- Bush IAH (21)3100 Terminal Rd. North, (281) 230-6800
- Hobby/Ellington (23)7800 Airport Blvd., (713) 845-6800
Central Division -Districts 1 & 2, 61 Riesner St., (713) 247-4400
Clear Lake Division -District 12, 2855 Bay Area Blvd., (281) 218-3800
Eastside Division -District 11, 7525 Sherman, (713) 928-4600
Kingwood Division -District 24, 3915 Rustic Wood Dr., (281) 913-4500
Midwest Division -District 18, 7277 Regency Square Blvd.,
(832) 394-1200
North Division -Districts 3 & 6, 9455 W. Montgomery, (281) 405-5300
Northeast Division -Districts 7, 8 & 9, 8301 Ley Rd, (713) 635-0200
Northwest Division -Districts 4 & 5, 6000 Teague Rd, (713) 744-0900
South Central Division -District 10, 2202 St. Emanuel, (832) 394-0200
South Gessner Division -District 17, 8605 West Place Dr.
(832) 394-4700
Southeast Division -Districts 13 & 14, 8300 Mykawa (713) 731-5000
Southwest Division -Districts 15 & 16, 4503 Beechnut (713) 314-3900
Special Operations Division -District 1 (1A10)1900 Rusk,
(832) 394-0000
Westside Division -Districts 19 & 20, 3203 S. Dairy Ashford,
(281) 584-4700

Page number: 111

4.1
Store Fronts
01. Acres Homes -6719 West Montgomery, 77081
02. Aldine -10966 North Freeway, 77037
03. Ana Maria Lopez -1050 Quitman, 77009
04. Braeburn -7576 West Bellfort, 77071
05. Broadway Square -8751 Broadway, 77061
06. Denver Harbor -6402 Market, 77020
07. East Freeway -12001 East Freeway, 77015
08. Fifth Ward -4014 Market St, 77020
09. Greenspoint -105 Greenspoint Mall, 77060
10. Gulfton -5980 Renwick, #A, 77081
11. Heights -1127 North Shepherd, 77009
12. Hiram Clarke -4363 West Fuqua, 77053
13. Independence Heights -803 Crosstimbers, 77022
14. Leija -4701 Galveston Road, 77017
15. Marq-E -7620 Katy Freeway
16. Ripley House (Navigation) -4410 Navigation, 77011
17. Near North -1335 West 43rd, 77016
18. Neartown (Montrose) -802 Westheimer, 77006
19. Palm Center -5330 Griggs, #A-101, 77021
20. Ranchester -9160 Bellaire Boulevard, # F, 77036
21. Richmond -6308 Richmond Avenue, 77057
22. Southmore -3711 Southmore, 77004
23. Spring Branch -8400 Long Point, #A, 77055
24. Sunnyside -3511 Reed Road, 77051
25. Telephone Road -10201 Telephone Road, 77075
26. Westbury -5600 South Willow, #116, 77035
27. Westwood -9700 Bissonnet, #1740-W, 77036
28. Willowbrook -17375 Tomball Parkway, #2B-1, 77269

Page number: 112

4.2
Important Phone Numbers & Websites

Page number: 113

References
Section 1.1
Crime. (2015, Spring) Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime
Uniform Crime Reports (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports
Crime Stoppers. Retrieved from
http://www.houstontx.gov/police/cash_for_crooks.htm
Federal Bureau of Investigation Most Wanted. Retrieved from
https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten
Drug Enforcement Agency Most Wanted. Retrieved from
http://www.dea.gov/fugitives.shtml
Harris County Most Wanted. Retrieved from
http://www.harriscountyda.com/OurOffice/MostWanted.aspx
Texas State Most Wanted. Retrieved from
http://www.dps.texas.gov/texas10mostwanted/
Houston Police Dept Crime Stats. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://www.houstontx.gov/police/cs/stats2.htm
Section 1.3
HPD Gang TaskForce, (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
www.StopHoustonGangs.org
Houston Apartment Sued, (2015, Spring), Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=houston+apartment+sued
Section 1.4
Black Market. (2015, Spring) Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market

Page number: 114

Section 1.5
Drug Enforcement Agency. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://www.dea.gov/index.shtml
Controlled Substance Act. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/index.html
Texas Controlled Substance Act. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/HS/htm/HS.481.htm
Section 2.2
Crime Prevention Design Strategies. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
https://www.bja.gov/evaluation/program-crime-prevention/cpted1.htm
http://www.cpted.net/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_prevention_through_environmental_design
CPTED Strategies. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from the following
http://www.houstontx.gov/police/crime_prevention/cpted.htm
Section 2.4
Access Control Strategy. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control
Section 2.7
Broken Windows Theory. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory
Section 3.4
HPD PIP. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://www.houstontx.gov/police/pip/index.htm
Section 4.1
Houston Police Department. (2015, Spring). Retrieved from
http://www.houstonpolice.org

Page number: 115

Index
A
accentuate
91
access 12, 30, 37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58,
59, 66, 83, 84, 103, 105
accomplice
29
activism
6
activities 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 28, 32, 33, 37,
38, 39, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 73, 80,
81, 83, 90, 93, 103, 105, 106
addendum
84
addendums
83, 84
adorn
15
agent
19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 45
agents
15, 20, 23
aggregate
102
agricultural
40
airplane
11
alarms
12, 13, 43, 52
alcoholic
23
alligators
50
aluminum
30, 42
amended
105
amenities
55
amenity
103
amusement
93
analysis
100, 104
analyze
80, 100, 104
ancestors
50
animal
17
animals
17
antisocial
1, 14, 80, 83
apartment
19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 43, 96, 112
apprehended
7, 39, 67
apprehension
55, 64
architectural
55, 57
area
13, 37, 56, 57, 64, 66, 80, 91, 98, 103
areas 43, 52, 54, 55, 57, 65, 66, 70, 71, 74, 83, 91, 92,
93
arms
13
arrest
44
arrested
46
arrests
38
arson
6
article
36
artwork
52
ass
106
assault
6, 11, 17
assaults
64
assert
76
assertive
38
asset
6, 73
assets
44, 53, 72, 102
association
98
attendants
65
attitudes
90

attorney
auto
automobiles
awareness

97
12, 13, 30, 32, 38
31
96

B
background
19, 24
backpack
31
bags
30
balances
101, 102
balconies
57
balcony
58
ball
14
ban
44
banana
71
banger
14
bankers
102
barrels
30
barricades
52
barrier
49, 55
barriers
44, 48, 49
base
14, 40, 51
bench
65
bicycle
54
billboards
37
bite
16, 102
blighted
72
blind
17, 37, 65, 66, 67, 84, 94, 101, 102, 103
blinding
66
blocking
31
blouse
23
bluecampaign
40
bonafide
24
bonuses
20, 22
boot
97
booze
37
boozers
7
border
15
borders
40
boundaries
15, 33, 48
boundary
33
boxes
15
boys
14
breaching
55
breaking
13
bribes
20, 22
briefcase
31
bright
66
broken
30, 31, 53, 76, 101, 102, 103
building
31, 41, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59
buildings
38, 54, 55, 57, 58, 65, 71, 72
built
48, 50, 51, 52, 77, 93, 106
bullet
102
bullets
15
burglaries
12

Page number: 116

burglary
6, 11
burning
31
bushes
50, 57, 58, 74
business19, 28, 30, 32, 37, 41, 46, 56, 82, 85, 100, 101,
106
buyers
30, 31, 32

C
cam
31, 64
camera
71, 103
cameras
52, 64, 66, 105
cancer
23
caps
14
cards
43, 56, 84
caretakers
24, 65, 92
caretaking
52
cars
5, 6, 16, 32, 38, 44, 91
cartel
16
cartels
16
cartons
30
castle
48, 49, 50
cat
43, 52, 65, 92
caters
93
cats
92
chain
7, 57, 66, 103, 105
chains
15
chair
12
chatting
38
chemicals
30
child
23
children
29, 33, 36, 40, 66
chimes
12
citizen
3, 95, 98, 99
citizens
65, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101
civic
98
civility
49, 79
clandestine
37
clientele
36, 37
clients
39
climbing
55
clipping
62
clothes
39
clothing
13, 14
cocaine
30, 31
code
21, 46
codes
42, 43, 83, 103
coerced
40
coercion
40
cohesion
76
cohesiveness
76
communicate
91, 106
communicates
54, 76
communications
6, 32, 43, 44, 91, 93, 106
communities
76, 96
community 5, 12, 16, 20, 29, 32, 37, 38, 44, 51, 52, 53,
54, 63, 64, 71, 76, 79, 80, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98,
102, 104, 105, 106
compromising
103

computer
13
conceal
65
concept
48, 50, 56, 92, 97, 105, 106
concepts
2, 53, 79, 83, 105, 106
concrete
55
condemned
31
conditions
3, 72
conducive
1
conduct
6, 29, 30, 32, 39
conducting
1, 2, 39
congregate
15
connections
72
consent
11, 41
consequences
83, 102, 103
consuming
56
contagious
33
contracts
23, 84, 95
control
40, 42, 49, 53, 54, 56, 59, 71, 76, 113
convenient
6, 7, 29
cooperate
46
cost
6, 12, 92, 100, 101
costly
50, 100
costs
2, 100, 101, 102
counterfeiting
6
court
20
coyotes
7
crack
30, 31, 35
credentials
24
creditability
22
crime 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 24, 36, 43, 45, 51, 52, 53,
55, 56, 63, 67, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 92, 94, 96, 97,
98, 99, 101, 106, 113
crimes
1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 91, 98
criminal 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19, 21, 28, 33, 37,
38, 41, 51, 52, 53, 57, 64, 70, 76, 80, 83, 84, 85, 90,
100, 103, 106
criminals 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 20, 33, 50, 51, 59, 67, 76, 80, 91,
93
crooks
112
crystal
31
cultivation
28
curbside
65
curfew
6, 57
curtail
84
customers
28, 30, 32, 37, 72, 106
cutting
100

D
damaged
damages
dangerous
database
dea
dead
deadbolt
deadly
deal
dealers

102
17
2, 16, 17, 43, 102
19
112, 113
71
31
12, 23
7, 29, 82
21, 29, 33, 42, 92, 101

Page number: 117

debts
101
decrease
12, 56
deeds
7
defend
49, 76
defending
48
defenselessness
76
degradation
102
denominator
33
dependency
33
deportation
40
depressed
40
designated
54, 66
designed
3, 54, 82, 96
desirable
28, 36
desperately
102
destroy
106
deter
7, 12, 48, 83
deterred
55
deterrence
2
deterrent
12
deterrents
13
deterring
51, 53, 76
detrimental
65, 72, 101, 106
devaluation
92, 102
develop
1, 53, 80, 101, 106
deviant 3, 17, 24, 64, 70, 71, 76, 84, 90, 92, 93, 95, 102,
103, 105
deviants 1, 7, 19, 32, 33, 37, 38, 44, 51, 53, 71, 72, 73,
76, 80, 92, 101, 106
disorder
53, 70
disparities
66
disposing
32
disrupting
64
distract
29
distraction
29
distribution
28
dog
12, 15, 16, 17, 29, 43, 52, 92
dogs
15, 17, 42
dollars
104
domestic
40
doors
5, 6, 12, 31, 43, 44, 52, 58, 59, 71
doorways
59
dress
14, 39
drilling
59
driver
5
drivers
5
drives
6
driveway
32
driveways
37, 38
driving
6, 32
drug 6, 7, 15, 16, 21, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 71,
92, 101
drugs
28, 29, 32, 37, 45
drunk
45
drunken
64
drunkenness
6
dumpster
42, 66
dumpsters
15, 30, 65
duty
98

dynamics

1, 28, 36

E
electronic
32, 52
elements
1, 3, 5, 7, 55, 79, 85
embezzlement
6
emblems
30
employees 1, 2, 42, 43, 44, 52, 53, 57, 58, 63, 67, 70,
80, 103, 105
enforcement
7, 15, 19, 37, 38, 40, 42, 54, 95, 96, 97
entrance
58, 84
entrances
49, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66, 70, 71, 103
entry
41, 42, 55, 57, 58, 66
entryway
41
environment 1, 2, 15, 17, 48, 51, 54, 72, 77, 79, 80, 83,
90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 101, 102, 103, 105
escort
20
escorts
36
evict
16
evicted
84, 95, 103, 105
eviction
17, 84, 89
evictions
38, 83
exclusion
3, 89
exhibiting
16
expense
100
expenses
100, 101, 102
exploitation
40
explosive
31
eye
17, 33, 66, 67, 84, 94, 101, 102, 103

F
fabric
31
facades
65
family 1, 2, 6, 12, 17, 19, 22, 24, 28, 36, 40, 42, 52, 79,
96
favorable
37, 101
fbi 112
fear
51
fearful
40
federal
7, 82
federally
91
fees
36
felony
11
fence
7, 55, 66, 103
fences
52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58
fencing
42, 43, 55, 57, 71, 103, 105
fight
97
fighting
17
filing
45
financial
22, 72, 102, 104
financially
17, 94, 103
financials
102
fire
13, 15
firing
17
fish
104
fix 76
fixtures
66

Page number: 118

flags
floors
flourishes
foliage
follow
following
form
fosters
fraud
fraudulent
friend
friendly
friends
friendship
friendships
frustrated
frustrations
fugitive
fugitives
fumes
functional

40, 52
58
37
70, 71, 72
22, 85
2, 3, 6, 13, 21, 22, 42, 44, 91, 100, 104
45
63, 99
6, 20, 40
19, 20, 25
104
93, 95
20, 22, 24, 30, 40, 42, 80, 103
99
106
102
2
23
112
31
43, 103

G
gain
2, 23, 42, 44, 97, 101, 102
gambling
6
game
106
gang
14, 15, 16, 17, 76, 101
gangs
15, 16, 30
gaps
43, 103
gardeners
65
gardening
43, 91
gardens
70, 71, 91, 93
garnished
40
glare
66
glass
13, 30
glassware
30
glassy
30
goal
3, 59, 72, 82
goals
54, 84, 90, 104
government
82, 94
governmental
40
graffiti
15, 16, 72, 76, 102
grounds
1, 6, 17, 57
group
14, 15, 31, 65, 90, 97, 98
groups
43, 80, 92, 98
grow
31, 72
growing
30
guard
3, 15, 29, 43, 58
guards 29, 38, 43, 44, 49, 50, 52, 56, 64, 84, 95, 103,
105
gun
15, 17
guns
15

H
habitation
hardening
healthy

11
12, 56
92, 102

heroin
high
hole
holes
homogeneous
hood
hoodies
housing
human
hunters
hunting

30
6, 15, 16, 36, 49, 50, 58, 67, 92
7, 102
43, 103
79
14
14
36, 52, 96
7, 16, 21, 36, 38, 40, 64, 77
24
1, 6

I
ice 40
illegal
1, 16, 21, 28, 32, 39, 40
illegitimate
40
illicit
28, 33
immigrants
21
immigration
40
immune
11
impede
59
imperative
65, 99
impersonal
71, 93
implementing
59, 64, 80
inches
55, 58
income
36, 100, 101
indoor
31
infection
28
infested
6
infiltrated
59, 103
infiltration
28
influence
1, 6, 45
informal
98
informally
65
information 1, 3, 7, 16, 19, 25, 40, 59, 80, 81, 91, 96,
99, 106
infrastructure
79, 80
innocent
17
innocuous
15
inoperable
103
inspire
64, 80, 103, 105
install
43, 64
installation
56, 66
institutionalized
72, 80, 91
insurance
13
integrity
7, 43, 71, 75
intent
11, 64
interest
54, 90, 91
intimidate
15, 93
intimidated
92
intimidation
15
intoxicated
30
intruders
44, 54, 56
intruding
44
intrusion
41, 58
invaders
48
invasion
11, 76
inventory
91

Page number: 119

invested
investigators
investing
investment
investor
investors
invitation
iron

103
39
101
100, 102, 103, 104
102
102
53
66, 103

J
jail 95
jittery
jobs
judge
jugs
jungles
junk
juvenile

31
40
97, 102
30
71
72
40

K
key
12, 13, 43, 48, 52, 56, 67
keycards
42
keys
5, 6, 13, 42, 43, 56, 83, 84, 103, 105
kick
59
kids
14, 15, 16, 23, 43, 52, 65, 83, 91, 92
kill 13, 15, 16, 17, 48
killed
14, 17, 92
killing
92
kiosks
66
kits
59
knob
12

L
landlord
19, 21, 22, 24
lands
41, 49, 50
landscape
56, 66, 71, 76
landscapes
54
landscaping
30, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 70, 71, 91, 103
language
83
laptops
13
larceny
6
latches
31, 58
laundry
66
law 7, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 37, 38, 40, 42, 46, 54, 83,
95, 96, 97
lawn
72
laws
28, 46, 82
lawsuits
101
leaders
7
leadership
14
lease 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 37, 38, 40, 82, 83, 84,
95, 99, 103, 105
leases
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 58, 72
leashes
15
leasing
2, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25
leaves
5, 31

legalized
21
legally
92
legitimate
40, 52, 56, 63
let 17, 93, 100, 105, 106
letter
29, 37, 106
letters
84
level
58, 66
lewd
64
liable
17, 94
licensed
17
light
31
lighted
55, 57, 66
lighting
12, 30, 43, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 65, 66, 105
lightings
31, 71
lines
15, 43, 91, 93
link
7, 55, 57, 66, 103, 105
liquor
6
lock
6, 58, 71
locked
5, 13, 52
locking
13
locks
5, 12, 31, 43, 56, 58, 71, 84, 105
loiterers
43
loitering
6
losses
2, 53
luggage
13
lunch
91, 98
lured
40

M
mailboxes
66, 84
maintain
33, 71, 79, 80, 82, 83, 92
maintained
70, 103
maintenance 31, 36, 53, 71, 73, 76, 94, 95, 100, 101
malnourished
23
managed
37, 90
management 15, 17, 23, 24, 29, 32, 37, 42, 43, 44, 53,
64, 72, 80, 84, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 113
manager
3, 93, 106
managerial
38
managers
1, 20, 21, 65, 91, 96
managing
102, 106
manipulated
24, 52
manufacture
28
manufacturing
30, 31
marijuana
30, 31
market
2, 102, 112
mechanical
52, 56
mechanisms
58
medical
40
medicine
24
meeting
98
meetings
91, 93, 95, 97, 98
melting
31
members
14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 42, 98, 101
mentally
45
mesh
30
meth
31, 35
method
15, 36, 39, 66, 92

Page number: 120

methods
13, 52, 59
military
56
misconception
83
misinformed
22
mission
71, 82, 84
monetary
100
money 2, 21, 23, 37, 50, 57, 93, 95, 98, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105
monies
21, 72, 90, 100
monitor
15, 29, 32, 38, 43, 49, 84, 103, 105
monitoring
49, 66, 92
mothers
36
motor
6, 11, 13
move
16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 84, 92, 106
moved
2, 22, 101, 102
movement
40
moves
21, 92
moving
92, 102
multifamily 1, 14, 30, 36, 37, 41, 45, 48, 52, 53, 63, 64,
65, 72, 81, 82, 90, 93, 94
murder
6, 16, 33
music
13, 64, 83

N
narcotics 17, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 64, 92
natural
40, 52
negatively
102
neglected
70
negligence
101
neighborhood
64, 97, 98, 99, 103
neighborhoods
99
neighboring
80, 91
neighbors
32
nervous
32, 40
net
40, 100, 101, 113
network
19, 21, 24, 29, 80, 93
networks
106
night
15, 31, 32, 55, 66, 98
nights
32
nighttime
12
noisy
12
notarize
45
notarized
45
notice
37, 38, 41
noticeable
15
notices
67
nuisance
102

O
objective
objectives
objects
obscurities
observant
occupancy
odor
odors

54, 71, 101, 103

13, 54, 58, 59, 64
103
49
65
7, 58
30, 31
30

offender
3, 12, 44, 53, 55, 67, 90
offenders7, 38, 44, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 64, 70, 71, 91, 92
offending
38
offense
5, 11, 17
offenses
6
officer
98
officers
45, 56, 93, 97, 104
online
40
operations
29, 72, 82, 100, 101
opportunistic
66
opportunities
5, 13, 28, 37, 52, 73, 84, 91, 102
opportunity 5, 7, 12, 13, 16, 20, 32, 37, 42, 50, 56, 64,
66, 83, 91, 98, 103
order1, 7, 23, 30, 33, 56, 57, 63, 66, 79, 82, 92, 94, 100,
103, 104, 106
ordinance
16
org
99, 112, 113
organization
40
outdoor
31, 54, 65
outlooks
15
outsiders
103
overcrowding
72
overgrown
66
overlooking
66
overnight
11
overstayed
42
overwhelming
97
owner
3, 6, 11, 16, 17, 24, 45, 49, 72, 93, 106
owners
1, 15, 17, 64, 70, 72, 84, 96, 102, 105
ownership
52, 53, 54, 64, 73, 91

P
paint
72, 76, 91
painted
71
painting
71
paranoid
31, 40, 72
paraphernalia
30, 32
parents
29, 43, 52, 65, 91, 92
park
13, 14, 65
parked
5, 15
parking 13, 15, 38, 51, 54, 57, 65, 66, 84, 91, 93, 105
partier
101
partiers
7, 101
parties
52, 91
partner
84, 106
partners
24
party
82, 91
partying
64
passage
49
passive
37
path
6, 13, 63
paths
5
pathway
5
pathways
49, 50, 57, 66, 70
patio
12, 43, 58
patios
57
patrol
97
patrons
46

Page number: 121

patterns
31, 52
pavement
54
payday
64
peaceful
73, 79, 95
pedestrian
52, 65, 66
pellet
15
perception
53, 55, 56, 67, 70, 71, 73, 92
perceptions
52
perimeter
42, 55, 103
permit
43, 84, 105
permits
32
permitted
38, 84
personnel
32, 52
phony
71
physical
40, 44, 52, 56, 63
pillow
23
pills
30
pimp
21, 37
pip
99, 113
pipes
30
pitchforks
90
plague
2
plan
64, 79, 81
planning
15, 52
planters
71
plants
31, 58, 71
play
29, 43, 65, 66, 92, 105
playground
92
playgrounds
52, 65
playing
52, 92
ploy
23
poisonous
31
police 2, 13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 32, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44,
45, 54, 56, 65, 72, 79, 80, 83, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 112, 113
policies
80
policing
51, 97
policy
43, 44, 79, 83, 113
political
40
pools
66
predators
5
pregnancy
23
premises
42, 43, 44, 46, 54
prey
40
pride
55, 70, 71, 76
privacy
41, 44
private
11, 41, 44, 54, 55, 57, 63, 91, 92
problem
21, 23, 24, 28, 39, 53, 66, 103, 106
procedures
79, 82
prohibition
28
properties1, 2, 12, 19, 21, 23, 28, 29, 36, 45, 48, 52, 65,
70, 80, 81, 82, 90, 91, 93, 96
proponents
76
prosecution
46
prostitute
39, 101
prostitutes
21, 28, 30, 36, 37, 39, 101
prostitution
6, 16, 21, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 64
protocols
80
provisions
58

psychological
public
pupils
purses

12
5, 6, 11, 45, 52, 54, 65, 80, 92, 94
30
13

Q
quality

22, 51, 53, 70, 90, 96, 99, 102

R
radar
13
ransom
21
rape
6, 17, 33
razor
55, 57
record
66, 102
recreation
65, 66
recreational
70
reduce
1, 3, 12, 13, 48, 56, 79, 80, 96, 100, 103
reinforce
59, 105
reinforced
58
reinforcement
54, 55, 59
religious
40, 42
remove
16, 71, 84, 103, 105
renew
38
renewal
103
renewals
83
rent 21, 22, 23, 36, 41, 72, 82, 90, 93, 95, 100, 101, 102
rental
96
rented
19
renter
19, 21
renters
19, 20
rents
36
repaired
102
repairing
71
repairs
100
report
13, 21, 32, 38, 40, 43, 54, 101, 105
reputation
2, 72, 102
resident
3, 16, 17, 32, 38, 42, 43, 84, 89, 92, 95, 101
residents 1, 2, 12, 14, 15, 17, 29, 30, 32, 37, 38, 41, 42,
43, 44, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 67,
70, 71, 72, 80, 84, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 101, 102,
103, 105
resistance
5, 6, 13
responsibility
33, 76, 85, 94, 105
restored
102
restraint
40
restrict
57, 58
restricted
52
restriction
56
restricts
52
retaliation
15
revenue
2, 16, 22, 100, 101, 102, 103
revenues
100
risk
2, 5, 6, 11, 15, 55, 56, 64, 67, 102
risks
11, 101
ritual
16
robbery
6, 17
rodents
92

Page number: 122

roommate
rooms
rules
runaways

21, 84, 106

66
49, 100
6

S
sabotage
105
sabotaged
103
sabotaging
93
safe
48, 55, 73, 79, 94, 95, 102
safer
48, 53, 55, 96
safety
40, 44, 51, 52, 65, 94, 106
scammers
42
scenarios
21, 22, 100
scheme
23, 24, 25
screws
12, 59
scrutinize
24
scrutiny
24, 29, 55, 64
secret
17
secretly
21, 24
secure
57, 59, 103
secured
57
security 3, 7, 15, 20, 29, 31, 37, 38, 41, 43, 50, 52, 55,
56, 64, 65, 66, 71, 82, 95, 103, 105, 106
sellers
21, 30, 32
selling
42
servitude
40
sex
6, 36, 38, 40
sexual
17, 36, 40
sexually
38
shaved
23
shirts
14
shrubbery
55, 66
shrubs
70
sidewalks
37, 38, 66
sign
14, 20, 22, 24
signage
55, 56, 57, 91
signals
72
slash
15
slaughter
16
slavery
40
slaves
16, 21
sliding
12
smells
31
smoke
30, 31
smuggled
21
smuggling
40
sneakers
15
snooping
42
soccer
14, 29
social
7, 37, 40, 52, 63, 71, 76, 83, 84, 90, 92, 93
socialize
23, 40
soldiers
49, 56
solicitors
42
solution
105
space
54, 76, 91
spaces
55, 57, 63, 65, 91, 93
speakers
97

spray
15
squatters
7, 42
stairs
66, 93
stairwell
54
stairwells
57
statements
101, 102
statistics
7, 98
statutes
113
steal
5, 7, 13, 48, 54
stealing
6, 24
stolen
6, 102
storefront
45
stranger
104
strangers
54, 103
strategic
51
strategies 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 16, 32, 42, 48, 50, 51, 52, 64,
67, 105, 106
strategy
12, 48, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 91, 93, 105
strength
15
strengthen
106
strengthened
64
strengthening
56
stronghold
48
structure
11
structures
14, 72
studs
59
subleasing
19
sublet
19, 24
subletting
72
submissive
40
substances
28
surrounding
50, 70
surroundings
43, 65
surveillance 29, 49, 50, 52, 57, 59, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71,
91
suspect
21, 40, 101, 103
suspected
16, 38
suspects
25
suspicion
21, 22, 29
suspicious
30, 32, 38, 43, 64, 67
sweatshops
40
sworn
46
symbol
14, 53, 76
symbolic
15
symbolism
54
symbolisms
49
symbols
14, 15
symptoms
28
syringes
30
system
31, 55, 71, 103
systematic
64
systems
31, 56, 64

T
target
targets
tattoos
taxes

5, 12, 13, 16, 56, 79

51
14
102

Page number: 123

technicians
42
teenagers
14
tenant
3, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 64, 83, 84, 101, 103,
105, 106
tenants 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 44, 57, 71, 84, 91, 94, 102,
106
terminated
20
territory
14, 15, 50
theft
6, 11, 12, 13, 33, 41, 56, 101, 102
thefts
2, 12, 16, 64, 101, 102
theory
76, 77, 113
thief
6
thieves
11, 13, 30, 57
thorny
57, 58
threat
16, 17
threatened
40
tire
15
tires
15
tolerance
53, 70, 72, 76
torches
90
torture
40
tow
44, 91
towing
57
toys
92
trade
28, 36, 37, 38, 40
traffic
2, 30, 32, 38, 52, 57
trafficked
40
trafficker
21, 23
traffickers
7, 71
trafficking
16, 28, 30, 36, 38, 40, 64
trash
32, 72
trees
50, 54, 70, 71, 74
trespass
30, 41, 46, 57, 64
trespasser
7, 42, 43, 45, 84
trespassers
7, 32, 43, 44, 57, 71, 101, 105
trespassing
2, 38, 42, 44
trimmed
70, 74, 91
Trojan
19
tropical
71
turf
14, 15

U
unauthorized
undercover
undermining
undocumented
unemployed
unfriendly
unlocked

7, 44, 57, 65, 91

15, 32
106
21
16
38, 44
5, 6, 42

unobstructed
unsafe
unsecured
unwelcome
usdoj
utility

63
2, 103
42
17, 32, 38, 44, 92
113
15, 66

V
vaccinated
vagrancy
value
vandalism
vandalisms
vehicle
vehicles
vehicular
vested
victim
victimized
victims
vigilance
vigilant
violation
violence
violent
viscous
visitor
visitors
volunteers
vulnerabilities
vulnerability
vulnerable

17
6
2, 16, 63, 70, 91, 92, 93, 100, 102, 103
2, 6, 17, 41, 53, 64, 76, 101, 102
102
2, 6, 11, 13, 32, 57
13, 56, 57, 58
52
54
2, 6, 17, 40, 94
12, 84
11, 40, 97, 102
64
38, 65, 80
16, 46
16
6, 14, 45
15, 16, 17, 92
31, 43, 65
29, 65, 70
65
32, 42, 48
42, 76
40, 66, 71

W
walkers
walking
walkways
walls
warden
warfare
warrants
weapons
window
windows
woman
women
workers

15, 29, 65, 92

14, 15, 43, 52, 92
56, 65
14, 15, 49, 50, 55, 102
97
16
45
6, 49
12, 53, 58, 76, 103
12, 13, 31, 43, 44, 53, 58, 76, 101, 102, 113
23
24, 40
21, 29, 65

Page number: 124