REVISION If the motion is repeated after equal intervals of time, it is called periodic motion. The simplest type of periodic motion is known as simple harmonic motion.
C A
In
Figure-A: a mass hanging on a light spring is pulled and released.
In Figure-B: a simple pendulum is formed by connecting a mass to one end of a light string, and fixing the other end to the ceiling. In Figure-C: a U-shaped tube with water is shaken so that water rises and falls in each of its branches. The higher water rises in one branch, the lower it falls in the other branch, and the more pressure difference is generated to push it back.
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
Harmonic motion, A specific type of periodic motion, simple harmonic motion, has a rather straightforward mathematical representation: where A is the amplitude of motion, is the angular frequency, t is the elapsed time, and is a phase factor identifying at what point in the cycle we chose t = 0. The angular frequency is related to the period through the relationship:
If an object undergoes motion as described above, the objects velocity and
acceleration as functions of time will be,
Acceleration can be written in form of x will be:
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
LINEAR MOTION (MASS and SPRING): As discussed that a spring will be stretched a distance proportional to the applied force. Mathematically this is stated as: F = k * stretch The negative sign shows that the force exerted by the spring is always in the opposite direction of the stretch of the spring. The net force acting on the mass would be the extra force due to displacement x. Newtons second law would yield:
Where Therefore
and
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
LINEAR MOTION (MASS and SPRING): Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
1. The acceleration is not constant.
2. More mass means less acceleration. 3. The acceleration is always in the opposite direction of the displacement. 4. Acceleration is proportional to displacement, meaning it is greatest when x is greatest ( at the ends) and zero at x(o). 5. Acceleration is proportional to the spring constant. The stronger the spring, the stronger the acceleration.
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
SIMPLE PENDULUM: Applying Newtons 2nd law to the object in the direction of motion gives: For small angles, sin()= s/l, where s is the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The acceleration a yields: Where Therefore
and
1. The period of the pendulum does not depend
on the mass of the bob. 2. (in small angles) , the period does not depend on the beginning displacement. The pendulum moves faster through long arcs, slower through small arcs. 3. The period is proportional to the square root of the length. Doubling the length will not double the period. 4. The period depends on gravity (inverse square root). Thus pendulums will have different periods at different locations on the earth.
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