The Pioneers
5.1 Introduction
In a waveguide, electric and magnetic fields are confined within the
hollow space of the guide and thus no power is lost through radiation.
Due to air being the dielectric that fills the hollow region within the
guide, the dielectric loss is also negligible.
Further, if we choose a metal having good conductivity, like copper, for
constructing waveguide walls, then the conductor losses or Ohmic
losses at the guide walls are also negligible.
Thus, a waveguide acts as a lossless medium of transferring
Maxwells equation inside the waveguide region and can exist if the
frequency of the signal is above a certain value, called the cut-off
frequency.
If the frequency of a signal is below the cut-off frequency, then the
corresponding mode will be attenuated within a short distance.
The cut-off frequency depends on the order of the mode and the
dimensions of waveguides. Thus, each mode has its individual field
dimensions, such that the frequency of the input signal is greater than
the cut-off frequency of the dominant mode but less than the cut-off
frequency of the next higher-order mode.
system.
As
result,
field
line
undergo
many
2tF (x,y) = 0
for 0 x a and 0 y b
F (x,0) = 0
F (x,b) = V0
A= 0
B = V0 b
Therefore F (x,y) = V0 y b
ur
uur
E (x,y,z) = et (x,y )e-
jkz
= -
V0 e
b
jkz
a y
k = w me
ur
V
1 ur
H(x,y,z) = a z E (x,y,z) = 0 eh
hb
jkz
a x
h=
me
The voltage at the top plate with respect to the bottom plate can be
expressed as
b
V= -
E dy =
y
V0 e-
jkz
I=
Hx dx =
0
V0 a e
hb
jkz
V
hb
=
I
a
w
=
b
k tan(d)
2
1
me
Np/m
Propagation of TE Wave:
TE wave must satisfy the following wave equation:
k c2 = er k 02 - b2 = k 2 - b2
kc =
np
b
for n = 1, 2, 3,K
gn cos
b
kc x
k c x
np y
jb
Hy = gn 2 (k c )sin
e
b
kc
jbz
jbz
= 0
np y
jb
= gn
sin
e
b
kc
np y
jwm Hz
jwm
Ey = 2
= 2
e
gn cos
b
kc x
k c x
jbz
jbz
= 0
Ez = 0
All transverse field components vanishes and hence TE0 mode cannot exist
The propagation constant for the TEn mode
The above two cases implies that there must be a cutoff frequency
above which wave will propagate. This reveals the high pass filter
nature of a parallel plate waveguide.
At cutoff frequency
v
v
1 fc2 f 2
1 c
d
2
v
v
1
c
The group velocity is g d
2
Therefore vp v g v
1 c
Now Z0,TE =
Ex
wm
=
Hy
b
k 2 tan (d)
2b
Np/m
Propagation of TM Wave:
TM wave must satisfy the following wave equation:
k c2 = er k 02 - b2 = k 2 - b2
kc =
Therefore,
np
b
for n = 1, 2, 3,K
At cutoff frequency
we get
Z0,TM = -
Ey
Hx
b
we
Z0,TE Z0,TM =
wm b
m
= = h2
b we e
PTMn
1
= Re
2
x= 0 y= 0
a
b
ur uur*
1
*
E H .a z dxdy = - Re E yHx dxdy =
2
x= 0 y= 0
weab
2
g
n Re (b) for n >0
4k c2
weab
2
g
Re (b) for n =0
n
2
2k c
kRs
Pl
=
for n = 0 Np/m
2P0
bhb
Let us now consider the TM1 mode the propagation inside a parallel plate
waveguide.
The propagation constant and the z-component of the electric field can be
written as
b1 =
k 2 - (p b)
k cos(q) = b1
p
=
bb1
pb
2
k - (p b)
0
So the range of q is 0o q 90o . As f fc, b1 0 andq 90 . That is the
wave bounces up and down between the two plates and there is no
motion in the +z direction.
The phase velocity of the wave inside the waveguide is
vp =
w
k
1
=
=
b1 k cos (q) me
cos (q) me
vp
c
fl
fl
This procedure of propagation down the guide insures that either electric
or magnetic field will be in the direction of propagation.
Therefore the rectangular waveguide supports only the TE or TM mode.
Since the guide has four metal walls these modes are denoted by
or
TE
mn
where m and n are the number of half cycles of the electric or magnetic
TM
mn
field
in the direction of width and height respectively.
H
H0x 0z j E0y
x
E0z
E0y jH0x
y
H0 y
x
H0 x
j E0z
y
E0z
jH0y
x
E0 y E0 x
jH0z
x
y
E0x
H
0x 0
x
y
E0 y jH0 x
H0x
E0 x jH0 y
H0z
j E0y jcE0y
x
E0 y
x
E0 x
jH0z
y
2 c 2 H0z k c2H0z
2
2
x
y
2 2c 2 j j kc2
The above equation is a two dimensional wave equation and can be solved
using the method of separation of variable. To do this we assume
H0z x,y H0z x H0z y
H0z x
2H0z x
x 2
k
2
c
H0z y
2H0z y
y 2
The right hand side of the above equation is a function of y whereas the
left hand side is a function of x only. This implies that both side of the
above equation must be a constant and we can write
2H0z x
x
k H0z x 0
2
x
2H0z y
y
k 2yH0z y 0
k 2x k 2y k c2
Therefore
Now
E0x
j H0z
k c2 y
E0y
j H0z
k c2 x
H0x
H0z
k c2 x
H0y
H0z
k c2 y
E0y
j
A cos k x x B sin k x x Ck y sin k y y Dk y cos k y y
2
kc
j
Ak x sin k x x Bk x cos k x x Ccos k y y Dsin k y y
2
kc
H0x
H0y
The above equations are subjected to the boundary conditions that the
tangential components of electric fields must vanish at the conductor
walls.
x 0 and a E0 y 0 or, Ey 0
E0x 0 or, Ex 0
y 0 and b
D=0
sin k x a 0 sin m
where m = 0, 1, 2, 3,
k x m a
sin k yb 0 sin n
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,.
k y n b
j n
mx ny jt z
H
cos
0
a sin b e
b
k c2
Ey E0y e jt z
j m
mx
ny jt z
H
sin
cos
0
a
b e
a
k c2
E z E0z e jt z 0
Hx H0x e jt z
m
mx
ny jt z
H
sin
cos
0
b e
a
a
k c2
Hy H0y e jt z
n
mx ny jt z
H
cos
0
a sin b e
b
k c2
mx
ny jt z
Hz H0z e jt z H0 cos
cos
e
a
b
H0x
j E0z jc E0z
y
E
0z jH0y
x
k c2E0z
2
2
x
y
E0 y
x
E0 x
0
y
E0z x
2E0z x
x 2
k
2
c
E0z y
2E0z y
y 2
The right hand side of the above equation is a function of y only whereas
the left hand side is a function of x only. This implies that both side of the
equation must be a constant. Therefore proceeding as before we can write
2E0z x
x
k E0z x 0
2
x
2E0z y
y
k 2yE0z y 0
where
k 2x k 2y k c2
E0z
k c2 x
E0y
E0z
k c2 y
H0x
jc E0z
k c2 y
H0y
E0y
H0x
jc
Pcos k x x Qsin k x x Rk y sin k y y Sk y cos k y y
2
kc
H0y
jc
Pk x sin k x x Qk x cos k x x Rcos k y y Ssin k y y
2
kc
x 0 and a
E0Z 0 or,
EZ 0
y 0 and b
E0Z 0
or, EZ 0
jc E0z
k c2 x
R=0
sin k x a 0 sin m
where m = 0, 1, 2, 3,
kx
sin k yb 0 sin n
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
ky
m
a
n
b
m
mx ny
2 E0
cos
sin
a
kc
a b
H0x
j
n
mx
ny
2 c E0
sin
cos
b
b
kc
a
E0y
H0y
n
mx
ny
E
sin
cos
0
b
b
k c2
a
jc
m
mx ny
E0
cos
sin b
2
a
a
kc
m
mx ny jt z
E
cos
0
a sin b e
a
k c2
Ey E0y e jt z
n
mx
ny jt z
E
sin
cos
0
a
b e
b
k c2
mx ny jt z
Ez E0z e jt z E0 sin
sin b e
a
Hx H0x e jt z
jc
n
mx
ny jt z
E
sin
cos
0
b e
b
a
k c2
Hy H0y e jt z
jc
m
mx ny jt z
E
cos
0
a sin b e
a
k c2
Hz H0z e jt z 0
Y-component of electric field distribution at the aperture with phase for (a)
TM12 and (b) TM 22modes.
k c2 2
2
m n
k c2 k 2x k 2y
a b
m n
2
a b
Case I: m n 2
a b
Case II: m n 2
a b
The above two cases implies that there is a cutoff frequency above which
wave will propagate. This reveals the high pass filter nature of a waveguide.
At cutoff frequency
2
m n
c2
b
a
c m n
2 a b
2
fc
1
2
fc
2ab
m 2b 2 n2 a 2
Since for TMmn modes neither m nor n can be zero, as in such cases the
entire TM field components will vanish, therefore there is no degenerate
TMm0 and TM0n modes corresponding to TEm0 and TE0n modes.
Degenerate modes have found wide applications in multimode circuits
like dual band filters etc.
To obtain a degenerate mode of the TE10 mode we often take square
and
degenerate modes.
In a square waveguide the TEmn, TEnm, TMmn and TMnm forms a foursome
degeneracy.
On the other hand light waves, having much higher frequencies than the
cut-off frequencies of these waveguides, can pass through it.
Thus the user can easily see the condition of the food inside the oven
TE Mode:
(a) TE00 Mode For m = 0 and n = 0 the entire field components vanishes.
Therefore TE00 mode cannot exist inside waveguide.
2ab
a2
2b
2ab
b
2a
2ab
a2 b2
TM Mode:
(a) TM00 Mode For m = 0 and n = 0 the entire field components vanishes.
Therefore TM00 mode cannot exist inside waveguide.
(b) TM01 Mode For m = 0 and n = 0 the entire field components vanishes.
Therefore TM01 mode cannot exist inside waveguide.
(c) TM10 Mode For m = 0 and n = 0 the entire field components vanishes.
Therefore TM10 mode cannot exist inside waveguide.
(d) TM11 Mode For m = 1 and n = 1, the cutoff wavelength is given by
c,11
2ab
a2 b2
of the terms e j and e j therefore the waves, at a point within a waveguide, can
also be resolved into two components propagating along and direction
with respect to waveguide axis.
x j t z
H
sin
0
a e
a
k c2
x
x
j z
a
j z a
Ey
H0 e
e a e jt
2
The above equation represents two TEM waves travelling along the positive
Z-axis at an angle
tan1
front)
of
the
two
That is the wavefront addition takes places along the axis A, C, F and
H whereas wavefront cancellation occurs along the axis B, D, E and G.
Now if we place two metallic plates along the cancellation lines D and
The expression of
The frequency for which becomes zero is thus the cut-off frequency.
At very high frequency tense to infinity and the angle of incidence
tense to zero.
m
n
Now j 2
a b
1 c
g 2
1
1
1
2g 2 c2
1 c
TE Mode:
TM Mode:
TE
TM
E x
Hy
TE
Ex
Hy
TM 1 c
2
Therefore TE TM
1 c
vp gf
vp g f
1 c
c
c
1 c
d
d
d
vp
1 c
d
1
d c 1 2
c
vg
vg
2
Therefore vp v g c
d
d
d
2
c 1 c
d
given by P P dS 1 E H* dS
tr
TE Mode:
pTE
1
1
*
*
*
*
E H* E0yH0z
a x E0xH0z
a y E0xH0y
E0yH0x
a z
2
2
pz TE E0xH0y* E0yH0x*
2
1
pz TE
2
2
1 2 n
m
2 mx
2 ny
2 mx
2 ny
H0 cos
sin b a sin a cos b
2 k c4
b
a
The total power passing through the cross section of the waveguide is
Pz TE
2 m 2 n 2
4 H0 ab
b for m 0 & n 0
a
8k c
2
a b
2 n
pz TE dxdy 4 H0 ab
for m=0 & n 0
b
4k
0 0
c
2
H ab
for m 0 & n=0
4k c4 0 a
TM Mode:
pTM
1
1
*
*
*
*
E H* E0zH0y
a x E0zH0x
a y E0xH0y
E0yH0x
a z
2
2
Therefore the power flowing in the z-direction is given by
pz TM E0xH0y* E0yH0x*
2
1
pz TM
2
2
1 2 m
n
2 mx
2 ny
2 m x
2 ny
E0
cos a sin b b sin a cos b
2 k c4
a
The total power passing through the cross section of the waveguide is
Pz TM
2 m 2 n 2
for m 0 & n 0
4 E0 ab
8k c
a b
2
a b
2 n
pz TMdxdy 4 E0 ab
for m=0 & n 0
b
4k
0 0
c
2
E ab
for m 0 & n=0
4k c4 0 a
x
E0y A sin
a
H0x
A
x
sin
TE
a
H0 y 0
Therefore,
pTE,10
1
1 A2
x
*
*
E0xH0y E0yH0x
sin2
2
2 TE
a
a b
PTE,1o
TE
A 2 ab
pTE,10 dxdy
4TE
0 0
1 c
PTE,1o
f
A 2ab
1 c,10
4
f
Assuming break down voltage of dry air to be 30 kV/cm and 377 we get
2
PTE,1o
f
597ab 1 c,10 kW
f
d,TE
d,TM
2 1 fc f
2
1 fc f
2
2
m m
iz H0x dx
and
Again,
Rx
1 dx
m dz
and
Rz
1 dz
m dx
1 2
ixRx i2zRz
2
dPz dx m
2
2
H0x
H0z
dz
2 2m
dPz
dx
2
2
H0x
H0z
dz
2m
2
m m
Therefore the total per unit length power loss in the x-z plane is given by
WL x,z
Rs
2
2
2
H0x H0z dxdz
where
Rs
m
2m
(surface resistance
of the waveguide)
Rs
2
2
0y
2
dydz
H0z
The total power loss in guide walls will be the contribution from each of
the walls of the waveguide and is given by
z
z
Pz P0 e 2 z
Pz
2Pz
z
Pz z
2Pz
TE Mode:
Substituting the TE mode field expressions in the expressions of WL x,z
and WL y,z we get
WBottom,TE
WLeft,TE
y 0
x 0
1
2 m 2 a a
RsH02 4
2
k c a 2 2
1
2
RsH0 a
2
1
2 n 2 b b
2
RsH0 4
2
k c b 2 2
1
2
RsH0b
2
for m 0
for m=0
for n 0
for n=0
2 2
m2 n2
1
2
RsH0 a b
4
2
b
kc a
Therefore
W
Pz z
z,TE
2Pz
2Pz
2 m2 n2
a b
4
4
b
kc a
2k c Rs
2
2
m n
ab
a b
2 2 m2 n2
a b 4
4
a
b
k
2k c Rs
c
m 2 n 2
ab
b
a
a 2 a 2
RsH b 1 2
2
2
0
Therefore
a 2 a 2
2 Rs b 1 2
2
a3b
2
W
Pz z
z,TE
2Pz
2Pz
TM Mode
For TM mode
2
WBottom,TM
y 0
2 c n 2 a
1
2
RsE0
2
k c4 b 2
2
WLeft,TM
x 0
2
2
1
m
c
RsE02
2
k c4 a 2
1
m
n
c
RsE02
b
a
b
2
a
k c4
Wz,TM
m 2 n 2
ab
a b
For a waveguide
Energy stored per unit length
Therefore
Now
Power transmitted
vg
Power transmitted
v g Power lost per unit length
2 v g
vp v g c 2
Q
vp
2c 2
c
vp
1 c
2c 1 c
waveguide.
Now since inside the waveguide J 0
waveguide.
The presence of D along the axis of the waveguide insures the existence
of Ealong the axis of the waveguide that is in the direction of propagation.
jHx
Hz Hy
jE x
y
z
The above implies that in the X-Y plane we can define a magnetic scalar
potential satisfying the relations:
U
Hx
x
Hy
U
y
j Hz
k c2 x
j Hz
z k c2 x
Ey
z
jHx
j Hz
z k c2 x
j Hz
k c2 y
jHx
Hx
U
x
j
2 Hz jU
z k c
Hy
Hz Hy
jE x
y
z
2 Hz
1 2
z
k c y
Hy
U
y
k c2
j
U
j 2 Hz
z
j
k c
Since the parameter jHz k c2 has a unit of voltage and U has a unit of
current, we can write the followings
j
2 Hz jU
z k c
VTE
ZTEITE
z
k c2
j
U
j 2 Hz
z
j
k c
ITE
YTE VTE
z
TE
ZTE j
where
where
j
k c2
j
j
YTE
k c2
j
j
k c2
j2 2
k c2
2
k c2 c2
TE
f
1 c
f
1
c
TM equivalent model:
For TM wave, using the Maxwells curl equations, we can write that
Hy
z
jEx
and
Ex Ez
jHy
z
x
The above equation implies that in the X-Y plane we can define an
V
x
Ey
V
y
j Ez
k c2 x
j Ez
z k c2 x
Hy
z
j Ez
jE x
z k c2 x
jEx
Ex
V
x
j
Ez jV
z k c2
Now,
Ex Ez
jHy
z
x
Hy
E x 2 Ez
1 2
z
k c x
j Ez
k c2 x
Ex
V
x
k c2
j
V
j 2 Ez
z
j
k c
2
Since the parameter jE z k c has a unit of current and V has a unit of
j
Ez jV
z k c2
where YTM j
VTM
ZTMITM
z
k c2
j
V
j 2 Ez
z
j
k c
where
Z TM
k c2
j
j
k c2
2
f
1 c 1
f
c
2
TM
k c2 c2
The probes are located to excite the electric field intensity of the mode
whereas the loop is used to generate the magnetic field intensity of the
desired mode.
The aperture electric field distribution of the TE10 mode is shown below.
For this mode the electric
field intensity is directed
towards Y-direction and is
maximum at the center of
the aperture. There is no X-
currents
at
the
respective
The reactance of the probe, resulting from higher order modes, can be
made negligible by making the probe diameter very small 0.15a .
Electromagnetic energy can also be excited inside a waveguide with the
help of a coupling loop.
For exciting dominant mode inside a waveguide the loop is placed at
the middle of the two broad walls of the guide with its plane transverse to
the waveguide.
A short circuit is placed at a distance l from the loop to insure
propagation in one direction only.
For proper slot dimensions the electric field, existing outside the
waveguide, can penetrate the slot and can excite EM fields inside the
waveguide.
While the probe length and positions may control the power
coupling, the diameter of the probe may control the power handling
capability and bandwidth.
The electric field incident on it induces a current in the rod to flow but
the high resistance of the rod dissipates the energy in the form of heat.
Another common form of matched load uses a wedge of highly resistive
material. Again, as before, the electric field gets absorbed by the wedge
and the energy is dissipated as heat.
With such arrangement the maximum electric field, at the center, will
travel longer path through the resistive wedge than a weaker electric
field at the sides and hence at the end of the wedge the stronger electric
field will be absorbed more than a weaker electric field.
Even if reflection occurs at the end, the reflected field, corresponding
to the stronger electric field, will again travel more than that corresponds
to a weaker field.
Since TE20 mode has zero electric field at the center of the guide crosssection therefore the matched load geometry for the TE10 mode will not be
effective to match the TE20 mode.
For TE20 mode two such wedges, with their tips at a/4 and 3a/4 should be
used.
Waveguide
matched
loads
provides
for
high
power
applications
Short Circuit:
Waveguide short circuit can be obtained by simply inserting a metal plate at
the end of the guide, as shown
The widths of the plungers are uniform and are slightly less than the
internal guide width of the broad wall whereas the height of the
plungers are different and are b 2b1 and b 2b2 respectively.
For satisfactory performance b1 should as small as possible while
b2 is as large as possible.
Where Zsc is the input impedance at the plane BB and is almost zero.
Since b2
b1 , i.e., Z02
Zsc .
This is because radiation occurs from the open end of the guide.
In practice an open circuit in waveguide can be achieved by inserting
quarter wave section between the guide and the shorting plate.
Irises:
Irises are basically metallic obstacles inside the waveguide with an
opening through which electromagnetic energy can pass.
from these higher order modes whereas if the irises are capacitive in
nature then they will store electric energy.
equal to the guide height. That is the edges of the inductive irises are
perpendicular to the magnetic plane.
and d is the height of the opening / aperture along the height of the
guide. Therefore the edges of a capacitive iris are perpendicular to the
electric plane.
A resonant iris has opening of cross-sectional dimension l X d where
l is the width of the opening / aperture along the width of the guide and
d is the height of the opening / aperture along the height of the guide.
At the resonance point it behaves as a shunt resistance otherwise it
Symmetrical Inductive:
2
l
g cot 2 l 1 1 l
for
1
a
2a
6
g
B
2
Y0
2 a l 8 2 a l
al
g
2
for
1
cot
1
2
a
a
3
Asymmetrical Inductive:
B
2
g 2 a l
Y0
2
al
2
a l
2a 1 2 a l ln
for
g
2
a
a
Symmetrical Capacitive:
4b 2b b2
d
ln 2 for
b
B g d 2 g
Y0 2 b d2
bd
for
b
2b g
Asymmetrical capacitive:
8b 2b 2b2
d
ln 2 for
b
B g d g
Y0 2 b d 2
bd
for
b g
b
B 3ab g
Y0 16r03
for r0
h g 4
Thin cylindrical posts inserted through the broad wall and extending
completely across the narrow width of the guide provides an inductive
susceptance whereas the cylindrical posts inserted through the narrow
wall and extending completely across the broad width of the guide
provides an inductive susceptance for the dominant mode. However,
again, the exact value of the inductive / capacitive reactance depends on
the diameter of the post.
A combination of two screws / posts,
one having length h g 4 while the
by
h g 4
and
a 3 g 8 distance
effect
than
when
it
is
the
side walls
produces
more
b2 b1 b3
a2
g2
a1a3
g1 g3
Waveguide Taper:
Waveguide taper results from the gradual connection of two similar or
dissimilar waveguides of different cross-section.
For a smooth transition and lower reflection coefficient the taper
length must be at least long at the operating frequency.
Depending on the flaring dimensions, a taper can be classified as Eplane, H-plane of E-H plane taper.
Bends:
In microwave circuits it is often required to bend the waveguide to
achieve flexibility of connecting adapters, terminators or other loads.
However any abrupt change in the shape of the guide will launch
reflected waves from the discontinuity. Therefore to form the bends
special care must be taken.
Depending on the geometry a waveguide bend may be classified as Eplane, H-plane or sharp bend.
Out of these E-plane and H-plane bends are gradual bends.
The E-plane bends distorts only the electric field distribution whereas
the H-plane bends distorts only the magnetic field distribution.
To achieve a satisfactory performance the bending radius of both the
bends must be greater than two wavelengths and the mean length of
the bend must be an odd multiple of quarter wavelength to cancel
reflections from both the end.
In contrast to smooth bends a sharp bends can also be used. F
or the sharp bend the two 45o bends are quarter wavelength apart and
therefore the reflections that occur at each of the bends cancel each
other leaving the fields of the main guide as if no reflections have
occurred.
The bend is also called a mittered corner.
Since RF current flows across it, the metal should also be highly
conducting in order to reduce Ohmic loss.
A properly designed flange produces SWR less than 1.03 and has
advantages of simpler structure, ease of fabrication and low costing.
There is often a fair chance of existence of air gap between the two
flanges connected together which may cause voltage breakdown in high
power application.
Choke Flange:
Choke flange is machined to form a
radial transmission line of g 4 length
Any resistance, existing at the contact point, comes in series with this
open circuit impedance and hence has no effect.
The open circuit impedance, existing at the contact point, further
E jH
H jc E
Er Ez
jH
z
r
rE r jrHz
H
Hz
r
jc rEr
Hr Hz
jc E
z
r
rH r jcrEz
E0 jH0r
E0r jH0
H0r H0z jc E0
r
rH
0 H0r 0
r
r r r
1 H0z
r
r r r
2
1 H0z
2
2
c H0z 0
r 2 2
2
1 H0z
2
r 2 2 k c H0z 0
H0z r
2H0z r
r 2
H0z r
H0z r
r
k r
2 2
c
H0z
2H0z
2
Left hand side of the above equation is a function of r whereas the right
hand side is a function of only. This implies that above equation may
be separated in the following two equations
r
2H0z r
r 2
H0z r
r
k c2r 2 n2 H0z r 0
2H0z
2
n2H0z 0
where n2 is a constant.
The general solution of the first equation is given by
H0z r AJn kc r BNn k cr
Now Nn kcr at r = 0
B=0
Therefore
H0z r AJn k c r
where
P AP
and Q AQ
In the solution there are two arbitrary amplitude constants P ,and Q that
controls the amplitudes of cos n and sin n terms respectively.
Because of the azimuthal symmetry of the waveguide both of these two
terms are valid and can be present. The actual amplitudes of these two
terms depend on the excitation of the waveguide.
However rotating the waveguide about z axis, any one term between
these two can be made equal to zero.
H0z H0 Jn k c r
sin
n
Therefore
sin n
j 1
E0r 2 H0nJn k c r
kc r
cos n
E0
cos n
H0r H0 Jn k c r
kc
sin n
where
cos n
j
H0 Jn k c r
sin
n
kc
H0
1
sin n
H
nJ
k
r
0
n
c
cos
n
k c2 r
Jn k cr Jn k cr
r
3.83
R
and
k c02
Jn k cR 0
7.02
R
and for n = 1
k c11
1.84
R
and k c12
5.33
R
2
2
2
For lossless dielectric nm k c,nm
At cutoff frequency
k
2
c
2
c,nm
fc
k c,nm
2
Since for a given R, k c11 has the minimum value therefore the dominant
TE mode in circular waveguide is TE11 .
E0r
rE0 0r 0
rH0 0r jc rE0z
E0z
jH0
r
H0r jc E0
H0 jc E0r
2
1 E0z
2
r 2 2 k c E0z 0
To solve the above equation let us assume that Eoz r, Eoz r Eoz
Substituting the above trial solution in the above wave equation we get
r
Eoz r
2Eoz r
r 2
Eoz r
Eoz r
r
k r
2 2
c
Eoz
2Eoz
2
2Eoz r
r
Eoz r
r
2Eoz
k c2r 2 n2 Eoz r 0
n2Eoz 0
where n 2 is a constant.
The general solution is given by E0z r AJn kc r BNn k cr
where Jn k c r is the Bessels function of order n of argument k c r and Nn k c r
is the Numens function of order n of argument k c r .
Now Nn kcr at r = 0
B=0
where P AP
and
Q AQ
E0z E0 Jn k c r
sin
n
Therefore
E0r
H0r
cos n
E
J
k
r
0 n
c
k c2
sin n
E0
sin n
jc 1
E
nJ
k
r
0
n c
k c2 r
cos n
1
sin n
E
nJ
k
r
0
n
c
cos
n
k c2 r
H0
cos n
jc
E
J
k
r
0 n c
k c2
sin n
at r = R
2.405
R
and k c02
5.52
R
k c11
3.85
7.02
and k c12
R
R
TM01 mode preferred over TE01 mode because it requires smaller waveguide
2p R
2
2
1
Z
2
2
Ptr =
E
+
E
d
f
rdr
=
H
+
H
df rdr
f
f
r
r
2Z
2
0 0
0 0
where
Z=
Ef
Er
= Hf
Hr
For TEmn mode, the average power transmitted through the circular
waveguide is given by
2 2p R
Ptr,TEmn =
1- (fc f )
2h
2
2
E
+
E
df rdr
r
f
0 0
where h =
me
Similarly for TMmn mode, the average power transmitted through the
circular waveguide is given by
2p R
Ptr,TMmn =
2h 1- (fc f )
2
2
E
+
E
df rdr
r
f
0 0
Er
j
H0 J1 k c r cos e jz
2
kcr
j
H0 J1 k c r sin e jz
kc
j
j
j z
H
H0 J1 k c r cos e jz
2
Hr H0 J1 k c r sin e
kcr
kc
Ez 0
P0
4k
4
c
2 1 J12 k cR
p11
where
R
k c,11 p11
R
Pl s
2
Np/m
k 2 tan
Js
H0 RsR
2 2
Rd
1 4 2 J1 k cR
2
kcR
Rs 2
Pl
k2
c
k c 2
Np/m
2P0 kR
1
p11
The power handling capabilities of a circular waveguide for the
dominant TE11 mode and TE01 mode are given by
Similarly if we place the probe / loop in such a way that it does not
excite any component of the magnetic field along the axis of the guide
then the propagating mode will be a TM mode.
For both the cases, however, the position and number of probes and
phase of the currents in the probe is determined by the field
configurations of the intended modes.
The strips, in general, are arranged parallel to the electric field lines of
the mode to be filtered out.
The conducting strips being parallel to the electric field will reflect them
strongly and thus filtering out it.
we
choose
the
circular
waveguide
The above transition can also be used to convert the dominant TE10 in
rectangular waveguide to TE01 mode in circular waveguide.
However for this case the guide dimension should be such that it can
TM01 mode.
distance
between the
input
and
output
rectangular
to
circular
waveguide
junction
is
TEmn
L
2
L
2a 2 0.667L
3
c,Circular
2
2R
L
0.543L
k c11 k c11R 1.84
of rectangular waveguide.
Since is lower for circular waveguide than rectangular waveguide
therefore the Q value for circular waveguide is higher than
rectangular waveguide.
1
4g
2 bd a d
Since for TE20 mode the electric field is either zero or very weak at / near
the center of the broad walls of the guide the ridge, shown above, does
not disturb the TE20 mode.
The ridged section behaves almost as a parallel plate waveguide and
consequently ridge waveguide has a much lower cut-off frequency than
a hollow metallic waveguide.
The cut-off wavelength for the first higher order mode is expressed as
c 2.6R r 1
due
discontinuity
existing
to
the
at
the
in
the
circular
waveguide.
S12
Surface Wave Power
L
Disadvantages:
Bulky size at lower frequencies: Since the width of the waveguide is
approximately of half wavelength therefore at lower frequencies
waveguide is bulky.
Heavy: The complete metallic structure makes the waveguide heavy
as compared to others.
Difficult to install: Because of their rigid and hollow pipe shape the
5.36 Finlines
Finline is a quasi-planar transmission line structure that was proposed
to achieve large bandwidth, compatibility with planar circuit technology
in absence of radiation.
A basic finline can be thought as a shielded slot line mounted in the Eplane of a rectangular waveguide.
Therefore for the specified frequency band the dimensions of a finline
are identical to a waveguide operates at that band.
In addition, the finlines may also be considered as a printed version of
a ridge waveguide.
The unilateral finlines are the simplest and best for finline component
fabrication whereas bilateral finlines provide greater flexibility for
biasing of active devices due to metallization on both sides.
The bilateral finlines also have lower loss and can provide
characteristic impedance as low as 100 .
Antipodal finlines can provide characteristic impedance of the
In finline structures, the fins concentrate the electric field in the fingap region.
Such field configuration leads to a capacitive loading to the
dominant HE mode propagation in the slab waveguide.