puted, total expected costs were studied. As shown graphically in Figure 14.1, total cost is
the sum of the cost of providing service plus the cost of waiting time.
lossary
Waiting Cost. The cost to the firm of having customers or objects waiting in line to be serviced.
Calling Population. The population of items from which arrivals at the queuing system come.
Unlimited or Infinite Population. A calling population that is very large relative to the number of
customers currently in the system.
Limited or Finite Population. A case in which the number of customers in the system is a significant proportion of the calling population.
Poisson
in a
queue.
to
Reneging. The case in which customers enter a queue but then leave before being serviced.
Limited Queue Length. A waiting line that cannot increase beyond a specific size.
Unlimited Queue Length. A queue that can increase to an infinite size.
Queue
FIFO.
A queue discipline (meaning first-in, first-out) in which the customers are served in the strict
order of arrival.
Single-Channel Queuing System. A system with one service facility fed by one queue.
Multiple-Channel Queuing System. A system that has more than one service facility, all fed by
the same single queue.
Single-Phase
is received at
Multiphase System. A system in which service is received from more than one station, one after
the other.
M/[d/l.
Another name for the single-channel model with Poisson arrivals and exponential service
times.
640
Chapter
14
Utitization Factor (p). The proportion of the time that ser-vice facilities
are in use.
A technical name for the multichannel queuing model (with nr servers) and Poisson ar-
M/M/m.
MIDll,
:
p:
tr
mean number
mean number
(14-r) P(D
=+
Equations 14-2 through l4-8 describe operating characteristics in the single-channel model that
has Poisson anival and exponential sertice rates.
(14-2')
f,
(14-3)
average number
tL I
I
=-1t-t
(14-4)
Lo
(14-5)
Wo
(14-6)
{14-7)
Po
service time)
R#"
= utilization
mb
'lL
is
idle)
=t-r
lL
(L4-8) P,>k=
&
: (t)--t
Equations l4-9 through 14-14 describe operating characteristics in multipk-chatnel models thnt
have Poisson arrival and. exponential service rates, where M : the number ofopen qhanncls'
(14-9)
Po
for
Mp,>
(14-10) L-
),,p(Ilp.)M ro
o-'tr
+
W_
r)t-di=E
(r4-rr) w =
p(Ild-o
W=ffii
_-I:J_ro
*-l:L
i: i
in the system).
Key Equations
L":L-L
'11
(t4-12)
w":
'
(r4-13)
lLn
p.-
).
The average time a person or unit spends in the queue waiting for service.
(t4-t4)
r:h
Utilization rate.
Lq: ztrd_
(14-rs)
^)
(14-16l W
,
: ---L-_
ztt"(tt - )t)
L=
(14-17)
L^ +
L
lL
(14-18)
W:
+
'lL
W^
(14-19)
Po:
:"5(t)"
(t4-zo)
(l
' : N- fL+*)
\^ /
Lo
P")
(14-21)
L:
Lo
(1
Po)
{t4-22) wq:
system.
av +)i
(14-23)
w:
wq +
{t4-zr)
P":
(N$(t)"
"
ror n : 0,r,. ., N
641