NORME CEI INTERNATIONALE IEC INTERNATIONAL 60826 STANDARD "rot etn Critéres de conception des lignes aériennes de transport Design criteria of overhead transmission lines Reteroncenonber ccemec 60526-2003NORME CEI INTERNATIONALE IEC INTERNATIONAL 60826 STANDARD "omg et Criteres de conception des lignes aériennes de transport Design criteria of overhead transmission lines {© EC 2003 Orots oe pricecooe XF60826 © 160.2008 3. CONTENTS FOREWORD. " 1 scope. : - 45 2 Normative reorences. : : 15 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations vol 3.4 Terms and definions 7 3.2 Symbols and adtrewtions 21 4 Coneral Cisne 2 4.1 Objective 2 4.2 System design 29 4.3. System roiabily 29 5 General design citer 3 54 Methodology : 31 152 Climatic load svengt requirements ne 8 Loading. von at 9.1 Description vo 18.2 Ciimatic loads, wind and associated fomperature 43 53. Cimati loads, ee without wind et {84 Giimatic loads, combined wind and ice loadings... nm 85. Loads for construction and maintenance (ently loads)... 7 {65 Loads for falure containment (security requirements)... 2 7 Strength of compononts and iit tates on 37 71, Generates a7 7.2 General equations for tne strength of components 8 7.3. Data related tothe calculation of components. 93 ‘Annex A (informative) Technical information vs 103 AA. Relations between toad and strength ' 103 A2_ Strength of ine components 143 AS Temperature measurements snd ther interpretation - er [AA Determination of the meteorologiealrelerence wind speed 149 AS Atmosphere Rann 187 ‘AS Combined wind ad ioe leasings| ns von ‘Annex B (informative) Applicaton of statistical dlstroutlon functions to lead and Stongth of everneas lines. = 185 8.1 Genera 185, 82 Climatic loads sestninnnnnnn B.S. Strength of components vonnnnnnnn 97 3B. Effet of span vant on oadstrength elatonship~ Caleatonat spanuse60826 © 1ec:2003 Annex ¢ informative) Statistical clstibution and their appiction in probeblisic Gesign of tranemssion Hine : 216 1 Classical stastialcstrbutons, = ron BAS C2 Normal dstibution (Gaussian dletributon). : 218 ©.3_Loginormal tribution os — 219 C4 Gumbel catrbuton : rn B88 5 Wobul distribution... so227 C6 Gamma cistibuton : 231 07 Bota distrbuton, fest ype : nnn BT C8 Gamma function and its relationships. : aed Figure 1~ Diagram of tansmission tne os ' 2 Figure 2~ Transmission line design methecalogy 88 Figure 8 — Combined wid factor Ge for eondetors for various terrain categories and heights above grouna. st Figure 4 ~ Span factor 6. : ns st Figure § combined win factor G appliceble to supports and insulator stings. 53 Figure 6 ~ Defntion ofthe angle of incidence of win. ns so Figure 7 ~ Drag cooficient Cy for iatice supports made of at sided members, sr Figure 8 ~ Drag coetiient Cy for latce supports made of rounded members. 50 Figure 8 - Drag costcient Geof cynics! elements having a large dameter st Figure 10 ~ Factor Kg related to the conductor lamer. . 65 Figure 11 Factor Ky relat to tha conductor height sr Figure 12 — Typical support types. sone 9 Figure 19 ~ Equivalent cylindrical shape of lee deposit ene vnnn nn 7 Figure 14 ~ Simulates longitudinal conductor Ina (case o a single chau supp)... 87 Figure 19 ~ Diggram of lint states of tne compeneMt.nveeon 89 Figure A. ~ Relations between load and strength. 108 Figure A2 ~ Relations betweer losds and strength. : ery Figure A. — Failure probability P= (1 P,) for various dletibutons of @ ond A, for 7 $80 Yeates i or Figure A. - Failure probability P= (1~P) for varlous distributions of @ and A. for T 2180 yours nnn i aa Figure A ~ Failure probatitty P= (1) for various distributions cf @ and R for T 500 years 123 Figure A ~ Coordination of strength by using dferant exclusion li. 133 Figure A.7 ~ Relationship betwoon metaorologieal wind velocities ata height of 19m ‘epending on terrain eategory and on averaging ponad snot Figure A.8- Wind ction on conductore ana resultant win load on suport. 16150826 © 1e¢:2003 7 Figure A. - Type of accreted ncoud tong a2 a function of wind epoed and temperaiure : : Figure A.10— sir fild mossurements a ee leds : Figure 8.1 ~Fiting of Gumbel alstution wih wind date histogram Figure 8.2 ~Fiting of Gumbel ditbution wih yearly minimum temperature histogram Figure 8.3 ~Fiting of Gamma dstbution with ice lad histogram Figure 8.4 Fiting data fom cloud ling with Gumbel dstibuion Figure 8.5~ Fitig of Weibull distribution wih strength data of aticesuzpors. iy function of standardized nots dstibuton, 1 function of standarzed log-novmal cotton. Figure C.1 ~ Probabity de Figure €.2 - Probability de Figure €.3 - Probability density function of standardized Gumbel distribution ion for Figure 0.4 patemeter pg" 05, 4,0 snd 2. Figure €.5 - Probabity de forparamet Pg 05 00nd 20, Figure €.6 - Probability densty function of standaraized beta distribution for parameters r= 8,0, ¢ 5.5: 6.0 and 7.0 ‘able 1 ~ Reliabiltytevels for transmission liNeS.o.nsnns neon “Table 2 ~ Default 7facors fr adjustment of climatic loads im rlation to return period Tvs 0 years “Table 3 ~ Design requirements forthe systom, Table 4 ~ Ciassificatin of eran categories. Table § ~ Correction factor rot dynam referonce wind pressure gg due to atude and temperatures Tebie 6 ~ Non-uniform ee loading condiions Tobie 7 Return pened of combined ice and wind load Teblo 8 Drag coaticients of ce-covered conductors “Table 9 ~ Adcitonal eourity messur Table 10 ~ Number of supports subjected to maximum load intensity duting any single ‘ccurrence ofa climate aver Teblo 11 Strength factor dy related to the number N of component ‘ibjacted tthe een load intensity Table 12— Values of 59 sven —— Table 18 ~ Typical strength coorination of line components Teble 14 ~ Damage and false tmts of supports Table 15 — Damage and ature lis of foundations Table 16 - Damage and failure limits of concuctors and ground wares. Tobie 17 — Damage and fre lint of interface components Probability density function of standardized Well ltribui cr elements y function of standardized Gamma ditibaton .9y Now chart fer ulizing meteorological data, ing Models and a3 187 169 495 497 199 219 2 227 2 238 20 28 20 39 45 a7 n a ” a7 ot 1 saee860826 © 160.2003 Table 18 ~Defait values for stronath coetciens of vanation (COV). 97 Table 18 ~u factors for og-notma eetibutlon function for © = 10% 98 Tablo 20 - Value of quality factor for latice towers 99 Table A.1~ Yesrly reliability corresponding te vanous assumptions of load end strength 117, Table A2 Relationship between reliability levels and return periods f In 288 oo... 128 “Table A. — Typical strongth eoarination, : 129 Table A.4~ Values of central safely factor a and strength coordination factor 2 Fequited o insure rat comparent Ry wil fal ater component Ry wih 80 % probabiy m a7 “Table AS ~ Strength facor #y rlates to N components in aries sutjected tothe ial ad . von A “Table A — Valua of vg associted to excusion ints 185 “Table A7 ~ Denton of terrain category er Table A’ ~ Factors deserisng wind ation depending on terrain category 153 Table AS ~ Values of reference wind speed Vig : 187 ‘Table A.10 ~ Physical properties of ee von — an Table A11 ~ Meteorological parameters controling le accretion, sot TS Table A12 ~ Statistical parameters of cs loa. : 79 Table A13 - Combined wind and ie loading conitons 7 183 Table A16 ~ Drag cosficiens and density of ce-covered conductor, sev NBS Table 8.1 Ratios ofx/ 5 for a Gumbel dstibution function, Fratum period in yoars ofloading event, n numberof yeare with dbservations, vy coetictnt of venation, 193 Table B.2— Parameters of Wel dstiution vo sel ‘Table 8.3 ~ Statistical peramotare J and ay of wind span variation, sn 8 Table B.4 ~ Statistical parameters U and cy of woight span variation v8 Table B.S ~ Values of use factor coefficient jy a8 a function of U and for ¥R = 9.40. ..n.208 Tobe B.6 ~ Use factor coefficient 7 or aterent stength coeficient af variation aut Table C.1 ~ Parameters C1 and C2 of Gumbel distbUiOn. wn sn QP Table C2 ~ Valies of vy forgiven valu offancton Fay Hae) 23860826 © 10.2003 atte INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION. DESIGN CRITERIA OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSICN LINES FOREWORD Mnacont‘cecrctecsn camrates, (ES Nasal Conmicel Weebl of TEE io pa 2) Tet nna orn eeten rr ty i test Saas eee ral Sara nae amy re et Se a tees SSG ye enacts wae cos marie eran Sen pmune «ram pangs mara foi hc wea tp © ene SiS a ae sas aie cnc 5) IEC povics vo maning preset Yo tat te sopovl and carat be fendered rnpendie Lt sty (sumer cecned te sonmty wt arc Paar. ©) A ues ani al yh he eet etn Bis publenton. 7) No gy sha ach tI w rector, enoeyes savant gure mcg iru exer and Famous te acc! commons on IEC Nation! Cetane re pesos iy rover ape ot Sar arp Gu Oe QuBlesSon, Woe eran’ pane EE Pbsoanorry et fe © tun can oe Nomar tart eh pleat, Ut enced putin 12) anon aunt ony hatter fh wach of IEC Panton my be he etn! of Pasta rd opal lansing ayo al sc pte International Standard IEC 60828 has been prepared by IEC technical commiiee 11 Overhead lines. This turd eaiton cancels and repiaces the second edtlon which was issued as a techn fepert in 1999, 1 consiutes a technical revision and now have th stalls of an Internation Stand This ravision consists mainly of spliting the standard into two sections, normative and Informative, in adsion to simplifying ite contents and improving some specie eorign Fequirements In accorsance wih recent technical advances.60826 © 1602003 = “The text of this standard ie based on the following documents Full itormation on the voting forthe approvel ofthis standard can be found inthe report on voting maleated in te above table ‘This publication nas be ‘The commits has decied thatthe contents ofthis publication wil main unchenged unt n drafted in accordance with the ISOMEC Directive, Pat 2 2008. this date, the publcaion wil be recontres ‘withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or ‘amended60826 © 1€¢:2003, =15- DESIGN CRITERIA OF OVERHEAD ‘TRANSMISSION LINES 1 Scope ‘his international Standars species the loading and strength requirements of overhead ines derived from reliably based design principles. Those requrements app) fo lines 45 KV and Above, but can also be apped fe ines with slower nomial voltage. ‘This standard alo provides a ramework for the proparaion of national standards dealing wit ‘overnead transmission lines, using reliably concepts and employing probabilistic sam prodebiite methods. These national stardarde wil need to eetabish te local clmatic cata forthe use and application of his slansar, i addon to other data that ate country specie [Alhough the éesign criteria inthis standard apply to new ines, mary concepts can be used to ‘2d6ress tho valli requromants for refurbishment and uprating of sxtng lines ‘Ths standard does not cover the dela design of tne componants such af towers, foundations, condtors of msulators 2. Normative references ‘The following referenced documents ate incispensable for the applicator ofthis document For dated references, only the editon tod apples. For undated reeronces, the Tatsteaiion ‘ofthe referenced document (cluding any amendments) apps. EC 60852:2002, Loading taste on averhoad lin structures TEC 61006:1991, Round wire concentne lay overhoad electrcal stranded conductors EC 61773:1096, Overhead tne ~ Testing of foundations fer structures EC 61774-1997, Overhead nes — Meteorolopcal data for assessing climate loads EC 61284:1987, Overhead nes - Requirements and tests for fitinas60026 © 1&0.2003 a1 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations or the purposes of his document, the followng terms, defintions, symbols and abbreviations apply 3.4 Terms and definitions asa ‘haracterstc strength {Qusranteed strength, minimum strngth, minimum f value guarant 2 in epproprate standards NOTE NE teat corr ta cue i fom 216 wh ng an wpe 342 ooiicient of variation cov 9 ofthe tandard dewation tothe mean value NOTE The COV ota a tng are reece cect ty Yn 343 components “iterent parts of a transmission line system having @ epecitied purpose 344 damage limit (of a component) serviceability limit state Stengih limit of 2 component coresponding to a defined limit of permanent (or inelastic) {deformation of ths component which leads Io damage tothe system t's exceeded NOTE Temas ao cae te servcebity state mulling codes Dade nines dese, (ofthe eystom) Sate where the system needs repairing because one of Its components nes exceeded its damage tit [NOTE The sytom nods pang near tat cpa offing Wt ur desig lads or case Scien ay bead fag toner ybeh ase siaments ‘erent parts of component NOTE For exams te lamer of tel ts ome aes ara ao aot Yale of variable taken tfom its distribution function and correspoeding to a probabil of ohotnot beng axceeded60826 © IE:2008 =19- 348 {allure tim (of a component) thimata rongth limit of component which foac tot roof the systom i his mts excoedd. NOTE tt regi ech pt wt ach» Wine So a a tad 319 allure stato (ofthe systom) Slate ofa aystam in which a major component has fllod because one fit components has feaehea ts fire it auch as by ruplire, bucking, overturning) NOTE Ths stant oe trnntn a te abil he nee Laan pone ad needs a be raped sao Intec state Sate in which a systom can accomplish its required function and can su saat limit foaas ‘climatic leads corresponding to @ return perod,T, used for design purpases without addtionat toed tectore 342 jon factor Yr factor to be mutes by mit loads in order to éesign line components 3443 ‘operating period (eneral measure of useful (or economical) te NOTE Type operating pesos wantin es vary om 20 year 30 yeas 3134 ference wind speed Ye iid speed at 10 m in height, corresponding to an averagng period of 10 min and having 3 etum penod T in he mos commen cat in he ny, aaa8 ‘ellabilty (structural) Drobablly that 8 system performs ¢ given task, under a set of operatieg conalions, dunng & Specifies time ity 2 tus 9 mea of he success of 9 esa stomping Hk. Tha complement © ebay rarest. aaas return period (ofa climatic event) fverage occurence ofa climate event having @ defined intensity tatu gee ae ary Haquncy ic corenpoas fe probity weeds80828 © 120:2003 aaar ately ADI ofa ystor not to cause human injuries or los of lve NOTE In ths stand, salty lates ay to prtecton of wording seston and maitrance Speravons. ie sla epic an anata! pate tava sons tage 346 Securty (structura) bly ct a system to be protected ftom a major collapse (cascading eect) if a faire ts Imageres in a given component NOTE Senay acura cnet 8 oppsedo ey wich probate eee 34.9 sirengtn factor ° factor applied to the charactristic strength of @ component ‘Neu cd uty on sane Puram teagan TATE cones siete function of he system (transmission lin), Le, to ansnit power betwen ts two ends 3422 Unavatlaility inably of system to accomplish its task ‘ome sth ansigen pet fact stage loca molaa ee 34.23 lee factor ‘aio of the actual loa (as bul) o tml of component NOTE, ot tangent owes, is wey eo th ao of acl omasinendskn bes we wr) {Gresle oves slo icvces totale of he ame te has anges of dvaon fic Sesan emt 32. Symbots and abbreviations a Unit action of wind speed on ine elements (Pa or Nin2) Ae Wind force on conductors (Ni) A ‘Wind fore on insustors (8) A Wind fore acting an a tower panel made of steel angles, Ay for cylindrical towor members (Ni) Reduction factor of the reference wind speed for wind ansice combinations160826 © 1e¢:2008 on & a Cee cy Cu cov Drag coetitent general frm) Drag cowtciont of co covered conductors (Cy for lw prone and Cy for @ high prebebity) Drag coetitent of concuctors Drag coetiient of insulators Drag costfiiont of supports Cus, Cys for each tower feed (Ce 09 eylindncal tower members) Coeticiont of variation, value) Conductor dameter(m) Diameter of eyindrcal tower members (m) Equivalent dlameter of le covered conductors (Oy for high probability and O, for ow probabity) (7) Exeluson lt (16) Exclusion iit of N components in series (2) Probably density function of variable x ‘Cumulative istibution function of variable x Wind factor (generat form) Combines wind factor of conductors Combined wind factor of tonare ‘Span factor for wind caleulations Unit weight of co (Nim) 50 Wanting (ato of standard deviation to mean Moen value of yeary maximum ice load (Nim) Maxamum weight of lee per unit ongth observed during a cata number of years (simp Reference design ice weight (Ni) lee load having high probasity (Nim) lee load having a tow probability (Nim) Height of centre af gravity ofa panel in latioe tower (m) Terran roughness factor Factor related fo the nvence of cordvctordiamator Factor to be multiplied by J to account for the influence of height above ground Factor to be mulled by @ to account forthe Influence o the number of years with cng observations Length ofa support momber(m) Span lngth or wind span (m) ‘Average spar (rm) [Number of years of observation of a climatic event [Number of components subjected to maximum loading ter Probability of alu (%) Probability of falue of component (4) Probability of surwval(%) Probability of survival of component (6)60826 © 16:2009, =25- @ General expression used to identfy the effects of westhr related lacs on lines fad ther components, ‘The system limit toad corrosponding a return peo’ T Dynamic reference wing pressure due to reference wind S964 Vq (Qu, doy fr low ana high probabity) (Ps or Nin). Reynolds number strength Mean strength ‘Characters strength Exclusion limit (eof strength Residual static load Projectd area of insulators (m2) Projected area ofa tower panel (n?) ee lad expressod in uriflorm radial ce thickness around he conductor (nn) Reference ie load exproscod in uniform radial thickness around the conductor (rm). Foturn pari in yeare [Nurnbor of standard deviations betwoon mean a Use factor CCoetiient of vation (COV) of vanabla x ‘Yearly maximum wind sped (nls) Me x ngth ad charactor n yearly maximum wind speed (rvs) rly maximum gradient wind speed (ris) ‘Mean yoarly maximum gradient wind speed (ra) Reference wind speed (mls) ‘Low probabiity reference wind speed associated with eng (m/s) ‘igh probability reference wind speed associated with iin (mis) Unt weight of conductor or ground wire (Ni) ‘Mean value of variable x Horizontal distance between foundation ofa suppert(m) Height above ground of conductors, centre of gravity of toners panels, or ineustor stings (rm) Logs tector (general form) Use factor coatficent ‘Loed factor to aust the 80 year wind peed toa retumn period T Load factor o aust the 89 year ie thik toa retun period T50828 © 1e0:2003 a2 Los factor to agjut the 0 year ice weight loa return period T leo densty (kgm?) Strength factor (general form) Global strength factor Strength factor due to number of components subjected tor ‘Strength factor due to coordination of sength Strength factor due to quality ‘Strength facoe related to the characteristic strength Standard deviation of vanabe x Mass of ait per unit volume (gin!) Air donsty correction factor Kinetic aie wacoety (nie) [Angle between wind drction and the conductor (degrees) [Angle of incidence of wing lietion with the tower panel (degrees) Angle of incidence of wing rection with cyindncal eloments of tower (degrees) Soliity ratio of toner pane 7 smum load intensity Neeorr = sssesgerg 4 General 44 Objective ‘hie standard serves either ofthe folowing purposes 42) 1 pronces design criteria for overhead tines based on reliblity cencept, The reliably based method is particulary useful in arese where sqnfeant amounts of metearologic and strength data are readly evallable. Tha method may howerer be used for inet fesigned to withstand specite climatic loads eter derived from experence or tough Callration wih existing tines that had along hslory of saltactory performance. In these tases, design consistency between strangihs of line components wll be. achiaved, Bul Seta realty levole may not be known, partoulany i Mere has been no evidence of experience wih previous ine rallies Its important to note that tho design crits in this standard do not constitute 9 complete design manual for uansmissien Ines. However, gudance ls piven on how to increase the line relay if requires, ana to adjust the strength of nlidualcompononts to achieve 3 Ldesfed coordination of skength between them “his standard ais provides minimum safety requirements to protect people fom inury. 98 well an fo anaure an acceptable lovel of service continuity (safe ane noonomical doign It provides a framework for the preparation of natlonel standards for transmission tines using reliably concepts and employing probabilistic or semi probatistic methods. These National standards will ne to estabieh the climatic daa forthe wse and application of this standard im addtlon o other data spec fo each county »90828 © 1€:2003, -28- ‘Tho dosig eters in this standard apply to new ino condons. It is hawever fac of ie that ranamission lines age and ise strength wih time. The amount of srength reduction dus to s0eing dificult to generalize. as it vanes tam ane component to ance and iso copends on the type of materal, the manufacturing proceseos and the envormenial nfuencee. This ‘s3v0 i curently being stusied by relevant techmea! bodies, The requrements are specified in this stendard, wile, 9 Annezes A to C, addtional Informative data and explanations are given 42 System ae ‘The methodoloay 1s based on the concept whereby a transmissior tne ie designed system mace of componenis euch as supports, foundations, conducts and insulator things, ‘This epproach enables ihe designer to. coordinate the strengths of components, win Ne system and recognzes the fact that a transmission line @ ser of components where the ich any component could 55 of power ransmitingcapabity. Ii expected ;onemical design wihoul ondestrabla mismatch [As a consequence of such a system design approach, it recon that line reality is ‘ontlied by that ofthe Teas reliabie componet {An overhead tensmission tne can be divided Into our majo componerte as shown in Figure 1. ‘Subsequent, each component may be diided nto elements, sre coMPoneNTs suenowrs zpos ote Le ante oe eassussio [ee the expen rhea ot ew ss rede ss Figure 1 ~ Diagram ofa transmission tine 43° system rotabilty ‘Tho objective of design citera coscribod in thie standard is to provie for reliable and sate lines. "The ‘reliability of ines is achieved by ‘proving strength requirements ot Ine components larger than the quantifiable effete of speciiad weather related loads. These ‘Glimatic leas ave identified m this standard as wall as moans to eacuata ther effects on transmission tines. Homover it has fo be Tecogoived tha other condone, not dealt wih the design process, can occur ard load to line fare such as impact of stjects, detects ‘material, ele. Some measures, enitled securty requirements, inchided i tha standard Provide ines with enough strength fo reduce damage and ts propagatin, should i occur00826 € 1ec:2008 aan 5 Goneral design criteria ology ‘Tho recommended mathodology for designing trnmiasicn line componste ie summrzod in Figure? and can be coscribod 2 falls! 28) Collect preliminary line design data and avalabe climatic data, bt) Soloct the reliability va! in teme of return period of limit lads, NOTE 2 Some nana vepiton pce codes of pace erties msec ar macy, sgn ‘Saureents a mo sone sala dooar b2) Solect me secunty requirements (are containment) 9) List safety roqurements Imposed by mandatory regulatone and constuction and }.Caleutate climate variables corresponding to electes return period of lini loads. 41) Caleuate climatic iit loads on compone 42) Calculate loads coresponsing to secuny quirement, 8) Calculate loads related to safety requirements during construction avd maintenance 2) Determine ie suitable sirensth coordination beeen line components 1) Selec appropriate load and strength factors applicable to load and swength equation, 4) Calculate the charactonste strengths require for components, 1) Design tine components fr the above strength requirements This standard deals with slams b) tg). lems 2) and h) are not part of the soaps of the Standard. They are dented by a shaded trame in Figure 20826 © 1£6:2003, -33- Tr sect eve Tents TU aaron wrens \semmu I easly aie Prana C Ceneane iron | [ea cardng cae aoe Cage arn on I I J Thame eo ——l 1 Sota sa —l Benes awed crac onponce wih ely Py ig sng ine igure 2~ Transmission tine design methodolegy 5.41 Reliability requirements SA4.4 Reliability ovole (weather related I =) Relibity requroments aim to ensure that ines can withstand the defned cimatic limit loads ‘wed, ice, Yee and. wind, with a return parioe T) and the loads dered from these events uring the projected Ife cycle of tha ayetem and can provide service continuly under tae ‘onailons. Transmission tines ean be designed for sliferent relabilly levels (or classes). For the [purposes ofthis standarg, the reference rolabily vel is defines ae fhe reliably ofa ine ‘signed for a 60 yaar return pared eimatic avert associated with = 10°% exclusion tit of trength (apples tothe components selected as the lest relia). This felerence relabiiy level ts generally regarded as providing an ecseptabe readily level i respect of contmuty of sernce and safety,0826 © 120.2003 -35- Lines can be designed for higher ralabity levels by increasing the return penod T of clmatc ‘vents. A higher ralabity car be jstited for example by ihe mpertance ofthe ine in tho hetwork, Three reliably levels are proposed in this slandord end oe assumed to cover the range of values to be considered for most transmesion tines, Those loves are exorossed In terms of return periods of matic lint loads at shown in Table 1 For temporary lies, Some wooden polob of ines of lnited importance, ratum perioce of about 28 yaar may be ‘ppropnate. Table 1 — Reliability eves for tranemission lines Retabity vee ol 7 z Timer pened at eo, aE @ iso [0 NOIE Sone roa pds eof pain, ones impn, y w (ter yes of Tithe rage of £500 yes such a 10. 200 ane 400 yor, an be ed uta by os In some cases, incvidval utliy’s requirements can dette other rlahily levels depending fon the proper opimization betwoon ial cout of to ie snd fulure cost of camage, a= well {3 on uncortamtis related to nput dasign paramelers s. 2 Approximate v for yearly relabity, ‘Both ioaés (@) and strenths (FR) are stochastic vanables and the combined reliability 1& Computable f tho staitcal functions af load Q and sivength Rare known. The conaton for 8 line fe be rolabe ws when loads elects ze less than the sength witstand of the Ine. The ‘labiy conditon wransistee ino the folowing equation ‘Yearly rolabilty (probably of survival) = 1 - yearly probably of faire = 1 ooctaxea were fey 18 the probabiity density function of load Fy 1 the cumulative dstbution function of strength R. NOTE The cunt dsroutn nein he tga tne prota cety een, fia Floor \Whon the charactenstic strength, deemed to be the strngth being exceeded with 90% probabil (1, the exclusion tnt s 10%), is sel equal othe load Q-(ravng a retun period ', various prebabulatie combinations lead fo theoretical yearly minimum raat of sround Gian, The sett relbiity can be eferent i Input Sata of Toad and strength are not Ssuffciently accurate or avalane (refer to A'2 for further ascussiers on the variation of Drobabiity of falure). Inthe later ease, the absolute relablty may oot be Known, but ts Walue relative to a reference design may be computed # now ine parameters are comparable {othe reference values.60826 © 1202003 oor 54.2 Security requirements correspond to special loads andlor meatures irtendes to reduce mak of Ucontolable progressive (or cascading) fallues that may extend woll beyond an ial {allure These measures ara detailed in 6, 543 Safety Safety requirements consist of special loads for which tine components (mosty support ‘members) have to be designed, to ensure that constriction and mantenance eperatont do ‘et pose adatonal softy hazards to people, Those moasures aro dlalled ia 6.5 52 Climatic toad-strength requirements 524 Limit load Loads associated with climatic events are random variables. Three weatherclated loading conditions are recognized: wind, ice, and wing and ico combinad. When statistical data of nnd andor ie are availabe, these can be used fo compute the ciate load corresponding {0 tho Selected return period T, designated Qr, for each component exposad to the clmalie event uncer consideration. in tha eamputaion procoss, consgeration should be given to te Spatial extent of the ne, computable crectonal trende, ati noted tal requremonts fot ‘ther evonts such 2s earinguakes are not covered in is stander. Throughout the present standard, the loading Gy is called the ays:em lint load having & return perieg T. In the caleutation process for each component, the following condition has tobe checked: Design mit oa < sean strengt 0 or more precisely, Load factor yx ofec of limit oad @ < strength factor 9 x characteritic strength Ry With the approach proposed, climatic tit loads Qy are used for dasign without additional load factors. Consequently 71s taken equal o 1. ‘Thus the prewous relation bocomes: fect of Or <6 x Re @ For weather relatod loads, the effects of Gr are detaled in 6.2 to 64 Equation (9) 16 used to compute the minimum value of characterise strength Re for each component in dar to whhstand init oad, eee PNK > (elect of 7)! ® ~ “_——160828 © 180.2003 =39- 2, can be obtane trom the statistical analyie of chmatc data in accordance with tachniques ‘elated m Annexes A to, In some national standards, a reference usualy 50 yea Tourn period value) clmaie vanab is spect, In such case, tho cimate vanable for any return Deried T (years) can be timated by matiplying the 50 year refrenea valve ofthe climate ‘enable by tha load factory, glen in Table 2. Tobie 2 Defout factors for adjustment of climatic os Inrelation fo return period Tvs. $0 years ‘acim periody tw am for tow ea cevvietnesy || geoetan 190 rr 1 12 ‘elastance wg nd sre Sr ate Gaba anon act Design requirements for tho systom ‘Table 3- Design requirements for the system acess Trovetions | Requved pertomance | corenondna easy [Grab oats dp in| Taper raiale rane Unk cevieposcana wits | spose waremaaon stipe eet enemy Torsone vest ana | Toeaues ha pcbaiy [Four ec! esee ce fed enema) 5.2.3 Design equation for each component |wen designing individual ine components, Equation (2) can be expanded int: yx elect of Or fe Re “ 1y!2 the use factor couicent. Iie derived from the disbution function ofthe use factor U presses the relationship between effective (aciual) and design (anginal) condone or ‘tors The Use factor Ute a random variable equa fo the rato ct te effoctve (actual fine condtions) i oad apiled toa component by a climatic event to the design limi oad60826 © 1e0:2003 oar for ths component under te same cima event (using maximum parameters. Symbol 118 Introsuced Because components are designed by familias, no! indnguaty. However, sifeo components are usually designed prio: to specif kneuladge oftheir tel hn params, ks famissble to use 7= 1 for new ines design, NOTE ‘Tht guano concen ta ange fue by he msxeum ssn ee. It's mportant to note this simplification wil certainly have = postive influence on reliability. However, the inuence of zy en reliabity can be full coneideres for exting lines, where Use Psrameters of components ere fully knows. Fora dated eecuston on the subject, fofer to Ciause 6. £m te charactor strong sth value guaranteed naporognate standards fr now Seineenens, val wit-2£0% fo 98S probably This value a caled the quaranaed strength, the minim strength of tha minum fling fol specie or ealulted, ths extision fini of Re van cereVavlytakon at 10% (apical valuce are ine aig 1212 % to 30%). tis ganeraly accepted thal line components wt age with ine, ost he ary Structural components, end wil suffer a reducton in tor srongin fis quantification of ose ‘of strength wth time i not covered inthis standard ard tha elatiy raises suggested Nera {re based on newline conditions Very often, standards only provide a single normative value usualy associated with fale of {he component, while the aporoech mentioned above requires the Consideration of we nis damage and failure tiie. the damage lim corresponding to Reis not species the nda, Tables 14 1017 can be used fo provide such values ‘18 global strongth factor applicable to the component being designed that takes ito aScount 8) Features related tothe system = te number (N) of components exposed to the limt load Qr during any single ‘sceurTence of this load event, (hence 9) = the coordination of strengths selected between components, (hence ds) ) Features rolated tothe component ~ ft aarance th Quy of he component dng ptypetestng an acta instalation. hence fal = ~ ie aiference Between the actual excusion lint of Rand he supposed © (hence b 10%, [As those factors are satsticaly independent P= NX HS Xa He o ‘the above strenath factors re dotaiag in 7.2 6 Leadings 64 Description ‘This clause detines structu | loadings constiered for the cesign of transmission line60826 © 1€c:2003 -43- [As indeated in 5.2.1 thro loa eetegories ate considered: ') Loads oue to climatic events or ny toads derived fom them whic govern the reliability of tha ne forthe expect ie time, “These toads wil be analysed in he folowing subclausss: = wind loads (6.2): ~ tee without wind (6.3); = ice with wind (6.4. ) Loads related to safety requirements (constuction and maintenance! (65); ©) Loads related to security requirements (alu containment) (6.6). 62 Climatic loads, wind and associated tempera ‘This subclause dofines the procedures to evaluate the wind and atsociated temperature fects online components and elements (conductors, insulator sge, supports) 62.1 Field of application Although this subelause applies in princpl to any overhead fine, itis most accurately defined forthe folowing conditions: Span lengths between 200 m and 900 m. Calculations of the various coetcents (n pariular Tor gusty wings) nave to" be checked for span lengths outage ths range, Howover, fr span langthe ofester than 800 m, a gust coelclant ceresponding to 00 m ‘span could be safely chosen. For span longs fos then 200 m, the valves applicable 12 200 m span can be applies Height of supports tess than 60 m. Taller supports coud be designed following the same Drneiptes, but the caleulatoa wind actions would need to be checked, In particular, the ‘eigen frequency of structures above 60 m wil often ierease the gus’ response Tacit. = Alitude of crossed areas not exceeding 1300m above {ne topographic enuronment,excapt where specific sucy ress a = Terrain without local topographical features whose size and shape are tkly to signleaty affect the wand pole ofthe region under consicerton, Its important to note that requirements for winds associated with localized events such a3 tomadoes are not specially covered in this standard. These winds can cause serils jan due Io funnaing botwoen hills ‘due to sloping grounds ere not covered and may requife specie sludes to ascass such inven 6.22 Terrain roughness ‘Wind speed and turbulence depends on tho terrain roughness. Wih inergsing terrain roughness, turbulence itereases and wing speed decreases near grourd level, Four yper of Terrain categories, wit) ncrassing roughness values, are considerec im thls standard as Insieated in Table 480828 © 1e0:2009 45- ‘Table 4 — Clessitication of terrain catagories Terai ener) ‘Reuahnesscharactece a - Lge ah wae upwind fat eas es 508) ® creer grin meas cans wpm 00 = Taran tv noneraue ena obstacle cu haig dpe wows) OE eosin In Table 4, the roughness factor Ky reprosents a muliplor of the rferance wind speed for onversion from one terrain category to another The use of Ky is deals in 8.2. A ‘esenpton of eran roughness characteris is gwen in Clause A, 8.23 Reference wind speed Ve Vp is defined 8 the reference wird speed (m/s) corresponding 1 return period T. Vq can be determined from a statistical analysis of relevant wind speed dais at 10'm above ground ‘and with an averaging period of 10 min. Usually Yq 8 meesured in weather stations types of terrain type B, such a8 ports. In such eases, Vg is Kentfied 88 Vg. Where avilable wind dala difers ftom these assumptions, refer to Clause As for conversion methods, tthe Feference wind speed for terrain catagory B, Vj Ie only known, Vq can be determined with Ves Ka Va where Ky isthe roughness factor. 6.24 Combination of wind eed and tomporatures Unless a strong postive coreaton is established tetween wind spe%d and temperatura, fs assumed that manimum wind speed dose. not usualy occur with mimmum temperature Consequently, only two combinations shall normally be considered for design purposes: the first bemg maximum wing at average dally minimum temperature and the Second beng ‘reduces wind atthe exiveme minum temperature Im practice, the following two combinations need tebe checked! 4) ign wind speed plus reference temperature condition ‘The wind velocies defined sbove for computation shal be consicered as occurring at an Temperature equal to the average of the daly minimum temperatures, peel to te Bs b) Reduced wind speed a the minimum low temperature conden bt) Reduced wind speed ‘The reduced wind speed is equal to the reference wind speed vq multiplied by ‘ coofcient chosen according to local meteorological conations. When there Is no rlable knowleoge of local conlitons a valve of 0.8 fr this cose te suggested160826 © 120.2003 aa ba) Temperature associated with the reduced wind spose “The minimum temperature shall be considered as being equal 9 te minimum yesry value, having 2 return pesiod of T years ‘tts noted that the design of transmission lines isnot generally canrlled by the combintion of reduced wind speed and mnmum low temperatures. Th loading case may therelore be ‘nite, except for eases of supports wth very shor spans (typical fae tha 200 and ‘minimum tow temperatures (typiealy below ~30°C), or dead-end supzors 62.5 Unit action ofthe wind 14 on any line component or elercnt ‘The characteristic value « of the unit action wm Pa (Win?) au to the wind Blowing at aight angles fo any ine componeat er element (conductor, insulator sang, al or part of the supper) is given by the following expression: Face Cc} igi the dynamic reference wind pressure (in Pa or Nim) and is gen in terms of the ‘eforonce wind spoed Yq mosiled by roughness factor Ky (see Tabla 4} corresponding to the terrain category atthe location ofthe tne: a= SKF (Van ios, and 9g 9 Ni) ” 4 8 the air mass per unit volume equal to 1,225 kaln? at a tempersure of 15 °C and an ‘Smospnere pressure of oh anes ses level ~ + 8 the aie densty correction factor. When limit wind speeds are snown 10 be strongly Corcelated wih en atude andlor temperature significanty-aeren For the assumptions ‘of 18°C and sea level, he vorrction factor r gwen in Table 5 ean be applies to the Dressure dy otherwise, £18 considered toe egUal 101; 6,1 the drag (or pressure) concent depending onthe shape and surace properties ofthe ‘element being considered, the combined wind factor, taking into account the influences of the height ofthe eleme above ground level, terrain category, wind gusts and dynamic rssponse (component fete) Inthe case of conductor loads, sh factor shal be sp int tho factors Gane Ge “These factors shal be considered separately for sach line component or element oe Table 5 ~ Correction factor rof dynamic reference wind pressure gy ‘due to altitude and tomperatures 2 a oa ora =e oc Oe Orr =o. 105 058, om [NOTE The rivanc vate covsparde om Staak ens npcae a5 °C-60828 © 16¢:2003, ~ 49 6.2.6 Evaluation of wind 1oads on line components and elements 626.1 Wind loads on conductors Wind effects on conductors ons Increase in tha mechanial ton tof loads duo to wind pressure as well asthe effect ofthe ‘Tho oad (Ac) in N duo fo the etfoct ofthe wind pressure upon a wind span L, applied at the ‘suppor ane blowing at an angle @ withthe conductor, ls gven by He following expression Using gy of Eavation (7). A= 40 Cue Se 6, dt en? 2 @ Cup 18 the drag coefficient of the conductor taken equal {0 1,00 for the generally considored stranded conductors and wind volocies, Other Vsives can be Used if Served ftom direct measurements or wind tunnel test, 8. 18 the combined wind factor forthe conductors given in Figure 9, which depends on height 2 and teran categorie, Gta the span factor given in Figure 4 isthe slameter ofthe conductor (m). isthe wind span ofthe support, equal to half the sum ofthe lngth of adjacent spans ofthe support 2 ‘ethe angle between the wind direction and the conductor (Fowe 6) ‘The total effect ofthe wind upon bunale conduters shall be taken a8 equal to the sum of the actions on the sub-conductors without accountng for @Poseible masting aifect of eve ofthe subsconductore on another The height to be considered for conductors is the center of grevly of the suspended enductor theoretically located at the lower thir ofthe sag, For the purpose of transmission ‘suppor calculations, iis acceptable to consider 2 equal tothe height of altachrnert por ot the anducto atthe support for flat configuration) or ofthe mde corductor (lor couble ‘ult configuration). These assumptions for condtors are conservaive and coripensate fot ‘he increased height of the ground wire on top of the suppor. ‘Tho genera! equation for computing conductor wind forces on an argle support ts given in Ree 3 ang can be used if supported by dats and validated models,190826 © 1e:2003 a1 - t Reese Figure 3 ~ Combined wind factor 6, for conductors forvarious ‘eran categories and heights above ground seen hg Figure 4 Span factor G, 62.52 Wind effect on conductor tension Wind acting on conductors wil eause an increase in thew mechanical tension that can be computed wih ‘slandard.sagension methods. Two cases of wnd and. tempersiure Combinations shal be checked, #5 stalod 6.2.4. {ta sores of spans is separated by suspension insulators, the ruling span concept may be ‘sed for tanaion calculations te portent ta nate thatthe rung span corcopt implies at the same wind pressure apples fo al spans between dead-end insuors. This assumption Becomes more conservaive with an ineressing number of suspensior spans and ongth of Insulator stings. In some cases the wind load calculated wih Equation 8 can be reduced, if SSupporied by experence or data, but no case by more than 40 %. With regard to ground Wtea, no reduction of wind. pressure ia opplcable becaut once ef suspension Insulator sings prevents: oqulnum of horontal tensions even at suspension suppers, thence, rasita inthe appleby ofthe lng span cones.0828 © 12-2009, -99- [NOTE 1 Te rng span ofa sas of augers pan ates Gandy, att LL) Wind toads acting on insulator strings originate from the load A, transferred by the conductors {nd from the wind pressure acing recy an the meulator stings, The falter less i apple’ Conventionally atthe attachment past othe support in tha decon cf he wind ands velo finn) ts gen by: Ane Cn65, © venore 4q__'8the namie rternce wind presure in Pa (Nin) qi the crag concent ofthe insulator, considered equal io 1.20 ‘G18 the combined wird factor given in Figure 5, vanable with the roughnass ofthe trrin, 4nd wih the height of the centre of gravy ofthe ineulator stnng above The suroundins land. The same average height ef conductor can be used, ‘S| 18 the area ofthe insulator seing projected horizontally on a vert plene parallel othe ‘xis of the sting (m®) In the case of multiple sinnga, the. flalerea an be ‘onsorvatively taken athe urn of at strings. 00 aptstomgons m Figure ‘combined wind factor G, appileable to supports and insulator strings Ht noted that wind on insulaior stings has a small eect on design of supports. CGonseauenty it may be seceptable for most lines to simply the caloustlon of wind pressor Dy conservatively adopting the same pressure as tho ono epplied fo support uppers consist of the wind loads transmited by conductors and nsultors ‘88 the wind leeds acting onthe support tele60826 © Ie¢:2008 =s5- ‘Tho method of determination of wind loadings an the support Heol 18 only given in the Standard forthe most common types of supperts, lace towers and towers wth cylindrical ‘elements, This method can, however, be applied fo ctheriypes of supped. During detali design of supports, an iterative process i required in acer to compute win Toads on supports. Ths fs due tothe Tact thal the projected ares of members fe ony known tor completion ofthe dettid design. 626.44 Lattice towers of rectangular cross-section In order to determine th effect of he wind an the lates tower itself th ator 8 divided nto ferent panels, Panel heights ae notmaly Taken Detwoen the iniersecion of the legs and bracing For a lace tower of squariretangular cross-section, the wind lacing A, GN. in the “lection of the wind, applied a! te carve of gravy ofthis pan, mae Up of Waris supper ‘members, s equal AG= dat +02 3? 26) (Sy Cys 608? )* Sia Cyn Si) (10) were % 's the dynamic reerence wine pressure Pa (Nin?), soe Equation (7) e 's tho angle of incidance of the wind direction withthe perpendicular to face t of ‘he panalin a horzontal plane (Figure 8) Sy 's the total surface area projected normally on fae 1 ofthe panel (m2) 82 's the toll surface area projected normaly on face 2 ofthe support members of face 2 ofthe same panel (m®), The projections of the bracing elements ofthe Adjacent faces and of the dlaphragm bracing mombers can be neglected when ‘determining the projected surface area of a face. Gar Cua 270 tho drag cootfiients pecular to fa0es 4 and 2 fora wind perpendicular to Gach face. Cy, Cafe given in Figure 7 for pone af he tower where al Some atthe fembers exposed have plane surfaces, andin Figure B where all Support members have @srcular section. * 's the solity rato of @ panel equal tothe projected erea of members divides by ‘he total panel area. Tha soiy ratio of ne face I tho ratio between the tla Surface of the ‘support members” {Sy oF 8). delimad above, and me ‘rcumscriped area ofthe face of the considered pane. a '5 the combined wind factor forthe supports given in Figura 5. The height above ‘ground ts measures a the centre of grawty ofthe panel180826 © t€c:2008, osT- B tie aeson Figure 6 ~ Definition ofthe angle of Incidence of wind 0 aE a No G1 02 03 04 Os 05 a7 of 0 40 ty — Figure 7 ~ Drag coetficiont Cy, for lattice supports mado of fet sided mombers50828 © 160.2003 =58- 626.42 Supports with cylindrical members having a large diameter (4, > 0.2.) For such support the effect of tho wind loading (in N) in tho rection of the wind, on each ‘ember ly Tong, applied a the canire of gravy ofthe mamber, 1 equal A 4a Ga tl sin? co) were & ts the angle formed by he direction ofthe wine nd th cylinder axis; 8 the diameter ofthe ytnger(m); Jy sete length of the member (1): Gs the combined win factor, a function of he tera eatogory and the Neigh ho the ont of gravy ofthe member above the ground (Figure 5) Cae isthe dag costiient for 2 wind perpendicular tothe axis of the oytinder. The value of Gye depends on the Reynolas number Re corresponding tothe gust speod at his heh, and’ on the roughness of the cylinder An acceptatle simplification 1s to ‘consider te mast unfavourable case of rough cilnder. The vive of Gye 2 Wen Ih Figure 9 in terms of Re that corresponds to the felerence wind apeed Ve at hs height 9 (coractions with noigt are described in A) and is guon by (2) isthe kinetic ar iecosy (v= 4,45 10-5 mie a 15°C) « 02 eas 1 ‘lay o Figure 8 ~ Drag coefficient Cx for lattice supports made of rounded members60826 © 16¢:2008 oo eed some Figure 9 ~ Drag cootficiont Cx of eylingtical eloments having a large diameter 83 Climatic loads, le without wind 634 Description lee toads consist ofall combinations of ftzen water that adneres to transmission ines such 8 freezing rain, in-cloucteng, wel snow, at, (e00 doscriplon in Clouse A), This standard ‘overs two main pes of eng: precipitation leing and In-loud long In mountains of regions where both types of king may occur, the diferent data for the two ‘ypes may be treated separately, with separate cietrbutons to prove the basis for the design loas. i a iference between the design loads forthe wo typeof cae apparent, the less important' may be ignores, and the more important may take care of combined ‘Athough significant loadings du to the presence of ie also involve some wind during and Baer an icing event, ice ony is fst concderea here, to eeablieh reference conditions thet wil Serve as a bess forthe wind and ice combined loadings guen ln &.4 as woll'as non-uniform toa condiens desered im 6.3.63. 832 leodata lee fod is random variable tht i usualy exprossod either as a weight ger unit length of conductor, g (Nn). or a8 & uniform radial theknessf (mn) eround conductors and ond wees. in real condions, ice accretion le random im both shape an denaky and depends on the type of accretion as indicated in Tabla A.10 io A... Howover, for eave of col ‘hese are converted to an equlvaont radial ce hisknese (around candvetors wiih ensity oF 0.8. Equation (12) expresses the relation between g and 9= 9,82 10° amt(a +t 00) (3) where 1915 tho ice weight pr unit length (Nin) 3 is the ice density (kg 1 radia ico tickness, assumed unorm around the conductor (nm); 4. isthe conductor ameter (m).60828 © 1e¢:2003 -02- Fer an ico density § = 000 kg, Equation (19) becomes: 9=27.7t(a+ #1 000), When both and o are express Jn mm and 8 = 900 kgim®, Equation (13) becomes: 9= 00277 thea) th gin in, lee toad should ideally bo dacuced trom measurements taken trom conductors and leations roprasantatve af tha line. These messutement techniques ate devsribed in TEC 61774 leo Secretion models can also supplement direct ice a measurement, bat require appropnate Validation with ral gata ‘A.very umportant factor with ico accretion 1 the eflct ofthe terrain, Is dificult to ranafer knowisdge acquired from one site fo ancther Because the train strongly Inuarces te fg mmechaniem Fer design purposes, Icing data fom measuring stations near or ential to the line so are iseally requires, Very often, this wil not be the case and service experenco with oxsing Installations wil provide additonal Input ee accretion on structures should Be considered (fer to A.5.8:2 for suggested method). NOTE sete nt woh fee an ac tan sects cr be cle afar ad ca rach or exces he Sts oie nena ae fc ise er bas hso ee 6.3.3 Evaluation of yearly maximum ice load by means of meteorological data ‘analysis ‘Sufficient data for vsing he statistical approach in this standard may be obtained by means of an analysis of avalable standara weather or climatological data over a perio of 20 ears oF ‘more, combined with a least ve year of ce observation onthe Wanemesion lina see fa reliabie te accretion models avilable to estimate vals for yoaty maximum Io loads Gunng a cectan number of years, this model can bo used to gonerate ve data Which wl be ‘sed in the stata! analyse. Information about the lve sit whichis necessary Yo vallaate ‘pd adjust th preciting model may be taken Irom pest experience win existing transmission Cralisbctin lines, fom fold observations or from te fet of cing on vegetation.60826 © 1€¢:2003, = 05- 6.34 Reference timit 6341 Based on statistical data ‘The reference design load gor ty if Ic thickness ie chosen as the ice variable, are the ference limit ice Toads coresponding to the selected retum peed F (uncon of the Fetiabilty level of the fre). The gq of fy values can be erect obtained from the statstca! ‘analysis of date oblained etter tom ‘ect messurements, feng model, or appropisie Combinations of bth 2eTiun CRS dogg at edo gn ong te arte. own, data ts measured (or model simulated) on conductor dlameters and heights typical ofthe ine, there wil nat be any futher agjusiment to this value. However, data e mestured a the assumed reference height of 10 m on a 30 mm conductor diameter, dy should be actos by ‘mutipiyng it with'& ameter factor Ky and'a height factor ky apple to the seus! fing Conaitions Ky ‘von in Figure 10 Figure 10 ~ Factor Kg rolated to the conductor diame Fr both types offing, when Ky x exceeds 100 Nim, the value of Kyis no longer increased, 1 & (@verage of yearly manumum values of gs above £09 Nim ané d greeter than 30 mm, Ky Is Considered equa 1,0. ‘Ky cescrbes the variation of g with the height of conductors above ‘he ground. Its value Is ier n Figure 1.60826 ¢ 120.2003 aor Figure 11 ~ Factor Ky related tothe conductor height [AS simpllicaion, it 6 suggested that the value gq be the seme for phase conductors and ‘Found wires inthe same span, But there Ia growing evidence thatthe halor ground wire may Sccumulate more fee for somo types of Ice scerelen. For vaiaon of cloud icing accretion ‘ith height, rater to comments m A582, “Engle canicar suet be ailerons in esenal behavcar This mates suman wraermvedigaon Where eing data oF reliable lee accretion models are not avaliable, the only sltemative is 10 rely on service experienced based on actual ee loads cbaerved on tne conauctors or esuees ‘tom faiure event. In both cases, sath the rolum period of the te loads, nor te fevel of rolbiity wi be known, 6.3.5 Temperature during icing ‘The temperature to be considered with ice condtlons shall be-5 °C 63.6 Loads on support “Three diferent icing condone on the conductors shall Be considered aon determining the loads on the suppor. Those are conclaered fo be the most sigiican! and encompans _majory ofthe icing conditions that are ely to oo=ur uniform ice formation: weight condtion; ~non-anitm ice fermton: longitudinal and ansverse hence condion: = nonvunitoum ie formation: terion conten. 63.64 Loading cases In tho description of the diferent loading conditions, the vale ofthe ice loads are glen se ‘uncions of the reference design lt toad gq. I le portant fo be awere ofthe fact hal ‘may vary from one span to another in a sedlion of a line, dua to local tarain effects, ging ‘non-uniform stations. The aim isto propose conventional oaing conctons forthe purpose ‘of caleuiating conductor tensions which aro typeal or known oocutronces of ce loading, scription60826 © 16¢:2009 -60- ‘When computing loads on @ support ftom conductors, the effects of the swig ofthe insulator 294 detection ox rotation of the support andlor foundations ang the interacton with oes [onductors shall ba considered ce may not accumulate or shed untarmly fom agent spans, A not-uiform ce formation is etined a8 an ico load corresponding to the probability ofan ice scerefon on Up te the spans on one side ofthe support, whist en the over spans inthe clase the tee reuced o ceria porcentage of hat value Stator of urlanced os hace ae ot wu sao: feweva, he accrmercesnn nee ss eed shove siento tua ype unbuanee ce oes tht Soe nck ooo 63.62 Uniform ic formation - Maximum weight condition ‘The maximum uniform te loading onthe conductors ie assumed to aecur, when the conductor top loading ts equivalent to the veferance it ie toad (gq) The ovetioad per Unk lengths ‘9g Nim), and the total conducter load pet Unk length ew + oq Wis the unt welght OF ‘nauetore in Nin) 63.8.3 Non-uniform ice formation on phase conductors and ground wires [Unequal fos accumulations or shedding in adjacent spans wil induce crtia! out-of balance longitudinal loses. on the supports. Unbalanced ice loads can occur either dung ee accretion, e.9, n-cloud cing wih signicant changes in elevation or exposures Ge Gurhy ioe shediing Suggested configurations of non-uniform lang conitons are deserbed in Table 6 for support ‘ypet shown in Figure 12 Single circuit support Double cru upper Figure 12 - Typical support types60826 © 1e:2003 -n- ‘Table 6- Non-uniform ice londing conditions ig | at eee ig “wate conan Taitapan_[ wigttopan| tatnan | labeapan | tatopon | Want vase aareat [ate vane —_[svexc_[vwxe __fpvane [pane eats oes Saale teeth uated wun emernemeaes Where the exposure of the tne to its surroundings changes ffor one span to another, Unbalanced “igace larger than those. described above. thoulé be consisered. Dung {aleulations of fonitscinal fads on structures due to anbalance ice bade, the exit of Stucturer and insulator movement shal be taken info acoount to caleulata the resulting longitudinal forces. Use of simpied assumpllons 1s accepted as long as they lead to Conservative result \Winere spacite sections of an OHL are exposed to severe i-cloud leg and adjacent spans eve diferent tavele of moisureladen wince, may be applicable to coneiser maximum loo Toacing on one side of te support an bare conductors on he other sie 6.4 Climatic loads, combined wind a loodings ‘The combined wind and ice loasngs treated i this subclause telate to wind on ico-covered conductors Wind on iee-sovered supports and insulator singe can, Wf neceseary, bo frosted Ina simiar way with special attention fo rag coatfcients 644 Combined proba ies ~ Principle proposed ‘The acton of wind on rce-covored conductors involves atleast tree vaiables: wind spoed ‘hat ooeurs In presonce withing, lee weight and lee shape (fect of Srag coetictnt). Ts {ction reaults in both transversal tnd vertical load Ideally, statistics of wind speed during tee presence on conductors should be used to {generate the combined longing of ee and wind corresponding tothe selected reliably eve, Since detaled data and observtions on ice weigh, ie shape and concident wind, ae not ommonly avaliable, i's proposed to combine these variables in such way thal the resulting ‘oad combinations wil ave the same return porods T az thove adopled for each roi level ‘Assuming that maximum loads are most tkely tobe related to combinations involving at last ‘one maximum valve of a vanablo (ether ef wind speed ce weight or ke shape), a smplfied Mothod is proposed: low probably (Index L) value of @varable ts combined with high probabiity {index H) values of the other two varbles, as fe shown In Table. 7. TN ‘Simpliietion is equivalent fo astocisting one varable (eg ce load) having a return poriod T ‘withthe average of yeary values ofall the ether vanables related fo this Tosding case, such 435 wind during leng or the drag coafcient00026 © 1E0:2009 = Table 7 ~ Return period of combined ice and wind toad manly | genoe'r | “3igwpatesigrfaccurane'® | etm peegetrenaningvration | ‘es ma | ee 50 [vane 9 mem The density of ice varios with tho type of ling and iss recommended that low density ice be combined withthe high probabil drag eetfieen and ves-eraa, Usualy the combination ofa low probability drag costficent (highes! value of Cor Gy) with 8 high probebtty ice and a high prabablity wind does nol conse a eres loading ease However. if provious service exparience of eaculation confirms tal ts lose combination can be erie tchoule be considered for design purposes. Consequently two tosding combinations wil be considered in tis standard: Low ice probeblity (return perid 7) aasociated wih the average of yearly maxmuin winds Gung ‘cing presence, and low probabity wind during king (retun period T) associates with tne ‘erage of the maxmum Yearly ig ‘The tow probably (reference valves) of ce or wind have aleacy been dest with eopsrataly in the previous paragraphs. These shoulé comeapand to the relun peted T selected for design purposes, ‘With regard to wing, Its important to note that wind dats to be considered is when icing is resent on conductors. Such data 's not usually avaliable and He generally sozepied to Seduce it trom the year wind statisti, 6.42 Determination af ie toad The two main types, precipitation and in-coud ling, require @ separate detammination ofthe ‘mazintum ie ond sesocrated wth wind I there is almost no date on combined wind and ie, ican be assumed that 2, = gp and Sy 9.40 gq. combined wind ard ice data are svalable, statistical methods tan be used to estimate valves for combined variables corresponcing to the seloctec return period T or othe Sverage of yearly maximum sands 6.43 Determination of coincident temperature ‘The tempersture to be considered for combined wind and fe condone shall be -5 °C forall ‘ypes offing 6.44 Determination of wind spee associated with icing conditions 6441 Freezing ra (or ipitation Icing) Wind velocities associated with icing episodes can be calculated fom dat, if avalabe of, when there is litle or no data, tram the folowing assumplins. nthe lator case, the feference wind speed is mulled by reduction factor 6, ab incest below60826 © 16:2003, -75- Vi. = 8 x Vi whore 8, = (0,60 to 0,65). Ths range of 6 assumed to corespond to the ‘erence wind speed (T= 60, 150 or 600 years) dunng wing persistence an conauctos, Vig = 8: Va, where B= (94 to 0,8), This range of B18 assumed to correspond to the _avorage of yealy maumum wind speed during sing persistonce onthe conductor Te given range of values in the above equations represents fypical values of wind speed using ting porogs an takes info account the relative rary of Maximum wind speed during teing penods. When combined data are available, the process described fo wind or ln loading can be used to select a value corresponcing fo a retum penod foreach ofthe expected types o eng. When wind spose date 1s not stiely corolated with fing, one shoul determine the associated maximum wid speed by using the Yearly maximum wind spoed recorded Suing freezing preciptaton and the folowing penad uflst the av tamperatue remains below 0" (Guggeeted maumu panied 72h) 6.44.2 Wat snow (precipitation icing) 16 experience, the reduction the wind speed (Va) ean be determined te hel described for freezing rain You 8.4.1) In the absence of specie exparence or data, Iie suggotted to use tho some Fedcton factors a8 for freezing rat 6.44.3 Dry snow (precipitation leing) Ine sence of any specie dts or ty snow the same values late for Wet snow maybe 6.4.44 Hard rime (in-cloud icing) In certain areas, hill tops, for example, the maxamum rime ice acereton on the conductor ‘Usually oecure with the maximum wind speed associated wih cleus ling. However, the areas the maumum ie eceraton Usually occurs under rlatve load wind speeds Basie meteorological and terran information shoul be used {0 evaluate the probability of Severe in-cloud iing along the line roo, and the corresponding dala shouldbe introduced Ie {he calculations. Othermae, the values gn for freezing rain may bo ured 6.45 Drag cooticionts of ice-covered conductors Wmerever possible, crag coofcens for ica covered conductors should be based on actual ‘measured valves. In tho absence ofthis data, the effecive rag coeticents and ice donsites Ste given in Table 860826 © 12¢:2003 1 Table 8 — Drag coefficients of ice-covered condustors ea ee Aavosined ion denny Baim) cI co 300, ‘s00 Eoeficiont for ice covered conductors for two reasons: the frst dee tothe effect of the equivalent clameter ana the second due lo the ko shape Haat a opposed fo the found and Smoot cyinder. It is assumed thatthe valu of G16 the same forthe ie coverings related to T= 60,150, 500, Figure 13 ~ Equivatont cylindrical shape of ice deposit ©.46 Determination of loads on supports 4.61 Unit action of the wind onthe lce-covered conductors With reference to 6:25 the charactoratic value (a) ofthe unt wind ation on te covered conductors withthe wind blown henzonaly and perpendicular toe ine, Ws given by the expression: 105.828. ref ayeehen Pa (Nin?) ‘sepencent on the loading condition, and with appropriate C= C\. oF Cis 66 is the combined wind factor of conductors as defined in 6.2.61 (18 he span factor as detined in 6.2.6.1 6 the density correction factor given in 62.5.460826 © 16-2003, -18- 6.462 Loads on supports Two combined wind and te loading conditions should be considere with their coincident verialoading ‘The toad (A,) m N due tothe effect ofthe wind upon @ wind span L,appliod atthe support, tard blowing’ at an angle 2 withthe conductors, i gon by the folowing expression, Ung do oF Equation (7), NOTE The wd sean Lo supet equ thal he sm fe lng of aac sane ‘A801 0, Lanta For the two recommended leasing conditions, the wind force on le-coveree conductors shal be ~ Condition 1 (highest valus of ice load to be combined with average of yearly maximum wind speed dunng ie persisience: Acr™4an Cin Ge GOL L sina 4D (= gy9.an9* ~ condition 2 (ght value of wind speed cing ke peristonce to be combined wih Svorage of yoy maxinom ce 053): Aea™ Wn. Cin 9p OL 810? Dy By = = 4ay 0.820575 In the above equations, D,, Dy aro diameters (m) of the equivalent oylndreal shapes forthe types of ice boing considered. 19 2n6 gy = lee load (Nim) were 5 1s the highest donsty for typ of ioe being considere (hain?) 2 ‘tho angle botween wind disetion andthe conductor. mere support members are ctcal fr toner conductor vertical load at the supports, the effect of recused vertical leads and tho presence of aerodynamic it forces should be {considered I's suggested that the it free per unt length ie not tkely to excoud 50 % of the ‘rag force per unit length of ie covered conductors Loads for construction and maintenance (safety loads) 651 General Construction and maintenance operations are th cccasions when fale ofa tine component is most likely to cause inury or lose of fe. These operations shouldbe regulated to eliminate Unnecessary and temporary leads which would otherwise demand expersive reinforcing ofall ‘Supports, especially noa-ree areas. [National regulations andlor codes of practice generally provide minimum safety rules and ‘requirements with respect o pubic slaty.60826 © 120:2009 -e1- ‘addition, construction and maintenance toacing cates wil be esteblished in this standard Tecommorded hereater. The system stress Under these loacings shall not exceed the ‘damage li, and the strength of the supports shall bo verified either by testing (see TEC 60652) of by reiabe calculation metnads 6.52 Erection of supports ‘The strength of all iting points and ofall components shall be varie for at last twice the Sti loads produced by the proposed erection mathos. A fetor of 1,6 can be used I the ‘Sperations are carefully sontaliod 65.3 Construction stringing end seguing 653.4 Conductor tensions The tensions shall be calculated at the minimum temperature slowed for stringing and sagging operations, It recommended that in the calculation of loads on the sutures, Conductor lonsions of atleast twice the sagging tensions be used fr sonduetore being moved fand 1.8 tines forall conductors n place 6532 Vertical loads ‘The extra lood applied to the ouppore shall be calculated fm the vertical anglos, with the conductor tosions given in 6.5.8. The loading shal be spplieg tothe conduct attachment poms or conductor stringing pons (if diferent), and ehall conser all possible conductor Stinging sequences in any combination of losd and na load atthe several support pons that Fepresont the conducter stinging sequence, 6533 Transverse loads ‘Angle structures shal be capable of resisting the transverse loads produced by the conductor Tensions given n6.5.3-1 ‘Athough taht winds can occur during construction and maintenance, thi efloc is neglected for these calculations 6.5.3.4 Longitudinal (and vertical) loads on temporary dead-end supports 2) Longituainal oases Supperis used a8 deod-ends during stanging and sagging shal be capable of cessing longitucinal toads resuiting from the sagging tensions gen in 6.8.3.1 mn any combination Of load and no load atthe several support pomts tha! represent the conductor stinging ») Vertical ads | such structures are reinforced by temporary guys to oblain the required longitudinal Swengin, hece guys wil inerosee the vertical lode atthe attachment points and shall be dequatoly pro-stresced iatached toa rigid tower. twill therefore be mecoseary to check the tonsion in the guys and take account ofthe vetical loads applied To the attachment ports90826 © 1€0:2003 ~83- 6.5.5 Longitudinal loads on suspension supports Wile the conductor isin the stringing sheaves, a longitudinal load shall be applig to the Suppers. Tha load i equa! im value to the unit weight ofthe piace conductor. w (Nim), ‘mulipied by the aifforonce in etovation of the low points of asiecert spane {m. This load (in) wil ba regiole and much toss than the containment loads denned in 6.6, except for Urusual spans, where t shall be vered that th structure ean resist alae! tice the load In operations such as conductor tie-downs, loads are applied a all conductor points and shall be taken ino account 654 Maintenance loads Al conductor support points shall be able to toads at sagging tensions 1 least twice the Bare conductor vertical ‘Temporary itor tension points, close tothe normal attachment points of conductors ane uses for maintenance of ive lve operations, shall also be able To fois a Toast twice the Bare Conductor load at sagging tensions [A factor of 1.5 instead of 2 for the above loads can be used if he operations are caraflly contales. ‘Tose responsible for maintenance shall specif lting arrangements which wit not overtress the stustire All structural members that may be requred te support a lineman shall, 2 calculation, be able to support a 1 500 N lose, apieg vertcaly at their midpoint, convenionally combined with the sttsses present during maintenance. These are voually Desed on sil aa the mnitom temperature seaumed for mamntanence operations 2 for falure containment (securty requiremente) 884 General The objective of sacurty measures 12 to mnmize prodsbilly of uneortrolles propagation of ‘aha failures (cascades) which might otherwise extend well bond the laid sector extent of he ita allure, The security measures detailed below provide for minimum secu reqarements and alist of ‘options which may be used whenover higher secur is justifies, The loads proscribed in 6.5.3 provide conventional tales structures wih the meane of minmizing ine probabllty of Gaesade ales. Those. requirements ‘are derived. from fxpenence on conventional lattice structures, but should also be applable to other Iypes of Stuctures, Service experience using caren! types of structures of marerals could dletato oF equa atfrent of addtional precavtons thal can be substituted fe the above requirements ‘The system stress under these loads shall not exceed the failure limit60826 © 1E0:2003 ~0s- 8.82 Security requirements Unless special ting devices aroused, the loadings spacied in 66.2 shal be considered 188 minimum requrements appicable for most ransmasion lines In cases where increased security is justified or reques (for example on vary important lines, fer crossings or tnes subjectoa to maximum Io loads), adeltonal measures or oadings can be used according to local pracice and past expenence. A lat of aun measures epoears 6.8.3 Security elated loads — Torsional, longitudinal and additonal security 65.34 Torsional load [A any one ground wire or phaze conductor attachment point the slovant, if any, residual tate load (ASL) resulting Rare release of fe teraion of @ whole phase conductor ofa {ground wie in an adjacent span shall be spplied. This RSL shall be considered at SaQ9Ing temperatures without any mnd or lee loads. The RSL for suspension stuctures shall be calculated for average epane and st sagging tensions, allowance being mado forthe relaxation ofthe lond resuling frmm any swing Ine insulator stnngs assemble, deflction or rotation ofthe etucture, foundations, arelsted crosserms or atculatod supports, end the teraction vith olher phases concuctors or wifes that may nfluance ths leas ‘Tho value of the RSL may be limited by special devices (sipping camps, for example), in hich case, the minimum security requirements should be esjusiod aseoraiigly. Coincident bare conductor loads st sagging tensions shal be apple at all other attachments parts 66.2.2 Longitudin toads Longitudinal toads shall be applied simultaneously at all attachment points. They shell be ‘equal fo the unbalanced loaca prosuced by the tension of bare consustore'n all sparen one ection from the structure and with felllcus overload eqval to the weigh w, of Re Conductors in all span in tho ether dvection, Average spans shall be considered wih the bare conductors al sagging tension and ary approonete Telavaion effects, 28 mantaned in 6153, shal be considered: See Figure 14 [An allemative proposal would be to consider about 60% of the sagging tension at each ‘tachment pois.60826 © 120.2003 oor Se Figure 14 ~ Simulated longitudinal conductor load (case of a single circu support) 66.39 Additional security messures ‘The designer can inroase the secu by adoping some ofthe roqurement sted in Tabla Table 9~ Additions culty measures ‘Dovariton of dion Tneeae RSL ya alr of 5 atom nest [Ls whet Raho sewrey wed ate oe sth woes ee este the RSL rene era te vary day [Ava agi ars Wes Storied rem penodinearncton nin ns eangcary [Te nao f ance mar at ray |e coe ora oes mFS ED 7 Strongth of components and limit states 74 Goneraities “The purpose of this clause isto define limit states of ine componerts and their common static! parameters. ‘when subjected to Increasing loads, tne components may exhibit at some load level a permanant deformation, parteularly ifthe falure: mode Is ductle. Tis level Is called the Gamage or sericeably Imi slat. I tha load fa further Increases, flure ofthe componsrt ‘secure at evel called the fare or uimate lint site ‘The transmission tne is considered intact when its compononts are used at stresses below their damage imt. Its considerec in damaged state Its components have exceeded their damage imi state. Finally the line ie coneicared to have faled Wis components have Teaches thet falls tii, The graphical Interpretation ie shown oa Fight 5.60826 © te:2009 09 - Stat of he system Trias] StS —| “Damage Wate [Faire atte] Stronath tof Damase (esmncnaby ci irate) it site) Figure 15 - i ram of limit states of line components 7.2 Goneral equations for the strangth of components With roforonce to Eauations (9) and (4): (effect of @p) < ey gx By x 8 Re During design, each component shall saisly loed ang strongth raqarerrens for clit, security and safety condions. In praclce, two sels of equations (elabity sed. sesh) determine the Gamage charactonstic ster requied forthe companent. and a thd set of fauations (secur) getormines the faikre characeritc ttengthrecured forthe component. Initese equation, the relabilty colons shall normally be the governing condlion for te main components, TA Values of strength factor Whenever @ number N ef camponenis are expsctad to be subjected to the same cic! load Or dunng a ‘single cecurrence of a climatic event, the characionste strength of nail components shall be de-aied (mulipieg) by a svenath factor Ths factor dopends on N land on characteristics ofthe stengthalstnbuton function (type and cratcwest of vanton of strongth In the absence of specific experience, the aumber N of supports subjected tothe maximum load intensity during. single accurtence of imate aventa can be derwed fom Table 40. 10—Number of supports subjected to maximum lead intensity ‘during any single vecuttence of a climatic event eam Dawe Tes iaea Nn at 0% 6) Pine) Maser ie and THe) Fes) The number of components other than supports ean be directly derived fram the uber of supports thus aclected Values of dh are given in Table 11 and are based on a norm cistibution function, Inthe imo table, the values within brackets are based on the top-normsl cletibuton function. Values cerived trom otner distribution funcions can be uted f mare representative of the component being designed,50828 © 160;2003 na In the case of high values of vp and W(a9e tho shaded cells with tai figures in Table 11), the value of dy very sensitive to the choice of the eitrbuton functon. Thus, |dgement and. strongtn est results shoud be used in the selecien of the Sisteution function. In Table 1! the values outed the shaded area are conservalivey token from the normal dissibution curve, Should the strengihsitibston cune be known, Annex A ‘an be used fo pronce the specific valuss forthe normal and fog-norma enisbutons ‘Table 11 ~ strongth factory related to the number N of components ements subjected tothe ertcal load intensity w [aes [ eae [ese [ ae [oan | oa | ame + [st] s00[~s00 J —to9 J a0 na] 2| ess | os | oor | ase | os | oar | oat s| css | om | ose | ass | oso |ivaroai laaeceamr ww] ese | ase | ose | ost Jaren losamm lost 79, zo| os | os | ons |ariaae |aseiarn |ussrars)| oat oan wo cs: | om | cas laremen Jasvorm |ewiean | ase eed so | cr | m0 [aes |aoowern |aatiar recy we] ese | as Jor ioxn Jaer are [ase nen eserse) [asian 722 strength factor dy related tothe coordination of st th 's offen costffectve to design some components to be more reliable than others in oder {o minimize the consequences (ce. repat time, cecondary Tale, ele) of posible fare ‘veto cite event. In oder to achieve such strength coorcinaton, a strong reduction fector dy le applied to the strongth of components R, chosen to be more reliable while facter dy =,0 8 applied to the fret component to fall Factor fez depense on the coofcert of venation of both Components and i given in Table 12. Baves on a confdonco of UO % that the second component wil nt fil Before the fist Ry. Thus, 9D fete confidence level en the target sequence of failure Table 12- Values of Oy opeax | age | oar | oma] 0 [covet®e |“ osoaa0 | —oae | 0a9 | one | 00 Cites for deciding on a profrred strength coordination ae discussed in Annex A, and a Usually accepted strength coordination la gvan in Teblo Ta. This able provides fret forthe Strength coordination between “major components and,_subsequenly, provides for a Subsequent coordination within the vanous elements of @ majo componon 9 canpanet eons mara reli na60826 © 10.2000 99- ‘Table 13 Typieal strength coordination of 1 components eer conp ae oe I Peary a inv ose nes arenas vn soweonann | eroccre oe re eta rear pero | he engin ute specs Tle 8 concurs ee wus the moet eile component tthe na. 73. Data related to the calculation of components 7.34 Limit states for tine components Tables 14 1917 specity damage linits and falure mts fr ine compenants with regard tothe system. In the absence of relevant data, these values const soceptasle design lms local data and national expenence is evalablo, t can be Uoad fo improve and complete the ‘abt ‘Table 14 ~ Damage and failure limits of supports | ont a Sema Jssenam [gee a ea Saree [Se 7 ; Fiat cen nore | reduction a tower sen mre ee — [papain on sma” (ear Pet Saar — ome a TS sama aa F reas eREST [ sionent subjected to moran Is Cuplacoment the fon and fom te vest JNoTe2 ieee tang ofthe elenen. NOTE 3_The lth of eas fo orrte pols ob read upon,60826 © 1€¢:2008 Sry] tena cor ane eae emcee ea ceo gn i Eero amram ores ee io Remon Se eupporting pirerental vervcal * “ eireaioe tes |esceave ototaane ster’ ln arma io |Setme cme to vigote [the ose 10 on oa friars |Poioe [NOTE s sone ge ousston (ep) my main overt NOTE Tots wio somite econ Sense he sppot eds une, sigpow ns senate mevanen sis Sepsoura sa ‘Table 16 ~ Damage and fallur limits of conductors a ‘poston. ot 1894 oe tact song ‘re ete seg pes oso T05180) ne engnan fsa user lta afm by aprorats | eget sess vote)60826 © tec:2003 -97 ‘Tablo 17 - Damage and failure limit of interface componente reg stags) aoe rst pornon ne any (70, hog ring arbken shee [Rope of pr cn, canara aied (oan on Fike [ten pervert deomaten |Report ips ar sar abate “ncoudog the scepied wea eee Nore 2 Tw cis permanant eomaton'e dead a esse wie he tinge ct be ea aan oo 1.32 Strength data of ine components For practical considerations, itis assumed that the normal censty function is adequate forthe Slatstical dstibution of the stangih of line components. Ae indested earlerslog-normal ensity function can also be used to characterize etrongin variation, mini for components ‘with bite behaviour or subectea lo stringent quay contol “This assumption of normal density function is quite tue for many tine components, particularly those having & tow coofient o vrtaton, Ht no specific teste are availabo, the charactentic strength Re wil be found in ruling standards; R may be assumed to covrespond to = 10 %, Table’ 18 gives lypeal suengie coefficient of variation vp fo be used as dofeu value nthe absence ot elovant data, ‘tests are avaliable, Ry = (10 %), R= (1 —u x va) Asif Re assume normaly distibuted, w 1126, or given in Tabs 18 for 1o9-normalalstnbuten function. Table 18 ~ Detaurt values for strongth coefficients of variation (COV) cae Trev ‘Conson a rons nes ath nual dy os) oc ‘Sesipawe od Wosdpls 00 Founsosn it conga act 05060026 © 1E0:2009 “Table 19 w factors for log-not oa 9 030) ne 73.3 Support design strength ‘Supports shall be designed fora charactonai etrengthR, equa to: eS te OR ‘Structure design loads compnse the dead loads and extemal ads, le selected according to 7.2.4 1's denved fem Tabie 121 equal to 1,0 the support selected asthe least reliable component. Note that f may be adwsabia fo design war parts such as eoavarms an ‘round wire peaks, witya sub-sequence of feure wihin the tower 80 tat fair of {het pats wil nt cause fare of main tower Body for lattice towers, Table 20 gives recommended values for da, to take into account the ‘wally in caleulation method, fabrication and erection. For ier suppats, eoeleerts {23 of he same order can be estimated by wew of local condkons, 1 can be taken equal to 40, especialy when the charsclriatic strength corresponds to 8 40'% exclusion lim Ifthe exclusion lit vanes greatly rom 10°, rfer to Annex A for possibie acjustment, ‘Table 20 - Value of quality factor d for lattice towers ‘Bay conor % Very geet aay onl ean ae wage 70 pa repeat Structures subjected to fll scale (ype) tosis all withstand loads equivalent to Ry. Toste shall conform tothe latest version of IEC 60852. 7.34 Foundation design strength “The maximum reactions on foundations are obtaned from the design cf structuras eubjected {tho loads defined inthis standard using conventnel methods of enayels and appropriate ‘wind-waight span combinetiens, tower logs and body extensions. Tha feacuane thus tained ‘re considered to be the design loads on foundations. When foundalin tests are requred ‘hase shal be performed in accordance with the latest version of IEC 61773,80826 © 1€¢.2009 ~101~ The characterise strength of foundations, shall met the folowing requirement Feanaston des ea, eae depends on ne number of foundations subjected to maximum oad intensity m a given form vent For example, = 2, and COV = 0,20, , » O81 can be obtained fom Table 11 (®, can be obtained from Table 12, based on the expected strength COV. For default COV Values retero Table 18, characters strength ts derives from tess typical of actual ine construction, then ‘However, if foundation tests were cared out ina costalled environment net typical of tine construction, then itis suggested to conalder "08 can be taken equal fo 1,0, spacilly when the charactenstic stangth corresponds to @ 10'% excision lint, This is usualy the case when fe 1s Cesuctod trom foundation test, In case the exclusion mit varies greatly fam 10%, refer to Annex A for possible adjustments. ree 738 Conductor and ground wire Conductors end ground wires aro designed for the most ertcal resutant loads) per unit length spaied to ine corrosponcing ruling span In this ease, a4 = a, = dh, = 1,0 and the maximum conductor tension shall not excoed R, as ined in Table 16 men required, conductor lasts shal comply wih the lt version of EC 61089. 13 5 Insulator string design erteia ‘The calculation of the Insulator strings. 6 based on ther relationship tothe conductors to hich they ae attached. These ate deat with n tho same ay 26 f" the supporiondation felationship. Tho eres! deaign loading shall be” derived Vom te maximum caleuated ‘Conductor loading to which the components are atached. 1 shal bo dorved in secocdance wth Table 11 = 5g = 0,90 forall insulator sting, for which the COV generally remains under 7% {soe tables #2 ana'17) 1.0, and y= 1.0 (unless poor quay mater. In adaiion to the above requirements, I is adveable, particularly fr counres subjected to {ce toads to select the charactenstic strengths of deadvend insulators atleast as high as the ‘characteristic strength of attached conductors. Similar, tle advietle fo design he dose fend fitings to withstand, at filure, about 15 % more than the conductor charastenstc ‘tengtt Ri, When required, test for htngs sna comply withthe latest econ of IEC 6126460826 © 1e:2003 Annex A (informative) Technical information AA. Relations between load and strength AAA Estimate of line reliability AAAA Combinations of probabilities ‘Tho rolibilty of system! fs a function of the rally of its components, When these omponsnis are in sores, the yoaty reliably of tho systom (Pu) ie ual fo the product of {he yearly probabiiies of sures of the individual component (8) Bp, Pas Pag ny ay In cases where the unrebablty of components smalier than 10-2, wheh is usually the ca wih typical ansmission lines, and where. the Teast raliable. component has a falure robeDlity ora rate of unveibily which Is approxmately one order of magnitude higher than {hat of otter components, the reablty ofthe systom can ba approximated by that ofthe least reliable component, Thus stustion cccurs naturally in many transmission lines. For example, in non-cing areas, conductor tension limitations of every day stress to obviate vibration problems may fmt the ‘maximum tension unr winé fe about 60% ofthe tent strength ofthe conductors Ths in {um Increases very substantaly the probabily of survival of conductors se compared tO Suppers. Consequently, conductors im nonieing areas properly installed and protected from ‘bration damage are naturally more religle than othr components, (On a thooratcal baste. the rellallty (probability of surival of 8 traramsion line can be estimated using the folowing procedure, ‘+ For each type of clmatlclly produced load, the probability density function of ad fa Is frst ostailshes. This Tuncton i adjusted to rect the maximum loeding intensity hat might accur within the space covered bythe line. Any proven dvectonaltangencies which Imig affect load intensty may also be weighted inte lad function otherwise the load IS assumed to actin tne most eitcal cretion, ‘+ Thon tho protabity densty tunction of strength, fy ofthe ine as a eystm i established ‘The function can be complex excopt when ines are designea wth strength cooraination approach (coe A131). In tha casa, function fq con be spproxmetod by the stongth Gonslty function of the weakest component. It should be mentioned that oth the toad enstty and the strength densiy fonction must refer to the same cecal action, 9. the amprescion force of the highest strained member and is buckling strength, Practically0828 © 166.2003, = 105 - spesking ths cortesponds to having both load and strength expressed in the same unis jh as forces {kN) or strsses (Nm). eumatic loads are sxgessed in trme of wind speed, the load sie of tha equations can be expressed as “effects of win speed” For a beter practical evidence, Its preferaie to use the cumslatva dition function of strength, Fy, instead ef tho denaly function fy The cumulative funtion Fw given by ‘he equation Fale = [tnSres (a2) + Inthe nex sep the relative postion ofthe two curves fq and Fg hs to be éefined, ‘This tolative positon ean be found through a ralaton such as: a load with @ y probability of eccutrence 1/7 Ie sot aqua tt ‘nally: ly rengin with a 10°% exclusion it, of = (10%) aay ‘The choico ofthe um period Tot load Q; depends onthe desired dogroe of reliably. Ht can be demonstrated that equation (A.2) leads to an almost constant rolibility botwo (1-117) and (1-1727), indapenden! of tho shape of the toad and stenth curves an the ‘cooficien's of variation ofeach variable (age A129), Figure A.1 depicts relative postions of lad densty and cumulative strength. The postions of {he two functions are chosen to comply with equation (A'S) The functions fq nd Pq ate arranged such thatthe load Qy Raving 2 selected return peciod Tie equal fo tne strong wih Sn exclusion lint of 10% (Fy = 0.1). Tq. obalty cen uston of yea msm se a cumuatv seteabn ncn a orth loan a seletd rata peo 7,2. 50 yee Figure At ~ Relations between load and strength‘60826 © 1e:2008 ~107- In practic, the reliability cesuing from the rlatlonship expressed in Equation (A), can be Considered ae a, minimom valve and. clculalions can be furor feted through, the {nosUetion of eatrecvon Factors related tothe fllowing tems: “+ use factors of components: the fact thal all components are nat used at their maxon ster (mind span, weight span, Beght of support, ne angi) contbutes fo an + characteristic strength: in actual nes, the charactorstic strength of most components orresponde to an enclision lini ess then 10%. Iti le assumed to De equal 10 10% (ate ot design, than the reeuting reliably ofthe line wil be Mgher “+ strength coordination: a solacted strength coordination resus in an increase of strength ‘Sr wihatandresstanes of same eomponenis; + number of components subjected to maximum loading intensity: whenever a storm or teing ascors, not all stuctures wil be subjected fo manmum lads, since the stom 'skimited in spatial extension; 1+ quality controt during fabrication and construction: by these measures fow quay ‘material wil be eliminated. No components wit srengQis Below a certain tit wll be ted: “+ wind direction: in case of wind loads ite assumed that maxsmum wind vloctes also act Inthe most unfavourable direction, Howover, maximum winds ate slbutod in angie Tectors Approximate calculations earned oul by the CIGRE Working Group SC 22.08 Showed that more realistic assumplions could reduce the probabhty of falure by one frdor of magaltuds ‘White the above-mentioned factors contribute to the actual reality usually betng higher than the thooratical values, otter factors could lead to opposite effects, 18. a reduction in Falablty. The ageing of some line components nd the fatigue by a lage number of leselng ‘ysl wt have'@ nagative ofet on relay. ‘tie noted thatthe above probably off Unavalabiy as described in 3.1.22. lure is only one of the compenent ofthe total ine An 2 Loadings Loadings on transmission lines can be sep: loade and special loads Into three groups: extemel loads, dead + External loads: Exernal loads are random loads due to wind nd ioe, taken separately oF combined together Occurrence and magntude of exter loads can be modell by ‘propriate statistical functions, When statistics of annual maximum values of Ice or wind are avaiable, i 1s commonly [esepted that teae climatic vanables follow an extrame distrbuton function such 3s ‘Gumbel type | datibuton a8 described in Clause C.4. For particulr cates where lee or now accreions are Not observed ‘each year, some recent studes also suggest thal ‘hrashald methods and a generiized Pareto dtibuton may be used. Tne Gumbel type | fiatabution function ean be defined using two parameters: the mean value and the Standard deviation of the. appllable arable. However, mean value and. standars flevration have to be acquired by evaluation of measurements carmed out over @ certain Deri of years. The number of yoars with observations affects the gistributon 3 well n Bericular regarding predation of events having along rotur perio T60826 © 15¢:2009 = 109- ‘+ Dead toads: Dead loads are loads due to the dead wolght of suppor, conductors ang ‘msulatorstnngs. Although they are permanent in nature, dead Toads vary from one ‘suppor to another due fo vanation of support height and weight epan of conductors Reliability of tines subjoctee ony to dead loads should be practicaly 100 %. This relanty Is provided by the sslely fecurements where it is specified tat support should be Getigned for tice the veresl doa lond of vonductore witn ulator stings. These Fequtements cover tie nerease in vertical loads during conetrucion and manienance that occurs during operations on conductors suchas stinging, fing a owning ‘The dead weight of conductors maintained by supports = the preduct of bare weight per unit fength, which 18 constant, and tha weight span which May vary according to the ‘support spacing, and eiferanco of elovaion, and conductor Temlon, which varies with onduclor tomparatue. In all eases, the weight span of © gives support type has & ‘maximum assigned value which isthe one considered for the design of supports There ia 0.4 minimum value fr upit considerations of suspension Insulator sings snd uplift of {uneations Since all supports of a vansmission line are usually not used a thelr maximum design "pans for weight and wind Toads, tis variation of spans, I negucteg, contibutes ton ‘Merease in relay Fer evaluation purposes the rao of actl span to maximum span Ie ofined as being he span Use factor U (seo Clause 8.4), ‘Variable U was modotied so that ts intuerce n reliably calculations through appropri correction factors, can be applied to suppor lot ‘Sometimes, suppers ate designed prior to knowing the span ditrbuton or in other cases ‘he same supports could bo used in future projacts. In cave whore data on use factors ‘are nol svalabie of cannot be predicted, tre mfuence of U can be neglected and 7, 1s 10. Fr a reduced number of sampler other val {sed fo account for statistical uncertainty, as indeatod by sccepteastatica lechniques, AZ Caleulation of reliability ANZA General Load @ and strength R of transmission ine components are rendon variables having each thelr specie distibuton functions, Through ‘actnical studs (Cause 6.2), has been Fecogntzed that ice and wind varables may be represented by an extreme type | function (Gumbel cistriution) whip strengine of wanemiesen ine componente genoraly fallow nora be lognormal fonctions Whon statistical paremeters of load and strength are known, i ss sable to caloulate or simate the yearly relablty or probebilty of survival, P. through analyleal models or 'spproxmate methods, in the following relations. Fq and Fare delined as the cumulative istribtion functions (CDF) of Q and R while fa and fy ate" te prtabity densty functions (POF) of the same variables, v9. the toad oa sdppor leg member arg ite srength “The yearby P= P(R=020)= [fab Fate oe nay The vate ot canbe anyones by complet gram Ti tt Se se a a, Ctiacad Men Emerton (AS) Co wat Sy eotnng ie Ganda athe I be Bas we Saraesal Ge er he werne eoec ed etic) Ste ye ate at Ser tne Cane tous taco hte Ss enc eaace a Sig Hea oh Sen ca Pen Ful DD (wo)60826 © 1ec:2008 o115- RO lon +08 o » a caro lave the load @ follows © Gumbel distribution and the strength R a Gaussian function then were 2 (aro) = the format (R — 0} of Equation (A10) aves good resus fr al valves of vq ane when Yq, Sots ane the format lognormal (RIA) of Equation (A.11)'s acceptable when vg = 0,2 and v0.15, Howover, whan the mean values) and tandard deviations) of @ and R are known, fs also accoplatio to assume. @ Gumbel function and a Gaussian dsirbuton, respectively. and Broveed. with these assumplors to calculate tho prebebilty ef survival, using Equation (48), In addition o the above methods, another technique has been fourd to vo results very close 1 tho theoralcal onee: Ht consste of represonting the load curve fq anc the strength uv fy by normal cstnbutiona by eboosing the parameters @, oq and Ra sch thatthe uppar tall othe load curve fg and the lower tll f strength curve fy match wal the given cistutons. Thon Equations (2.10) and (A) can be used with the parameters’ of the acjusted Aistbutions to determine he yearly retail. This tai aojustment format is acceptable fr all typical values of Va and vq A122 Combinations of load and strength Reliability depends on the parameters of load O and siren R. For goeeible combinations (considered, each one corresponding te diferent axaurpons ~ Case 1: oad @ and svanath R have constant values (Figur A.2a), = Case 2: load @ is constant ane strongih A Is @ statistically dstnbuteg variable (Figure 820). ~ Case 3: toad @ is a statistically distributed venablo and strength R 1s constant (Figure 20). = Case 4: toad @ and strength are stasticaly dstibuted variables (Figure A24), This 1 ‘bwously the most general case and type! of transmission ines60826 © 1ec:2003 <1 Table At ‘cov | Dean etabtty Py BLY [Rice |e at = Fp ive)= 090 rug 138) ap pe] | werenr a | > Rison | Pgnae #509 ~ case: = case 2: Since load Q and strength f are constant and strengths grater than toad @ ‘he relanity tone oF 103% ‘Since load @ is constant the design strength R % according to the exchsion limit 9 8 equal to the constant iad , the yeary Folly P, 1s qual Fe (4) and is 0,80 I the excision Imi for srengin fe 10%. Fy 1"the probabity net {og'@ wil be tase than strength Sines strengin A is constant and equal to the lead Oy the yosrly reliability O 1) ase 2, load Qs constant and strength Ris variable R(t —uyya) = @ case 3, load 0 fs vanable and strongth Re constant R= Qy 1) e000 4 load @ and strength Rare variables R(t ~ uavg) * Oy fe, probability density function of yearly maximum loads Fp cumulative distribution function of strength (usually support) 0, load corresponcing to return period T Figure A2~ Relations between loads end strengths AA23 — Load-strength roations [A major breaktnough in probabity methods occurred when @ relaton between toad and ‘strength that leads to an almost constant probly falure was estabished. This relation onsite of associating @ loge having a return pend T withthe etrenge having an exclusion Tmt of 10 % (or met with 20% probably), ican be expressed ne follows (0; = (10%) Ror r= Re 10% (a) Equation (A.12) wae found to give 9 consistent reliability Py typeally m the range of (= 177) 10 (4 ~ 27), with P, » (1 — 1727) wit ho most frequent ‘values for vq and vq These Fesults remain vall Tor vafous ditabutions of toad curver ©. such as extreme typeI (Gumbel og-normal ana Frechet ae well efor norma and Tog-notmal sletribuan of erength R Calculations of fare probabilities covering the mest common combinations of Q and fare shown in Figures AS, At and A'S. The range of vg fom 0,20 to 0,90 slates respecuvely @ ‘wind spaed vanation of 0,10 a8 well as an ce load variation of 0,60, while the range of vy of 10.05 100,20 covers the varistion ofthe weakest component of the line, usualy the support, where 0,65 s vg $0.10. Figure A. apple for T= 60 years, Figure A for T= 150 year, and Figure AS for P= 800 years60826 © 1e¢.2003 ~ra1- The probably of fiure calculated when strength and load have dispersions diferent from tho above ascumptions may leed to diferent rut ° as on a om lst aes tig=oe 29022 50 1 Wacs Ry = 0,80 er sieongth of component + P (Rp~ Ry) > 0= 0.80 = Aso, ars) where Fy Rp. the stonath ofthe components Iso) the probabity of sequence of fallure of coorsination of atrergth. Using statistical methods the factor dy can be denved for various combi tions of ¥py and as Oa ea coucient of vanation of erength).60826 © 12.2003 = 198 - The factor dy related to me 10% excision Unit of the srngd ofthe components 8 = (10 %)R, 1(10 9) ued thal the density function ofthe strength flows a normal detbuton. ‘Thon the confidence for achiowng a target cooednation of strength can ba expressed by the ‘elabilly indox fay which Ie the number of atendard devations Tor which the Gaussian Aistbuton yolas fe established contldance FB) = Po ary From tables for the Gaussian distribution the relibilty index for the confidence in t preteres fate (a) can be obtained: For Pg = 0,0 Bug = 1,28 Po = 0.88; Bas * 2.08, ee According to Equation (A. 10). Brot (ase) [obs + oka 2npiies, where omy vga Fi standard deviation ma Yea Re. standard deviation Fila = mean component srengths ‘Wan te introduction ofthe centr safety factor ae RelRe a1) Equation (A.18) vies to (a2) From Equation (A.20) the central safety factor @ can be obtained by solving the quadratic uation: LI Geral 204 1~ Daas)? #2 (aan ‘Toble Ad contains the resut or fg = 1.28 and various cooficlent of vanation vey and Vp Furthermore, since (60.5) Ry = (Ri) (11.28 vs) (10.6) R= (Ray (t= 28 ve)80826 © 1e0:2003 =197- 10%R, _ Ri(t-128¥m)) _ 1X(1=128%44) 10%R, "(= 128%—_) @X 0-12 we The strength coordination factor ean be determined from Equation (A.22) after ahas bos calevtated tom Equation (A?) In Table AA values of «and dy aro given thet ensure that component Ry wil fall after ‘Component with 80% probabiy (Pe, = 0.90). ‘Table A.4— Values of central safety factor aand strength coordination factor ‘required to Insure that component wil fal afer component Ry "with 890% probability vn eae oo oo na ae lela le late | aw 20 oss oss | usr | oa | tas | os 20 on eso | use | cas | sy | oat Strength coordination would be dificult and not cost efient to cheese a component with & lage stengih vanation as the fest component to fal. For example 3 seen fren Table shen vay = 0.20, he characterise svongth of the next strongest conponents would have be'seleied such att wosld meat he hit loads when multpiod by about 0.7 From Table A it ean be concluded thet if suspension supports (ussaly vq ~ 0,05 fo 0,10) are designed as the weakest components, the charactenstc svenghy of (lundatons (ve i ually fom 0,10 te 0,30) nes o be multpieg by a factor of 0.83 to 0.33. In this case, thare 90% configence that foundations wil nt Tab before the supported tower A135 Number of components subject te maximum Intensity When the maximum intansty of @ load event Qy affects a larga number of components, faltre wil be tnggered by the weakest lnk (or component). This effect has {0 be coneidered when establishing. the strength cistibuton ef the effective exclsion Tint. Assuring, Wat the Strength of componente is no! covelated, the strength cietibuton of saeries of V eomponents becomes ming, whore Nis the number of components subjected fo the manimum iad intensity. ‘The density function of min can be derved by analytes! methods o"amuaton techniques. 2.3. Nonte-Cari. However. since the 10% exclusion mit ls used aa reference i Ins slandard (based on Equation (A.12) the exclusion Imi oy of N components can be ebtaired {rough he folowing relation, eye t= (=e (a2) ‘The exclusion probabilty of a system consisting of N components or elements can be elevated from the exclusion lit of the indhadual elements ustag this elation60826 © 120:2003 = 138- For design purposes accorcng to ths standard it has to be accumed tat the exclusion it fy 18 10%. Therefore, te exclusion limit Tor each Individual element must be chosen eush ‘Mt tne equwement of ey = 0,10 wll met: ent “im (028) ‘According to Equation (A), It follows that lo) = F (1 ug va) ‘Tho value u, ean be obtened fom the standardized normal citribtion c2n Fetus) =8 1025) and corresponds to the numberof standard davetions fer which Equston (A.26) is saisted. In-determiring the sttongth of a companert, the number sf components subjected to the same load is consicered by the strength factor &, 1420) For example, et us ealeulate for N= 40 and vq = 20%, He oyis 0.10. From Equation (A.24) 0, = 1 (1-01) = 0,0105 results. From tables cf standardized normal Aistbution ean be obained ag = 1.28 from Fy) = 0.19 and igs £2.81 from Fly) * 0,010 With these date the strength factor oy ean be determined trom Equation (A.26): “The signiicance of ths resus umportant. When the maximum intensity of 2 oad acts on 10 components the strength of which ls ropresented by nocmel density function with ooteiot of vanation of 20%, the reliably omer than I he load wouls act just on one Sormponent In order to abian the ame relist im both eases, the nominal strengn in he tase of 10 components has to be choson such that mulipies by the strength factor 2. 1:72 t wt be able to wistane tho eoreaponcing design aston. When vq = 10,078 and 05, this factor would be 0,52 and 0.94 respectively. ‘The same consideration applies to Insulator strings. The mechanical raing of an insulator sting depends on the numer of Insulatars inthe sing and on stength esporsion, Yq of insulator units. Ascuming vq = 0,05, 9 bing of 80 inedlatore each rated for Ry, Nao © bo Iulipied by 0,9, while a sing of 10 of the same insulators has to be ulpied by 0,84 =0.1, then the strength factor dy becomes 0,88 and 0.81 respectively, thus uncertinng the importance of N when strength vanation wo high80826 © 1e0:2008 aan For many ine components the lop-norml distribution describes the vation of strngth more precisely than the normal dstrbuton, especialy at th lower tal of th sitoxtion. Theretore the strength factor oy is determined for ths typeof distibution as wel. Under tis Sesumpion ae (azn) where Ray 8 the relative stongih of each individual component of N compenents in s lad Ray i the target strength al components in series Recording to Me examplo above Fay is"associatod with an exclusion imi of 0.0108 and Ry wih tat of 0.1; For the oye bial aistbution the Gaussian detibution ea be used Fa where, secoceeg to Equation (C12) w= Un (Rp) ~Pal! Pg (020) ‘The term pe 200 ‘The expressions py and py ae gen by Eauaine (C17) and (C18) bed =in (2 1) (a2) poein R-Lai 0) 20) For the above example which is carte out atively to @ moan sonst, Ri 1.0 and vq = 0,20, ‘s Hence: pt = In(022 +1) =0,0392; p= 0,198; y= —%1n (0,22 +1) = -0,0196 ‘With doy) = 0.10, uy, ~1,28 resus fom the Gaussian detibuton, and vey =-2.91 for Fr (ugy) *0:0108 a8 inthe case ofthe normal eetibulon, From Equation (A 28) received 1 Raye Yas Pa * Pa end Wo Ray = Ue Pa *Pa In Ray = ~1,28 0,198 — 0.0198 » ~ 0,273: Ray = 0761 ‘ang In Ry # 2,81 x 0.198 ~ 0.0196 = 0,477: Ryy = 0.52160826 © te:2008 149- From Equation (A.27) it follows hy = 0,621 / 0,761 = 0,82 intend of 0,72 which wes obtainea ‘om tre Gavan datrbuton, ‘Table As dopicts strength factors dy depending onthe number of components Nin sons oF let subjected simutaneously to the eral loag obtamed under tho assumption of a notmal and a lognormal clsrution of thelr strangth. The values fore lallar are given in parerthosis. Valves carved fom othr clstrbutons eon be used It move representative of ‘Table A.5~ Strength factor 0, related to N components in series “subjected tthe eritleal lo aeons a + [immo aa 2 los ese(esn caries ce4(ass 0510083) asr(082) 941080) 9s cotteee 021993) oasia80) oso (oes) [a7za9) ase. 10 jaseios) aries oeiose) aariose) [o7a(esa veriaz asi a79 za |oss0%) canis ossiaas) [or71085) aserarn os0(a79 029/00) 4 [02208 caress oaniane) Jarzqen os9(079 aaemnen a29inen) eo Jeer0%2) oaeione [ost(eas) a70;79 aseie7 o40inen 20/040) a2 fosr(%2) oas1086 Josoiase osnarn assery o2s(oes oss (nen) two esos casiosn laro(oss) _asria79 _oszfnes) 394/05) 0191057) NOTE Vas mperethons refering nreal attr For high values of vg and W the value d= very sensitive to the chace of the distribution function. In these cafes, the normal cstréuton function wil not be adsquate Because of fe Towor tall that ean extend to negative values of 8 Theelore, care ans engineering juegement |S" neceseary in tho selection ‘of “an. appropriate Considerations refer tothe lower fall ofthe dsiibuton, ‘more adoquate than the normal gistbution The ranga of values whe ‘More then 10516 separated in Tabla AS and shown in talie charactor AZ Strength of line components A241 Calculation of characteris strongth ‘The charactviatic strength is fin as the strength guaranteed witha ven probably 18 ie the moan steongth of a componon 1nd vs coefficient of vain, then the charactors strength R12 gwen by equation Ree R (tu ve) (a20) ‘Tho value of vq dapends on the type of material and the fabrication practice (qualty conta) ‘The variable tdetor uy depends on the distin function of tho strergih of the component and on the prebabily of exceeding the guaranteed srength, represented by the exctusion Timi0828 © 1€0:2003, = 145 - ‘The charactorstic strength of ne components in most countries corrsponds to an exclusion limit (probablity of rot being achieved) lower than 10 % and usualy mo te order of 2 % to 5. Assuming a charactenatic stongtn wih a higher excision limit would. produce ‘9 ‘signiieant number of under-stength components and a very low excision imi may nol be cestetiective, specially for components with high vq. Thee, vabies fom 2% 10.5% ‘orrospond to a practical ecoromie balance. Ifa narmal distrbton + assumed for strength Fu, would ths vary belween 1,60 ana 2,10 For example, m order to guarentee a minimum yield point of 300 MPa for a gwen grace of sleet, a mandfactrer, knowing thatthe costar of variation is 0,05, wil generally produce & tee which has an mean strength of 300! (1 2,40 x 005) » 540 Me, The probably of not ‘meeting the minimum strength (or the characters srength) i qt ow an isn the Sst {f 2% The same approach apples fo Insulators where K was found from compiled strength Gata thatthe charactonstc trang cortesponds to'9vory low exclusion kt (aporonimatly on CConsequerily, the exclusion lit of 10% used inthe roliabilty Equation (A.6) can be related {ore charactonstic value by means of (up = aoa won : come ase Ifthe value of ust not Known, I ean be estimated according ta Table A. which fs based on the frequency of rejects ealelated from the normal dlstributon, Table AS - Values of uy associated to exclusion limits Eninnod oqueney of lee mi 1 te a {| 8 correction factor thst can be applied othe characteristic trangh Ref here is enough evidence or data to warant that he exclusion limit of Rv eiferat fer 16%. (11.28 vg) (1 Ve) (Asa) In ypicel eases @, can be considered equal to 1,0 which should normally lead to satisfying design retail, 3. Temperature measurements and their interpretation AS1 Gonerat Tho need for temperatire dats i, n this standard, ‘nd atmosphere ng lated to desigr minimum temperature ‘Temperature variations inthe conductor ara due to elther convection of colderiwarmer ae combines with wing, or changes in the radiation dalanca dua fo sunshine, cloud cove. te ‘mostly in stil weather. Radiation tram surrounding buldings, vegetaton, ote, may inivanes {ermometers as well, For these reasons itis important that thermometers are property shielded and ventilated, and thatthe location's appropriate forthe pursose of measurements60828 © 1602003 aer- Radiation shields are, for standaré matecrelogical measurements, wosily made of wood. Salen screens: made of metal or plastic have loss thermal mags and take more rapid fivctuations in temperature. Averaging peniogs of 1 min to. 3min ato recommended for Glectronealycontralea mesauremente in such screens ‘The standard measuring Beight is 2 m above ground ‘Tne requiced sccuracy of data may vary withthe purpose of the massurements, Fr icing tales, epacaly wet enow, sufficient aecursey must ba consideree [As a general ul, its suggested to consult metaorlogiealinetiutons i order to optimize the location(s). selection ‘of sensors, data acqusibon and. interpretalon of any weather lenis. Temperature recordings, ike any ofher meteorolgieal measurements should Be inked to sin remants ror, which are called here, relerence mmessurements, but also ‘existing stasis may relatively eesly be transferred tothe stem queston 43.2 Location of rforence messurements Oftciat meteorological observations ar regularly taken trom open, fat train with few wees {and scattered bulings within a radius of some Klemelres, ypealiy suport. Data frm such Statone are therefore mostly representative for wide areas, and ate rolavaly oasy to Correlate with oer sites A3.3. Localization of thermometers CGoreral rules for the localzation of thermometers are not possible to specify, however the ‘measurement sites should be evaluated regerding = vegetation: = forest; = bilings = venation ~ cd air lows or basins (in wintar: = heating of (stoping) ground by sunshine (in summer): = radiation frm surrounding buldings, forest, roc, et. height sbove ground (standard height 2m). ‘The Importance ofthese effects should be related tothe requires accurey forthe study, ‘men the temperature measurements are performed in an ling environment, tis mportant to ofthe surrounding ai rises above ne freezing pont. the tee starts to melt and the temperature witin the screen remains at )"C unt the te has ‘melted away. The only way fo encure good temperate data under rg conditions is areful ‘monitoring and clesning ofthe screen.60826 © 16-2003, ~149- For special stands highor than about 25 m itis recommended to measur the tempo least sto levee ASA Interpretation ofthe measurements ‘nen the sites for temperature measurements are carefully gelected and the sensors propery installed and maintames, te coralaton of Gata i in most cases, sraghtorward. In most Cases, the statietieal rosiment of dala, auch sxtrome valve analyses, ehould be eared out fn the data from the reference station. Values from ‘ho referenea ‘station may ten be Transfers to tie tacal_she by means of conection factor found from the ‘psralel ‘The data analysis may often be restricted tothe weather conditions I question, for instance tolstustions with prosabllyof eng. {tthe purpose is only fo estabish the minimum temperature for conductor tension (7 ingot 's sufficient to find the corelatlon Betwaen the measuring sto and therelerance naWN ding ol spel {the minimal tomporatres folow an extreme value distibution law, Gumbel type | of all formulations developed in Clause C4 can bo applied. The daly minimum terperatres should be recorded. The mean dally minmum fomperatures will Be deducec, 28 wot a the lowast lannual minimum temperature Tm Fecorsed over a certain number or fare, Thaee valuee wil be" used to compute. the mea snruel minimum temperature (Tey) 88, Well ae the coefficients C and fof the flowing reation: 5140-8 InEIn(t~ Py ase) where Tis the value ofthe lowest annua minimum temperature having a probability Pr of Deing exGeeded once a yee ‘ASS Duration of measurement ‘Temperature measuraments fr design and planning purposes should las fr @ pond long ‘enough to establish corelaion with the referance stations) wih the rogues aceurecy, Te 2'yoars (seasons) are im most cases sutton A386 Application to other sites nen data from one site is to be applied on ather sites It i woth noting, @5 mentioned INA, thal the air tomperatore may vary lass horizontally than vrtsaly, Therefore. the tompersture measured at ono site may be applicable toa rather wide area wath similar tran nthe same lve AA Determination of the meteorological reference wind speed Adt Roughness of treain Wind action is influanced by the terain roughness. The greater this roughness, the more turbulent and slower i the wind. The terrain roughness has an influence both on the 4,8 10° Gere*1,1088 x Ln(Re)+15,197, whan 3 108 < Re <4,5 x 108 ‘AAS Wind effect on conductor tension Wing acting on conductors wil cause an iorease in their mechanical tension that can be computed ‘with standard. sag.tension.mathogs. Two cases of wind” and’ fenporatre ombintions should be checkad a8 stated in A452 \Winere along series of spans is soparated by suspension insulators, he rung span concept may be used for tension calculations. IIs important t9 noto that the ruling span concept Impies thatthe same wind prassure apples to al spans batween dead-end msulators, The conservative assumption i the number of suspension spans fe large, In Wis. case It veptable fo reduce the wind prosaura ealeuated with eqvations TAA) ald (A:a2), A eduction factor of 0,6 to 1,0 applag to the wind pressure may be used. Howeves, caution ‘Should be exerted when using the reduetion factor because some supports may be used i Sections with fow spane betweon dese ands(80826 © 1e:2008 =16r- |A.49 Number supports subjected in wind action, effect of length of line Gusts with maxarum wind spoed are mited in with. An inivicual gust wil, therefore ht only fre support and the adjacent spans. Neverieless to take care ofthe several gusta with Spproximately the same magnitude fis proposed fo assume hat five supports aro hit inal ot roling ori and two m mountains, For long ines, the probably to be fil by extreme wine actions is higher than for shor tines ‘The effect deperics on many aspecis, such ae varaion of terrain and cla, dean of supports acjused fo the terrain and the Toads to be expected there. The casign of the line ShoUla aim at tne same rellatilty ofthe toll line Flatow foe tarvice i ofthe ine Lines with relatively short length up to 100 km should be dosigned fro rolibilty level as proposed in subclauses A124 and A1.2.5. For longer ies, in order nol to inreace the Drobabilty of fale, the return pence of chosen design assumptions shouldbe extends $0 48 to achieve the overall reliably. The adjustment of return periods isnot roqured it map of nnd data has already been adjusted fo take inte account the space cavered by service area AS Atmospheric Icing ASA Gonerat [Atmosphere lang is 2 general term for a number of processes where walorn various forms in {he atmosphere freezes and adheres to objects exposed fo the a. Geral, here are Wo ‘ypes offing which ate named according t the main processes ~ precipitation ling, and ~ mcloud tong. [A third process, where water vapour is transformed directly into the les phase and forms 6o- ‘called “hoar fost’, does not lead to significant loadings nd ls not corsiared Turner Prociptaion ing occurs in several forms, smong which the most important are = freezing rin, ~ dey snow accrotion AS.2 Precipitation icing AS24 Freezing ain When raincrops or erzae fll tough a layer of cold air (sub-reezng temperatures), the water roplets become supercootod. Tharoore, they are sil na fquia water phase and J0 Dot freeze before they hk the ground or any object in their path. The ruling accretion oar, sold ce eallod glaze, afon wilh illes. Tia accretion la vary hard snd strong, snd ‘heroiore dlicul to remove, The denaty ts 800-200 Kam, depending on the content Of aif bubbles60826 © 1E:2003, = 100 - Freezng rain occurs mostly on wide plains or basins where relatively deep layers of cold sie ‘accumulate dunng spels of cola weather Whar a low pressure eystom wih a arm font with Penetrates the ree, the cold (ana hoavier) ar may remain near the ground end thus favour te formation of glaze (temperature Inversion). Such a atuaon may persist unl the ‘upper winds have manages to mix the cold surface layer of ai wih te warmer ai aif, {A simlor situation may occur in the verlapoing zones of cold ait anc warm ai ystems. The ‘warmer ar, often with precptation,f ited aver the colder air and foms anal one whore recitation is onhancee, Usually there are only moderato winds during reeting rain events. Hence the emount of ‘accreted ice depen on the precipitation fate and curation, A522 Wet snow Normally, the temperature increases as snow flakes fall through the atmosphere. If he ait {emperature near te ground ie above treezig, the snow fakes stata mat when passing the 06 eotherm ane the fakes contsin a mixture of ea and water (at 0°C} unt they evenly ‘mel totally nt raindrops ifthe warm layr fs deep enough, As long ae they are enly pally ‘oli they wil adhere lo object m the etow: from abut 400-600 kgim® The ereled wel snow depends on the procptaton rate, wind speed and temperature. I the temperature drops below 0G after the accretion, he layer wil freeze mo {are and dense layor win stong sahesion to the objet. Wet snow may as freeze on objects n colder a near the ground i the case of freezing wore oe denny wt atonal pe of econ on) ly rene hw pn, ue ‘bes hci rerenied wind wpa heght vnstn a Fue 11) may bel ical a ower nd AS In-cloud icing In-slous icing is a process whereby suporcooled water cropets in & clout or fog, freeze immediately upon mpsct on objects im the a ow, e Overhead Tinos m mounlaite ove th eioud bse ‘The ice growth is said to be dry when tho transfer of potential transfer of heat away from the object greater than the release of th latent hast ef fusion. The resulting acereted foe 1s jlles soft or ard nme according to its densly whieh i ypcaly 300 Kgl for soft re and 700 kai for har rime, ‘The ee growth i sad to be wel when the heat vanser rae is loss then the rate of latent heat ‘lease. Than the growth fakes place al the meting point resulting ina weter fly onthe surface. Te accreted io scaled glazo sith a ganity of approximately 900 kal60826 © lec:2008 ain ‘The jing rate varies mainly 2 reul ofthe flowing quid water content ofthe a = mesian volume droplet size ofthe spectrum; = wind speed: temperature dimensions ofthe ted object. A tomporatures bslow ~10 °C the water content of the air becomes «mallet and lets icing Decurs, However, 8 kgim was rocorded in Switzedand seth 9 temperature below -20C end song winds Under the same conditions the le accretion rate wil be greater fora small abject than for @ large one. Thus, heavy te loadings are relatively more important for sonducters than Sold supports, It should be noted that the heaviest i-cloud icing for specie locations, 2.9. coastal ‘mountains is usualy du tos earibination of wet-snow and hes nme ASA Physical properties of ce ‘The physical properties of atmasphenc tee may vary witha rather wide tints. Typical properties are sted n Table A 10 ‘Table A.10 ~ Physical properties of ce rvpectice | YT pansion Cad Cones ‘aint Coie [Gacwice | To0—ei0 | Sreng | Frreparem | Crimea | Simna [wotsrew | so0=700 | wean vine Orava! | Wes 6 oS controlling lee accretion Table A.11 gives typical values of parameters that contol the ce accretion180826 6 1E0:2003 o173- ‘Table A.11 ~ Meteorological pe otis |Metemewere | Nett | gropatae | Hannon | platen eta rer) far aes [ven tor [er ese Teaet_ | eev | —eeun | Basie nar | ne ‘The transition between soft rm, hard rime and glaze for n-loud feng te manly function of r temperalure and wind spsed as shown in Figure AO. Howaver, he curves in Figure AS Shit the right with mereasing guid wator canton! and with decreasing abject size Desert hg A56 Terrain influences A561 Incloud icing ‘Tho realonel and toca! topography (large and medium scale) modifies te vertical motions of fhe atmosphere and nenca the cloud structure and scing. Coastal mountains song the \indward sie ofthe continents act fo free most air upward, leading to cooing ofthe with condensation of water vapour and aropel grew, evenly with praciptation, The most. ‘condensation level and the Yeezing level on teshy ys foree mois air through passa and thus both It he irand strange the wind ‘On the lacwars side ofthe mountains the de sin internal heating of the air and evaporation of droplets, eventualy with e tla! dlgsolton of clouds, A toca! ‘shelter of ils not more than 80-m higher on the windwaré side may gue a signieant {eduction i te loadings. For this reason, routes In high mourian nay vary wel be sued for overhead tines, provided they are sheltered again! sing wind rections,180828 © 120.200 -178- A562 Precipitation cing In goneral, prociptation sing may occur at any alitude. However, the probability of prociptation tcing is goneraly greater nthe valley bam than nal way Up tne valley stdos Because of higher oo2urenes of cold at Goth freezing rain and wet shew may occur oh large plains ‘The greatest amounts of wel snow may be formed where the transverse wind component ie stongost Hence, an everbeas re along a valley nee fewer acerstions than a lin srowsing the valley However, smooth hls oF mountains transverse fo the wird may cause ‘he wind to strengthen fn te lsgward sie, especialy i ther aro no obstacies to such a law en tha sie, Combed With wet snow, such hilsdes may have signiieantfalure probebiles for hgh see loads ‘combined with high wind velocies. AST Guidelines forthe implementation of an ice observation program [tthe current me of witing, there seams to be practically no indirect way of geting proper Gata for design, athough significant efforts have beon made to develop models baced on ‘motoorologieal deta an the sallection of general expenence from the ‘reas of imerec. Aa for {ny ether type of stuelure depending on extemo values of wind spesc, snow capt) oF Temperature, ine ansmission lie designer needs data ana measurements of the mos ical esign parameters. Thereoro, program for eolecting fled gala te svongly recommended, bath trom existing overhead ine and fom expecially designed doviess Foi ce data can bo obtained by the following means: 1) Direct measurements of icing thickness oF weight of samples tsken from structures and line conductors. te samples fallen onthe ground can be Used, i consideration is given to the shape of inital ice accretion on conductors and fo the fact tat falian places ay represent only a fraction ofthe ie costing onthe conductr. lee acertion on conductors. Devices curenty Teds of cable assamblles, 2-5. above 2) 3) Estimation of ting using conductor tanson or the verueal companant of weight atthe ‘attachment paint a the support 4) Estimation of cing using the conductor sag, oe toading data are important not ony to {allure prbablitiae, but can also bo useful ‘al foute selection of ensmniscion tines, ‘Since very few counirias have data on ice loadings at ther disposal, and considering that it takes at least 10 yoore of field ooservation to acquire auch a dala base, ii svONglY ecormmended that’ any lilly planning a major line projet, should undertake ‘an ice ‘observation programme without delay. Very oftan ft willbe pozebi fo cain the colaboraion ‘of the national weather services for the operation of mstruments placed im standard ‘oteorologieal stations. However, any soutce of avaiable and useful information should De colectod and combined systomatically It order to reduce, = much as possi, the tine and cost of fed measurement50826 © 1€¢:2003 01 Gonaral meteorological data. ‘cing models =| | Measured long data) ‘Use transfer functions to Paster rte 0) cover oe i Baia] [oaaie econ ‘seats ‘Cora saad ad nasil ng dat | erence nt accept he eed acu ong ‘noi Cet ng dt gor and een ieee cataist wnt oe |__| | steerer sto ccnp edonetenaetr ane Desig cata Figure A.10 ~ Strategy low chart for utilizing meteorological dats, ‘cing models and field measurements of lee loads 186 61774 is a comprehensive standard covering all needs for meteorological data needed for ‘overhead tine design, and were measurements offing ie stgnieant part igure, A 10% {aken from that standard. tcamenstates the stogy recommended in ofder to optimize the Information that canbe extracted from general meteorological dala, leing_mogela and Separate measuroments of ice tains. Further guidelines on th ses, measunng dovices as well az cin instumentation Finally, is recommended thatthe emplamentaion of any maler observation programme, 28 well a6 the analysis of the moteerlogical data, is conducted unger the supervision ot & Drofessional meteorologist60826 © 180.2003 ~118- ASS lee data ASA Evaluation of informa ‘Tro available data on ice formation varies 10 a large extent. Depending an the avalable ‘nformation and the number of years of observation, tne following approaches for evalvaion ate recommended, 1 records of yoarly maximum ice loads suring a period of a least 10 years are avaiable, the mean value @ 16 derived from the records of the yearly maximum ie load; the standard ‘cenation a 6 calculated oF estimated according to Table AN2, ble A.12— Statistical parameters of ice loads In Tablo 8.12, @ 1s the calculated mean ofthe yearly maximum values got ee load dung t perio concamed and gis the calculated or estimated standard deviate, only the maximum valu dye of le toad during a eetain number of ests is avaliable (00 staistical data), the mean valve g should be taken 250,45 gig and standard dewation 6 38 085 |A metooroiogical analysis model can be used to calculate values for yearly maximum ice Toads during a cevtain aumbor of ars ‘Sulfcint data for using the statistical approach inthis standard may be obtained by means of 8n anaiyss of avaiable standare weather or clmatelogicl data over period of 20 years OF ‘more, combined with a least ve years of ee observation onthe fansmsion lina sl Information about the lne sits whichis necessary to validate and adjust the predicting model ‘may be taken from past expenence wih exsting transmission or dltruton lines, fem fold ‘beervations in snowstorm ses of from the eflect offing on vegetation. ‘Such a pricing madel can bo rather imple or become sophie Jocal weather, number er Iypes of cabecting ate, lated depending on terrain, ‘Tho rosults of this modal analysis are used to fing the meen value Gand the standard eviation folowing the method given above A582 Influence of height and conductor diameter ‘The factor Ky. conductor lamers given n 6.4.4.1 96 wel asthe face K,, height z above ‘around. They can be approximated by the folowing formula. For imetoud ting y= 018 a0 + 0,85, 1482)50826 © 1ec:2003 = 181 - NOTE The venation feud cng we igh i iy cape on as pepe ard ate conns. ‘hun fei cating say sagpeiaa nesses avant rele a ‘and for precipitation eng = 0.38 290 + 0.65 (As) K,= 0.075% 27 10+ 0,925, (ase ‘The avove value of Ky for precipitation icing has besn obtained using a simpie icing model vith a wind speed of about 25 kr at 0'm aad sroplets fal speed of about Ss. ASS Tho ffoct of leing on tructuros lee accretion on structures creases ther vorteal 10288 the structure and may contol the ‘sign of foundations and some support members ‘The weight of i can be calculated using the geometry of the support members and the {elevant thickness of tee acretion. Aternaivaly an approximation an be Gerved frm the Tetlowng table, where: feteenien) |e [Ss [eS [ela] = emeclreameeres Posy | vz0 | az | sae | 20 | nao | 220 AS Combined wind and Ice loadings AGA Combined probablities The scton of wind on ie-covered conductors involves at least three variables: wind ‘sssocialed with icing situations, ce waigh! and ice shape. Thate combined effects can rooult ‘n'boin anavereal and vortcal loads. Direct measurements ofthese leave sould, Welly, Be the best approach but due to the aficutes and cost mvolved, such masuroments are seatee {and are not usualy avalable, ‘Sino iis posible to obtan maependent observations of wind speed, in weight and ice shape, its proposed to combine these vanables in such a way that th resi load wil have atleast ‘spproximately the same return periods Tas those tdopted foreach eeleiy level, ‘of corrlated variable would, onever, equie the knowledge of is interacting effects of these variables on the loadings, Assuming that Maxum loads aze most kel o be related fo maximum value of individual varables (wind speed, co weight and ice shape) a simpitied method ie proposed, Alow provatily valve ote vrieblo {index 1) 18 combined with high probably (index H) values f the sthor two variables, = shown in Tebie 19. In ths mettod, a certam cegree of independence between the cflerent ‘variables i accopted.150828 © t€¢:2003 = 109 - Table A.13 ~ Combined wind and ice loading condit ons ‘Constant & Ye Co onena bs We & ‘The high probability considered to be the averaga of exreme yearly values, while the low probability ofthe vanablo ls the one corresponding fo a rete period. AS.2 Drag covfficients oflee-covered conductors Field measurement isthe best approach forthe determination of the deag et cosicints of ‘ee-coveres conductors, Howaver, atthe currant time of wing, very few such measurements ‘mt. Ae rol, eases dtrButions of crag ori eaeticionte are nt yot known. [As long a statistical data on the efoctiva drag coalfcinia and densities aro not avaiable, it ‘e suggested, inthe absence of eer experimental values, tel the values given Table A.18 shouldbe used, [esis arg naan 18 12 ua 8 [oes aan ‘oo 00 0 ney la a 7 00828 © 1Ec-2003, = 105 - ‘Annex B (informative) Application of statistical distribution functions to load and strength of overhead lines. Bt General “The magnitude of climatic loads, their occurrence and the strength components as well as Uso fates can Be goneraly desorbed by satitea lstbution funcons. ‘This annex describes th statistic! cnsrscensties ofthe phenomena to be represented and wes some proposals on the choice of estbutions, which maght ft mere closely among those provontod ia Annes C. To decide on an adequate sistbution tw preferable to cary out fate on the fing ofthe avaloblo data what ever the phenomencn, These teste should bogin with ccrocning of data and exclusion of outing values for various reasons: recorcing mistakes, inadequate measurements, interpretation diiclies, ete establishes a roFable database on which relevant cure fittags could be performed to find an. adequate statistical representation of the phenomenon. Various sofware, can perform such fitings and in addon, the signiesnes Invel of adequacy can be calculated ‘2ecorsing to classical test for acceptance off: 72 (Ch squared), Kelnogorov.Smumnoy, ee. ‘The conclusions might efor from that proposed hereafter, but they should be preferred they fer a Better ft to te actual daa series, B2 Climatic loads B24 Wind velocities and wind loads ‘The distribution of yearly maximum wind volocties is usualy described by a Gumbet Aistbution; an example being given in Figure.60826 ¢ 1e0.2008 = s07- oss c= = coal B Phe os 2 = a 8 4 » @ Wee mi Figure B.1~Fiting of Gumbel dstbutlon with wind dat histogram ‘The mathematical simplicity of the Gumbel distribution (defined by only two varables) allows an cosy curve Ming by refering to Clause C3. However, some apfroaches and bulging {des prefer to analy the wind prescure (inslead of spews) according to 9 Gumbel law. The Is ie basic assumption of EUROGODE. In acelin, it should bo noted that many counties offer wind maps covering ther erties, {ling usualy the 10 min wind speed with 50 years return period. In he USA, the 3's wind $Spe08 has rezenly been adoplod as tho statistical varable of wind specs Where avaiable, these maps should be used dec [An analyte of meteorological data has shown that the dstrbution of annual maximum wind ‘elects orice loads and ice thcknesser can be represented, with good approximation, by ‘extreme value disrbution ta (Gumbel Type I. ‘Tho basic formula forthe Gumbel Type I cumulative distribution function has the fom: Fix)» exot-enpl-ex(xul (61) were a-Gylo and u=¥-Gyla 2 “This formula expresses tho probability F(x that a random value wil be less than a value xin a disribution wth a mean value % and a standard deviation ‘The parameters Cy and Cz depend on the number of years (2) with observations and are ‘ven io Table B.1 For calculation of Cy and Ca see Clause C4 and Table C1 “The general frm of Equaton (8.1) thus becomes: racmfl S(i8gt}0028 © 1£0:2008 = 100- and nn case wre 9 =» 0+ [on -ax-% +0480 Hes] ea proven Pal observes vale wie ger thanx cung one yer Pins teal ek xh + 04se)Her- 8 es) [As a simplifeston the rtue petod T ofthe value xie gwen by: aa eo 8yrearangng the Formula (83) and (8.8) th loving cane: xo GE Lilt en Ferma (8.7) gives the value» wi a coun pono’ Tas function of F.C, and a =m. then 0 ~ 2 oft 079) cy From Equations (8.7) ane (8.2) the ratio x (n 0p,>0 (e0) Cumulative eistibusion funtion: opel ee nal60826 © 18¢:2008 = 201- 63.2 Stondardized mat Vanebie change for application of standard format (Equations C.1, C4 and C.8) a WUE Prd Bo 2 for Feoe ‘| (19 7 2) Probability éensty function: Cumulative distibution function: range bel} em ‘The standard format si fact Idantcal to the ono ofthe normal sisttuton (Equation C.5) as ® consequence ofthe log-normaldistbution definition. Relation to retun period T and exclusion tnt @ ‘The numerical values of u(7) or ue) aro tho same ae for the normelcistibuion, ee undor Equation ©. Relation of variable X(T) and X(e) having a given etum period T or an exclusion limit @ to ‘mean value mand standara deviation XT)= y+ x9 (s+ wT Ba) cor X10) = 04+ 99 + 0/8) Pa) 18) Vales of parameter = 1) on PT oF (many 7 (o.18) oor ate ‘Another consequence of the specific definition of this ditibution 4 the significance of the parameters: i 18 ne mean value ofthe variable nip). Pa ts the standard deviation of he variable nc Py isthe lower threshold of the dletibuton60826 © 1e<:2003 ~223- Figure €.2 Probability density function of standardized log-norms distribution C4 Gumbel distribution C44 General format Probability density function (c.19) (020) ©.42 Standardized format ‘Variable change forthe standardized format (20 Probabitty density function: fy» oxp-u—oxp-u (2)60826 © 1ec.2003 225 - Cumulative eistibution function Fi) = erok-enoh-u)) (23) Relation o return pened Tor exclusion into X07) = py ~ Pata (-0 (FI (024) X(e) = y—ppn Hn Fl) (0.25) Definition of parameters: ng ¢ =~ Cypyen= Sho (20) py2m= Cops m- St 2s) ‘Ie paramters ©, and C2 depend on the rumber of values conscered in « measurement Series: Thoy maybe ened flows Fora measurement period ofn years, z;valves can be calculated ae flows: aechcn isis (c27) (c.28) (0.29) For simplification, the approximation of an infinite number of observations (2 = =) can be o= Feces Gp = 0877216. (Eulercenstant Table C.1 gwas parameters C; and Cz for 8 selection of n values I 1 exact consideration of ‘he number of obvervations i requred60826 © 120.2003 -21- Table C.1 ~ Parameters C, and C, of Gumbel 5 720286 srr 005 er wy Figure €.3 ~ Probability density function of standardized Gumbel éistribution ©.5 Welbull distribution C54 General format Probabitty density function roel a (SA)'] oresranre 0m60826 © 160:2008 ~220- ‘Cumulative aistribution function: 652 Standardized format \Vavable change forthe standardized form: Probability density function: y= Pa? expl-upslu> 0p, >0 cumulative gitibuton unto Fyne] Relation to retum period Tor exclusion imi e: XaT)~ pyr pat Fe xeon preter ‘elation mean velue m and standard deviation o mepepai{t acne) o-tea)te) where Fis the Gamm function (see Clause ©), es) (o22) (a9) (as) (a5) (38) (ar) (eas)60826 © le:2003 10 0 i i 4 i = 201 Figure €.4 ~ Probability density function of standardized Weibull distribution for parameter p= 0: C6 Gamma distribution C51 General format Predabiliy density function te ar) Cumulative dtibution function t= 6.62 Standardized format “sep \Vanabe change for standerdzes form: Probability density funtion: Dang 20 oA 2] pore 9,202, >0 Tey 2 expl-uhu> Gp >0 (©39) (cao) (eat) (c.2)60826 © 120.2003 ~238- CCumuiatve eistiution function oe) Fg BE ana 1) oan) Second vanble charge: (eas) Fi Fs (o6) Relation to return ponad Tor exclusion tin Since the frm ofthe Hu, p) function not analyte tle prefaeate to refer fo tabs to ‘etermine the value of uy. An ilorgolation of the above mentions! functon covering the ‘expected range of uses fo the purpase of this standard ie given in Table C2. anaes iy n= orp 20) =P: Pat F mosey pate) Py Value of parameters: oft60826 © 180.2002 = 298- Figure 6.5 ~ Probability density unction of standardized Gamme distribution for parameter py = 0,5: 1.0 and 2.0 ‘Table C.2— Values of u, forgiven values of function Fey = HuyBy-) me [oes [are Tas Lom [om [om [om [om [ae [om] [es [ae aw [ae [om Dor [om Lame Dm De [ae eo_[oons | aor | sos [are [ae | oss | wat | sae | san | oes [oo See | ome [om [ore [ors [ome [oes [oss | ome [1m] sr_[ ose [am [am [Sm [ae [oar [om [aes [oe Lm [oar “eo [ass air [aie [em [aoe [sor | sas | soe | sm [sca [oar wio_fosss face [ese fear [axe | oua | eae | at | oat] am [om ‘a [oar [aaae [cose | ones [oes [oom [oom [om [ose forse] om ones 5% | 0s | o0ss [ones [ones foros [orm [avar [oxet [axes |ozor [ox [oz aL ee ae a Ta [one | oaez [oaar ome [wary [om | ose [once [anes [oaoa [ome 5% [00s | oari [ozis [ote [sar [aes [ase [os [ona [oat [ose60826 © 1e0:2008 237 C.7 Beta distribution first type ert Gen format Probabitty density function TERE Pak tea to > p,05p, S1p,>0,p, >0 TU) isthe Gamma function (ses Clause C8, Equation (C.58)) 7.2 Standardized format Viable change forthe standardized form: wen Probably density function 2110202 pup aye Lu ncu stp Op» nu) = BOP) ymyuPrsp su stp > 09470 m= ar sPtton) A o0-0F Palisa (Pa + P+) 6.7.3 Applications (can (c49) (c49) (00) (ost ‘The Beta distribution is characterized by having a lower and an upper limit. The parameter; in Equation (C.47) ropreaents tho lower ei, wie te upper limits et. In some cases # may bo advantageous to use the flowing transformations: Be Py Pgs =H x= U; then trom Equation (6.47 fotows fu) =— yay U aif = eta YAY OU - a ‘The vanble U has a lower lint a, cferent from O with 0 <2 <1 ‘The mean value U and standard deviation oy of U can be obtained fem: Deartt-a) (c82) 53)60826 © 1e¢:2003 = 290 = a r= t+ 1) (c58) For a= itis obteined: usu (e55) where 02 Us 4 In ado, the mean value Ti and the standard de From Equations (C-53) and (C.58) jon oy of vanable U can be calculates es wh-0) Ht =i). sn Tei Beet) wee Floue C8 shows examples for a= O:r= 6 0:f= 6: 80; ¢= 70 ° os ou o o ‘3 Figure €.6 ~ Probability density function of standardized beta distribution or parameters r=5,0,= 5.8; 6,0 and 7,060828 © 1E0:2003 2a €.8 Gamma function and its relationships ‘The Gomma function fs used in the expression of various butions described above, te main features ar recelledhoveater etinion: ppm feteten (e-88) Relationships ‘An approximation of ts numerical values (gen by the 1 order String formule: ep 2 ets hyp > To) = 0p 2 Beite Top >t (©.59) Inthe cases where 0

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