Level 200 Bridging

Question One

24kNm
3kN/m

Solution

6kN

3kN/m
A

B
2m

4m

C
4m

E
4m

4m

SPACE DGM

12
+ve

+ve
SFD

-ve

-ve
12

12
24
+ve
-ve

24

-ve

BMD

24

=0

RB x 10 3 x 4x 12-3x 8 x4 -24+ 6 x 4 = 0
RB = 24kN
RA = 3 x 4+ 3x 8 + 6 24
RA = 18kN
Portion AB: Measuring x from A and considering left hand side; F= -3x
At x =0, F= 0
At x = 4m, F= -3x 4, = -12kN
M 3x

= -3x2/2

At x = 0, M = 0
At x = 4m, M = -3x 42/2 = -24kN-m
Portion BC: Measuring x from A and considering forces on left hand side of the section,
F = -12 + 24 - (x -6) = 30 3x

At x = 6m, F = 30 3 x 6 = 12 kN
At x = 10m, F = 30 3 x 10 = 0
M = - 12 (x- 2) + 24 (x - 4) 3(x 6) (x-6)/2
= -1.5x2 + 30x -126
At x = 6m, M = - 1.5 x 62 + 30 x 6 -126 = 0
At x = 10m, M = - 1.5 x 102 + 30 x 10 -126 = 24kN-m
This maximum, since at this point SF=0
Portion DE: Measuring x from E and considering forces on right hand side of the section
F= 6 18 + 3(x-4) = 3x-24
At x = 4m, F = 3 x 4-24 = - 12kN
M = -6x + 18( x 4) -3(x-4) (x-4)/2, = - 1.5x2 + 24 x -96
At x = 4m, M = - 1.5x 42 + 24 x 4 -96 = -24kN-m
At x = 8m, M = M = - 1.5x 82 + 24 x 8 -96 = 0
Portion EF: SF = 6 kN, M = -6x.

Question Two
Most metals are ductile and fail due to yielding. Hence, the yield strength
characterises their failure. Ceramics and some polymers are brittle and rupture or
fracture when the stress exceeds certain maximum value. Their stressstrain behaviour
is linear up to the point of failure and they fail abruptly.
The stress required to break the atomic bond and separate the atoms is called the
theoretical strength of the material. It can be shown that the theoretical strength is
approximately equal to E/3 where, E is Youngs modulus. However, most materials
fail at a stress about onehundredth or even onethousandth of the theoretical strength.
This enormous discrepancy could be explained as follows. Ceramics and some
polymers are brittle and rupture or fracture when the stress exceeds certain maximum
value. Their stressstrain behaviour is linear up to the point of failure and they fail

abruptly.
In ductile material yielding occurs not due to separation of atoms but due to sliding of
atoms (movement of dislocations). Thus, the stress or energy required for yielding is
much less than that required for separating the atomic planes. Hence, in a ductile
material the maximum shear stress causes yielding of the material.
In brittle materials, the failure or rupture still occurs due to separation of atomic planes.
However, the high value of stress required is provided locally by stress concentration caused
by small pre-existing cracks or flaws in the material. When this process becomes unstable,
the material separates over a large area causing brittle failure of the material.
b) Suppose that P is the failure load of a column of a given material and of any length.
Assuming also that Ps is the failure load in compression of a short column of the same
material and that Pcr is the buckling load of a long slender column, again of the same
material. The Rankine theory proposes that

Let the s be the yield stress in compression of the material of the column and A is the cross
sectional area, then,
P s = s A
But, Pcr =

EI/Le2

Substituting for Ps and Pcr

=

+ 1 /2EI/Le2

2
2
EI/Le +

s A

s A2EI/Le2
so that

P=

s A2EI/Le2
2
2
EI/Le +

s A

Dividing top and bottom of the right hand side of this equation by 2EI/Le2 , we have ,

P=

s A
1 +s

AL2e

2
EI

But I = Ar2, so that,

P=

s A
2
1 +k(Le/r)

K is a constant that depends on the material of the column

The failure stress in compression of any column is thus given by
c =

s A
2
1 +k(Le/r)

400mm

c)

Given, concrete strength = 30N/mm2, steel strength = 460N/mm2

Area of steel = x d2 =

x 400 = 100 x 8 = 800

= 2513.274mm2

Area of concrete = 4002- 2513.274 = 157,486.726mm2

Axial load = 20000 Litres, = 20000 kg, Assuming g = 10 m/s2, Axial load = 200,000N = 200kN.
Hence 200, 000 N = Axial Load to be carried by the Four columns.
Column capacity:
Fs + Fc = Axial Load
But, sAs + cAc = Axial Load
(460 x 2513.274) + (30 x157, 486.726) = 200,000/4

1156106.04 + 4724601.78 = 50,000

4, 840, 9217 > 50,000
Thus the column can adequately support the polytanks load.

Question Three
a) Since maximum shearing stress is proportional to applied torque we have; = =
constant for a given shaft. Where = applied torque, = shearing stress, J = Polar second
moment of area and R = radius
Now the condition specified is that
of solid =

of hollow = constant

Substituting the values,

= 2252 = (

= = constant

[( 1.5d)4 d4] x

)4 d4

65d2/24
65d3/24
d3 =

= 0.420 x 106

The required inside diameter d = 162mm

The required outside diameter D = 162.5mm = 243mm
The mass of material contained in each shaft is proportional to its cross sectional area
Asolid = x 2252 = 39760.782mm2
Ahollow = x 2432 1622 = 25764.987mm2
.

b) Solution

x 100% = 35%

..........................1
............................2
...............................3
Boundary Conditions

The equation for slope at x is

........................4
The equation for deflection at x is
..........................5
The deflection at mid span can be determined from..........5

Question Four