VILA]
FEU-NRMF INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
11.03.14 11.04.14 [1MD-D]
Physiologic Anatomy:
Kidneys
o Part of the urinary system
o Formation of urine
o Excretion of waste products, specifically
water-soluble waste products
o A small portion of water-soluble waste
products is excreted via the skin as sweat,
but majority is excreted by the kidneys as
urine
Function:
o Excretion of metabolic waste products
o Regulate water and electrolyte balance
o Regulate body fluid osmolality and blood
pressure
*Body fluid: specifically extracellular fluid (ECF)
ECF as:
1. Intravascular fluid within blood vessels
2. Interstitial fluid space bet. blood vessels
and cells
3. Transcellular fluid space other than
intravascular and interstitium (ex.) CSF,
perilymph,
endolymph,
peritoneal,
pericardial, etc.
Interlobar artery
2 layers:
o Outer cortex
o Inner medulla (landmark: renal pyramids)
Apex (renal papilla) of renal pyramids drains into
minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter
Blood supply:
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
BP= CO x TPR
CO= HR x SV
SV= EDV ESV
o
o
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillay
Regulate arterial BP
Regulate acid-base balance
o 3 systems maintaining acid-base
balance: Blood, respiratory and
renal
o Normal blood pH: 7.35 7.45
(slightly basic)
Regulate gluconeogenesis
Peritubular capillary
Vasa Recta
(Cortical nephron) (Juxtamedullary nephron)
*True capillary peritubular capillary
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Blood Supply:
the
cardiac
output
Starlings forces:
1. Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Capillary Osmotic Pressure of Plasma
Protein Pressure
3. Interstitium/tissue HP
4. Interstitium/ tissue OPPP
o
o
Types of nephron:
1. Cortical outer-cortex and mid-cortex
o Shorter loop of Henle
o More numerous
o Supplied by peritubular capillary
2. Juxtamedullary
o Longer and straighter loop of Henle
o Supplied by vasa recta
o Concentrates urine
Nephron from renal corpuscle (glomerulus +
Bowmans capsule) to distal tubule
Urineferous tubule connecting tubules and
collecting tubuless
Urge to urinate: 150mL (for a normal 70kg person)
Urinary/micturition reflex: 700mL or 1L
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Filtration barrier:
1. Basement membrane
o Lamina densa: central dense layer
o Lamina rara interna and externa
proteoglycans which contribute to
the membranes negative charge
2. Glomerular endothelium
o fenestrated, with fixed negative
charges that inhibit passage of
plasma proteins
3. Layer of epithelial cells
surrounding the glomerulus
(podocytes)
Glomerular capillary:
o Fenestrated capillary without diaphragm
o Size selective does not allow large
molecules to pass through
o Shape selective basal lamina is usually
electronegative, therefore does not allow
negative substances to pass through
o Shape selective
= cHP + iOPPP
=60mmHG + 0mmHg (zero pressure
because no proteins were filtered)
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JG Apparatus:
1. Macula densa:
o Determine Na content in the filtrate
o Found near distal tubule
o Columnar cells
2. JG cells:
o Secrete renin
o Modified tunica media of the
afferent arteriole
3. Lacis cells:
o Produce erythropoietin
o Mainly serve as communication
between macula densa and JG cells
According to Doc Vila:
**True location of macula densa: Thick ascending
limb of Loop of Henle AND the beginning of the
distal tubule.
** Most of the JG cells are located near afferent
arteriole. However, some are also located near
efferent arteriole.
Urine Formation:
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Q= blood flow
P= arterial pressure
R= resistance to flow
o
o
o
=
Clearance can be used to estimate RBF. Substance
used to measure RBF is para-aminohipuric acid
(PAH). It is freely filtered, neither secreted nor
reabsorbed and not metabolized by the body.
= =
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o
Autoregulation:
o Inherent mechanism of kidney in
maintaining RBF and GFR at a relatively
constant level over an arterial pressure
range between 80 170mmHg
o Also influenced by nervous mechanism,
hormones, autocoids and others.
*CVS Review:
Mean Arterial Pressure=
Diastolic Pressure 1/3 Pulse Pressure
= 80- 170mmHg
Mechanisms:
1. Myogenic mechanism
o Pressure-sensitive
o Tendency of vascular smooth muscle to
contract when pressure increases
o When arterial pressure increases, and
afferent arterioles is stretched, smooth
mucscle contract
2. Glomerulotubular Feedback
o The greater amount of substance being
filtered will have a concomittant amount of
substance being reabsorbed to maintain
homeostasis
o Constant proportion of substances
3. Tubuloglomerular Feedback
o JG apparatus
o When GFR increases and Na concentration
also increases, which is detected by the
macula densa
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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Nerve Innervation
o Sympathetic NS
o Act via beta receptors present in JG cells
o JG cells secrete renin
o Renin will cause Na reabsorption
particularly in the proximal tubules
o Increase Na Increase fluid intake
increase BV increase VR increase EDV
increase SV increase CO increase
BP
Obligatory reabsorption is seen in the proximal
tubules due to the presence of brush borders.
Tubular Reabsorption
4. Nervous mechanism
o Exclusively Sympathetic NS
o Strong activation of renal sympa:
o Vasoconstrict renal arterioles
o Decrease RBF and GFR
o Moderate or mild activation:
o Little influence on RBF and GFR
5. Hormones and autocoids
o Norepinephrine
o Epinephrine (80% produced by adrenal
medulla)
o Endothelin o Most potent vasoconstrictor
o Released from damaged endothelial
cells of the kidneys
o NE and Epi can constrict the afferent and
efferent arterioles but only if they are in
high amounts
o Angiotensin II o Vasoconstrict EFFERENT arteriole
o Endothelin-derived Nitric Oxide
o Vasodilate
o Increase GFR but eventually
becomes stable
o Prostaglandin and Bradykinin o Vasodilate
o Increase GFR, but eventually
becomes stable
2 reabsorption pathways:
o Transcellular: Luminal and basolateral
membrane
o Paracellular: via tight junctions
Transport Limitation
o
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Gradient-time Limited
o Na, Cl and HCO3
o Mostly passive, but can also be
active transport
o The greater the concentration
gradient, more substances are
transported
o The longer the time, more
substances are transported
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