1/Given

Turbulent velocity
Velocity at z1 and z2 is u1 and u2 respectively
Rectangular channel
Required
Logarithmic velocity profile equation without k to determine u*, b, v
Solution
General equation of logarithimic velocity profile:Uc
z
U ( z) =
ln
k
zo , where k = von korman constant (=0.4)
U ( z 1 )=

Uc Z 1
ln
K
Zo

U ( Z 2 )=

Uc Z 2
ln
K
Zo

By taking the ratio of the two arbitrary depth velocities

Z1
ln (
)
U (Z 1)
Z0
=
U (Z 2)
, here K and U*c are eliminated.
Z2
ln (
)
Zo
From this the velocity can be determined if at one point is given using the
above relation.
For hydraulically smooth flow, there is varies sub layer which is the same
with bottom shear stress ().
v=

du
=b
dz

U2
Z .(1)

U ( z )= Z =

For any depth Z, U (z) can be found from equation (1) and solving for U*

U
Z

U ( z ) =
U (z)

U2=

And from known values of U (z) for Z

b
U ( z)
b=
U ( z) =
Z

Where = kinematic viscosity

= density of water
Viscous sub layer, v
U ()
11.6
v =

And

U (z )
U =

Z

Substituting equation (**) in to (*), we get,

U ( z) .
Z

1/2

U (z)
Z

1/2

11.6
v=

This is general condition of velocity profile.

According to the given condition

Let us consider the velocity profile according to the given condition
U2

U1

From logarithmic velocity profile

U=

U Z 1
ln
Z0 ,
At Z = Z1, U (Z1) = K

Z 1lnZ 0 lnZ 0=

At Z=Z2,

1
Z1
ln
K Z0
U

Z0 elevation at zero velocity

KU (Z 1)
+ln Z 1 ..(1)
U
U=ln
KU ( z)

U Z 2
ln
K
Z0
U ( Z 2 )=

U .(2)
lnU ( Z 2)
lnZ 0=lnZ 2

Equating equation (1) in to equation two,

KU ( Z 1)
+ ln Z 1
U

U
= lnZ 2 kU (Z 2) , Here, U1 = U (Z1), U2=

U (Z2)
By rearranging and solving for K.
U=lnZ 2lnZ 1
U 1. K
U
U 2. K

U
Z2
ln
.(3)
U 2U 1 Z 1
k=
Using the expression K can be eliminated. Determination of U*, b , v.

At intersection point of linear velocity distribution and logarithmic velocity

distribution profile
U
U

U
U

1
Z UZ
k ln Z 0 =

.(4)

Substituting equation (3) in to equation (4)

U 2U 1
Z U. Z
ln
=
Z 2 Z0

Uln
Z1

U2=

Z
Z0

(U 2U 1) ln
Zln

Z2
Z1

a/ shear velocity, U*

b/ bed shear stress, b=

U =

Z
Z0

1/2

( U @U 1 ) . ln

Z
Z0

(U 2U 1)ln
Z2
Zln
Z1

Zln

Z2
Z1

U=

C/Viscous sub layer thickness, v =

11.6

( U 2U 1 ) . . ln
Z2
Zln
Z1
11.6

Z
Z0

1 /2

2/ GIVEN
Q = 24 m3/s
W= 52m

s= 10cm/km = 10

h= 1.5m

= 10^-6 m2/s

-4

= 1000 kg/m3

K=0.4
SOLUTION

A/ shear velocity, u*= (ghI) 0.5 = (9.81*1.5*10-4)0.5

= 0.038m/s
B/ bed shear stress, b= ghI
= 1000*9.81*1.5*10-4
= 1.47N/m2
C/ elevation of zero velocity, Z0
Let z= 1.5m, v(z) = 0.45m/s
0.450.4
=4.33
0.038
U ( Z )K
U ( z ) =lnZ

U=ln 1.5

Zo = 0.013m
Which is very small and the flow condition is smooth!!
Mean velocity,

V=

Q
24
=
=0.31 m/s
A 521.5

OR mean velocity profile,

U Z 0
h
1+ ln
K
h
Zo
U =

)
0.038 0.013
1.5
1+ ln
0.4
1.5
0.013

U=

U = 0.357m/s
D/ velocity profile
F/ viscous sub layer
U=

11.6106
=3.05104
0.038
11.6v
v=

But from the velocity profile graph it is estimated that actual thickness
0.17m, the depth to which the slope of the bottom of the curve is constant.
G/ effective bed roughness height
Assume that Z0 = Ks = 0.013
Effective roughness height = 0.75Ks
=0.75*0.013
=0.01m
H/Energy gradient

It is to be equal to friction slope by ignoring velocity head, V2/2g

I= 10cm/km = 0.0004
I/ Darcys weisbach factor, f
8
8
ghI = U
U=
f
f

U 80.038
=
=0.091
2
2
U
0.357
f =

J/chezys coefficient
U=
U=
C=

C RI , R = A/P =

521.5
=1.42 m
21.5+52

Q
24
0.31m
=
=
A 521.5
s
U
0.31
=
=26.03
Rs 1.42104

3/ GIVEN
I = 0.0009
d50 = 3mm = 3000m
subjected to motion or
h = 1.2m

Required
Is the channel bed sediment
not?

SOLUTION
# From the shield curve, for d50 = 3000 m , The critical bed shear
stress,
b,cr = 2.1N/m2
# the bed shear stress applied,
b = ghI = 1000*9.81*1.2*0.0009 = 10.59N/m2
b > b,cr The channel bed material is subjected to
sediment in motion.

4/ GIVEN
I =10-4
d50 =0.003m= 3000m
d90 = 0.006m
discharge?
s = 2650kg/m3
=1000kg/m3

REQUIRED
Maximum

SOLUTION
q = h U , but from shield curve , for d50 = 3000 m , b,cr = 2.2N/m2
q = C h1.5I0.5

 Without movement of bed material,

b = b,cr
h=

ghI = 2.2,

2.2
=2.24 m
10009.81104

The discharge per unit width

q = h. U = C h1.5I 0.5, but C depends on the flow regime.
Assume effective bed roughness of a plane bed, Ks= 3d90
=0.018m
b 0.5
2.2 0.5
=
=0.047 m/ s
The bed shear velocity, U* =

1000

( ) (

Check flow regime,

Ks

U 0.0180.047
=
=852>70, so rough flow regime .

104

C=18 log

12 h
122.24
=18 log
=57.1m 0.5/s
Ks
0.018

The maximum discharge ,q

q=Ch

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5
4
= 57.12.24 ( 10 ) =1.92 m2/s

Now let assume Ks = d90

Ks

U 0.0060.047
=
=282>70, still rough

106

C = 65.72
q = 2.2m2/s
For conservative take the minimum q = 1.92m2/s

5/ GIVEN

REQUIRED

Trpizoidal channel
d50 = 0.05m
H= 2m
Ks = 0.05m
0
Side slope = 1:2 ( = 27 )

I =?
q =?

SOLUTION
For d50= 0.05mm=5000 m,
b,cr =4.5N/m2
Middle of the channel shear stress
b middle = ghI
For the side slope1:2
b,side = 0.75 b middle
= 0.75*1000*9.81*2*I .(*)
tan 2
cos

(1
) 0.5
Where K =
tan 2
b,side =K * b

, where K =

middle

cos 27( 1

tan 2 27
)
tan 2 37

b,side = 0.656*4.5= 29.54N/m2 ..(**)

Now equating eqn (**) in to eqn (*)
2.954 = 0.75*1000*9.81*I
4
I = 210

0.5

= 0.656