Rajeev Mehta
Adtech Systems Research Inc.
Dayton, Ohio 45432
Charles Y.-C. Lee
Polymer Branch
Nonmetallic Materials Division
April 1992
MATERIALS DIRECTORATE
WRIGHT LABORATORY
AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, OH 45433-6533
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A7
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Characterization
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Recently in our laboratory, improved optical quality films of PBZT were fabricated by
extruding low concentration solutions in methane sulphonic acid.
The films, even though
being extruded from an apparatus that was not designed for optical films, showed a dramatic
improvement in the optical quality over those which were used in the previous measurements.
X3 measurements of these films also indicated that the x 3 values of these films were
substantially higher than the previously reported values.
However, the films were not of
sufficient quality for wave-guiding experiments.
This study was to identify the optical
defects of the films so that the technique and the equipment can be improved to generate
wave-guiding quality films with other NLO polymers.
Two classes of defects have been
identified and will be described in this report.
The equipment modifications being
implemented are documented.
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FOREWORD
iii
CONTENTS
Section
Page
1.
INTRODUCTION
..... 1
2.
EXPERIMENTAL
..... 3
..... 9
..... 9
... 12
...53
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX Al
... 57
... 64
APPENDIX A2
APPENDIX A3
APPENDIX B
...68
... 88
...101
FIGLAR ES
Figure
Page
1.
....... 5
2.
3.
....... 7
4.
..... 14
5.
..... 15
..... 20
..... 21
8.
..... 28
9.
1 0.
..... 37
1 1.
Scanning Electron Micrograph of a PBZT Film - HandSheared and Coagulated in a 50/50 MSA/Water
Non-Solvent.
..... 38
1 2.
..... 39
1 3.
...... 44
14.
6.
7.
vi
29
....47
FIGURES (continued)
Figure
Page
15.
16.
17.
...... 51
18.
...... 52
vii
......
59
61
TABLES
Table
Page
1.
......... 8
2.
36
3.
...... 40
4.
...... 43
63
viii
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
in 1985.
This study is to
work well for high molecular weight polymers and can only be used
if the polymer is soluble in suitable solvents.
Thus a lot of
polymers, for example, the rigid rod PBZT, will be unsuitable for
spin coating.
X (3)
The setup
and the procedure were similar to that used for fabricating structural
films (9).
X (3) measurements
also indicated that the X(3) values of these films were substantially
higher than the previously reported values.
For wave-
Two classes of
EXPERIMENTAL
were used : (a) wet film mounted on a thin glass ring; wet film
sandwiched under tension between (b) two microscopic slides,
(c) one teflon coated microscopic slide and a plain slide, (d) teflon
coated metal plate with a window and a plain slide (Fig. 2).
The best
quality specimens were selected and sent out for NLO measurements.
The characterization of defects in the film samples was done by
standard optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
The
four categories and they are (1) 100% PBZT and 100% amorphous
polymer films, (2)
(3) PBZT/ZYTEL 330 in different weight ratios, and (4) 100% PBZT
extruded from 1%, 2% and 3% solution.
-.
PISTON
--
EXTRUDED"
POLYMER SOLUTION
SOLUTION
FILM
BATH
COAGULATED
fFL
jrTF
nso
M
.
o
,
I7VI ........
.
.
.
.
..
14
++
(A) Wet
..
POIJYMER
(Acronym)
CHEMICAIL STRUCTURE
-N
PBZT
CF 3
NI
6F-PBO
k/--KOIIF-
0
ZYTEL 330
-C-(CH2)4 -C
CHO
-N-(CH
CH0
2 )6
-N
In
H
LUBRIZOL
CH--C
+
1+n
LUBRIZOL
MONOMER
CH 3
NH
1C--CH
I
CH 3
2 -SO
CH 3
II
Na
CH 2 =CH-C--NH C-CH2 SO 3 H
CH
ABPBT
PBT-THIOPHENE
IQ
EXTRUSION
SOLUTION
INITIAL PRESSURE
DROP (PSI)
2% PBZT/6F-PBO (50/50)
1% PBZT
5% 6F-PBO
1% PBZT
2% PBZT/ZYTEL 330 (50/50)
3% PBZT/ZYTEL 330 (50/50)
1% PBZT
20% ZYTEL 330
1% PBZT
2% PBZT
3% PBZT/6F-PBO (50/50)
2.5% PBZT/LUBRIZOL (50/50)
2% PBZT/LUBRIZOL MONOMER (50/50)
2% PBZT
3% PBZT
2.5% PBZT/AB-PBT
6% ABPBT
1.87% PBZT/ZYTEL 330 (80/20)
4% PBZT-THIOPHENE
2% PBZT/PBZT-THIOPHENE (50/50)
3.75% PBZT/ZYTEL 330 (40/60)
3.5% PBZT/ZYTEL 330 (20/80)
45
10
6
10
40
60
12
30
20
45
100
50
8
50
200
40
100
50
25
15
30
7
I
1
SECTION 3
Elasticity
of the solution
The success of the film extrusion process is contingent
Since no
For the
flexible polymers,
In
An attempt to obtain a
ZYTEL 330 film from a 10% Zytel 330 solution was unsuccessful due
to the disintegration of the film after coagulation (15).
Isotropic
nature
of the
solution
According to the
Eouipment
constraints
10
below 250 lbf/in. 2 . This is due to two reasons : (1) the transducer
which is employed to monitor the pressure in the extrusion cylinder
is rated for a maximum of 250 lbf/in. 2 , and (2) the sealing afforded
by the teflon pieces in the extrusion cylinder (which are used to
prevent the corrosion of the cylinder) may not be good above a
pressure of 250 lbf/in. 2 .
Qualitatively, these
limits are higher and lower, respectively, than the viscosity of the
solutions used in this study.
Shrinkage
of the film
during coagulation
Also, it is
difficult to significantly change the distance between the die lip and
the coagulation front.
If the
at 10 s-1),
No
This
X (3) determination
On the other
hand, optical losses in pure ZYTEL 330 and pure 6F-PBO films are
high enough to render their
Analysis
of the film samples revealed that there exists two distinct classes of
scattering processes.
measurements
in films that are of sufficiently good optical quality (Fig. 4) for X(3)
measurement, but not good enough for wave-guiding. The origin,
characteristics and the steps taken towards their elimination are
discussed in the following sections.
Defects
of higher order
The SEM
micrographs of the freeze fractured (in liquid nitrogen) crosssections of these films are shown in Fig. 5.
irregular voids in these films clearly leads to the high optical losses.
We should mention that at the same magnification, the corresponding
micrographs of the PBZT and PBZT/ZYTEL 330 films appear as nonporous surfaces.
Transformation of a colorless
13
(I
1 90(9 2 S)
II
m mm
mm
* *
mRingm s M]unted
U mm
= "
mmmm
m
mm
mm- - m - -
mm
-- 4.
Fu
mm
mm.
.... Pt
Si
rap
of j
.
a
PBZT
mm"
m
mm mmm mm
mm
m
m
m - m mm
Il k
m...
4m,
w
14
m mm
mS
mm
m
m
mm -1
f i lm
15
solvent
In general, the
The
outward flux of the solvent is low compared to the inward flux of the
non-solvent.
The water
In view of
We should
Since
pure Zytel 330 and pure 6F-PBO films are not expected to have
significant X(3) values (these polymers were being studied to evaluate
their potential to act as
These are:
1. Micro-voids,
2. Macro-voids,
3. Particles,
4. Lines in the transverse direction,
5. Lines in the machine direction.
These defects are discussed in the following sections.
We
Micro-voids
Characterization
The micro-voids are about 20-25 microns in size, though
smaller micro-voids are also present (Fig. 6).
ellipsoidal in shape with their long axis oriented mostly along the
machine direction.
With the
micron vs other films which are 2-10 microns thick), it would appear
that these micro-voids are internal and not surface holes.
Origin
For analyzing the origin of the micro-voids, the film processing
was divided into five steps:
Step a : stirring the polymer and the solvent (distilled MSA) under
nitrogen,
Step b : transfer of dope from the reactor vessel to the extrusion
cylinder,
Step c : deaeration of the dope,
18
Step d : removal of air present between the extrusion piston and the
dope
(pre-extrusion),
Analysis
of the
addresses
estimate how far or how long the mass transfer has occurred:
This variable is the argument of the error function of the semiinfinite slab and is central to the time dependence of the diffusion.
Basically, the process is significantly advanced when this variable
equals unity.
liquids, it can be easily shown that it will take about 30 days for the
air to penetrate 0.1 cm of dope.
probably
form
near the
surface
Small
are
20
21
probably
form near
the surface
Small
are
A fluid
These
and disintegration of gas in step (a) and entrapment of air in step (b)
are not practically calculable (21).
The first logical step towards eliminating bubbles from the
dopes was to prevent the air entrapment.
and (b)
unchanged.
Additionally,
since a
moisture in the air (albeit at low pressure) for long periods of time.
Thus, stirring of the dope under dry nitrogen was resumed.
the deaeration
(22).
Thus,
the dissolved
air at atmospheric
In other words,
of the deaeration
time
(1)
23
where,
ut - terminal settling velocity of the sphere,
Dp2 - diameter of the sphere,
Pp - density of the sphere,
p - density of the medium,
the above
expression,
the following
by eq. (2) :
(2)
This expression has been derived by assuming that the bubble size in
the dope at atmospheric pressure is equal to the size of the microvoids in the dried film.
much
larger than
20 microns.
Thus,
the optimum
Using the
24
of the deaeration
application of vacuum,
process.
It was observed
that on
spontaneously,
It
decreases
Thus, the
Lastly, Stokes's law does not take into account the shear
The
mechanism
by which
However, it is
5221 poise), some bubbles can be seen on the surface of the dope.
In
the case of the dopes, where bubbles were observed on the surface
after an overnight deaeration, some solution was skimmed off the
surface and the deaeration process was resumed.
subsequently
was
extruded.
Lastly, the attention was focussed on the step (d), i.e. using the
bleed valve on the piston to remove the trapped air between the
dope and the extrusion piston when the latter is being lowered in the
extrusion cylinder.
velocity
forward, the dope must acquire an inward radial velocity (in order to
extrude
from
the
opening
in
the
cylinder),
while
gradually
first (dope),
circulatory motion
the
would be
altered
but the
Thus if there is any air left between the piston and the plunger
before extrusion, it will distribute itself throughout the dope.
Next, an estimate was made of the amount of air in the film
from the optical micrographs.
films is of the order of 0.6% (assuming the thickness of the microvoids is equal to the thickness of the dried film).
The 'bleeding
button' on the piston is not adequate for removing the air to such an
extent.
However, no
28
0.5
1.0
1.5
29
process (step e) held the key for solving the micro-void problem.
The effect of
Effect
of casting
thickness
on
30
micro-voids
The
At a later stage
during the course of this study, an old microtoming unit which had
been converted into a sensitive and a stable 'doctro-blading' set up,
was available.
Using this set up, very thin films were prepared and
of different
non-solvents
31
on
micro-voids
The
In
the case of Glycerol and benzyl alcohol only a few voids could be
observed over the entire slide surface (3 in 2 ).
b.The optical quality of the films, however, was bad compared to the
film obtained from coagulation in pure water.
been reduced, the optical quality of the films had worsened because
of a much greater number of these new features, which would be an
efficient scatterers of visible light.
In order to investigate if these net like features are a result of
some unknown glass substrate-dope- non-solvent interaction, a film
extrusion was done in a 50% MSA/Water bath at 8 C . However,
unlike the regular film extrusion where the dope is pumped through
32
a cylinder into a die, some dope was placed on the casting drum
behind the die (relative to the extrusion direction) and the film was
extruded using the die as a doctor blade.
Expectedly, it was
extremely difficult to detach the film from the casting drum (because
of the lower coagulation rate) even when the speed of the drum was
reduced significantly.
Again, micro-
THF, the film quality was bad because of the presence of cracks and
different kinds of structures.
It would be
The optical
losses in this vacuum casted film were high enough to render its X(3 )
determination impossible.
Also, the
shown in Table 3.
The
For a 1
mil casting thickness the coagulation time can be calculated from the
coagulation rates available from ref. 38.
voids
The temperature of the PBZT/MSA dope was lowered down to
8 oC and -8 C.
In the latter case the dope's elastic modulus was too high (physical
34
showed the same net like structure when different sections were
sliced from the dried block and examined under the OM.
Thus, even
of water
temperature
on micro-voids
Effect of deaeration
Conclusion
solutions.
of the micro-void
study
However, a reduction in
35
Table 2.
Casting
Thickness
Micro-void
size
Number of
Micro-voids
(microns)
(microns)
10-20
25
40
12
<20
20-40
0.8
<10
<10
36
37
Hand
38
Net-like structure
Micro-voids
Processing Window
/Changing
/0cglation
kconditlons
Fast coagulation
Slow coagulation
39
Table 3.
Non-Solvent
Coagulation
Time
Micro-voids
Net-Like
Structure
Water
Air
50% MSA/Water
50% MSA/Water
50% MSA/Water
50% MSA/Water
50% MSA/Water
50% MSA/Water - Air
50% MSAIWater - Water
50% MSA/Water
50%MSA/Water - Air
50% MSA/Water-40%-30%-20%-10%
10% MSA/Water-20%-30%-40%-50%
50% MSA/Water - 10%
10% MSA/Water - 50%
All Acidic NS (described above) - Water
5 mins. - 24 hrs
0-10 min.
24 hrs.
60 sec.
30 sec.
15 sec.
10 sec.
10 sec./5 min.
1Osec./2 min.
5 sec.
5 sec./5 min.
5sec.each
5sec.each
5 sec. each
5 sec. each
24 hrs.
Numerous
No
Few
Few
Few
Few
Few
Few
Few
Few
Few
Few
Numerous
Few
Numerous
Unchanged
Nb
40
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Unchanoed
micro-voids.
Classification
prepared from the same film extrusion would differ in the number
density as well as in the size of micro-voids.
"void density within the sample area (surface area of the largest film
Macro-void4
41
It is
interesting that this defect is absent in the films extruded from low
viscosity solutions (1% PBZT, 5% 6F-PBO, 2% PBZT/Lubrizol-M, 4%
PBZT-Thiophene and 2% PBZT/PBZT-Thiophene, in MSA).
However,
these features are also absent in the film extruded from a high
viscosity dope of ABPBT/MSA and are present in extremely high
concentration in the film extruded from moderately high viscosity 2%
PBZT/6F-PBO in MSA.
The best
It
Solid
particles
Currently,
Table 4.
Casting
Thickness
Micro-void
size
Number of
Micro-voids
(microns)
(microns)
10-20
25
40
12
<20
20-40
0.8
<10
<10
43
4P
44
Lines
in the
transverse
direction
1% PBZT samples might be due to the fact that the 1% PBZT film is
especially thin.
vary between 20 and 200 Hz, and in other films, it varies between 1
and 20 Hz.
Also, it appears that there are two kinds of lines (Fig. 15)
When the
Also, a new
For
,K
'..,
:i:
01
47
4b
'r,j
,p,
-"V
U >I- I-
IC44
48
49
(the die is placed vertically above the roller and the casting film
thickness is determined by the gap between the roller and the die)
and a bulge of polymer solution is maintained on the casting roller
(behind the die
the nicks on the die lips and the poor surface finish of the casting
roller are the cause of the lines in machine direction.
In an effort to eliminate this defect, a new coat-hanger die
having a much better surface finish, is being built.
Also, casting
50
Ii
p:i
51
fj
4.4.
52
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
4080 (1980).
9.
53
10.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Laboratory records.
16.
17.
WRDC-TR-90-4017 (1990).
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
54
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40
41.
42.
43.
Y. Matsubara,
(1980).
56
APPENDIX A
Calculation of the pressure drop through the porous
metal filters
57
Modeling
of pressure
drop
through
porous metal
filters
-APf
(( -~~l
e)-.Y)
VP
--
2 guL
................. Eq. 3
where:
K1 = 150/36 (experimental value)
E = porosity of bed
in
the
Ergun equation
58
10
~20
IO
Figure A-1. 1OOX View of the Standard Mott Porous Metal Filters.
59
Limited pressure drop versus linear velocity plots are available (Fig.
A-2). According to Eq. 1, for a porous plate of a given porosity and
geometry, the pressure drop should be proportional to viscosity. For
example, for the 0.5 micron plate, one can see from Fig. 20 that at a
linear filtrate velocity of 0.8 GPM/Sq Ft,
pressure drop for a 20 CP fluid
pressure drop for a 5 CP fluid
-APf
K
=
i((1-
L) (1+n) 110 un L
VP
1
2n+1
. Eq. 4
where:
n
is the power law index, and
110 is the viscosity at a shear rate of 1/s.
The validity of the equation can be seen from Fig. 20. The slope of
log (pressure drop) vs. log (u), at high viscosities, is significantly less
than unity.
To find the value for the expression:
((_VpP))(1+n)
Vp
assume:
SP )(l+n)
((l _).P~(+
Vp)
I
re(2n+l)
1
_
E(2n+1)
((1-e)Vp )2
c3
The RHS of the above expression can be found from Eq. 3 and
Figure A-2, from the limited region where Eq. 3 applies. Since the
60
ma design aid. to el in e
7hea4 flow a~rm am presetes
ictff appli"aboruIng Pdotpormis Ifw moda.
d"4OpmeT Of
Fbe data br waster and higher viscoit iquids are given inre
grph below, wpavgnzd acondmg Dthe moonersen~ard Iuoi
*/
4040
I X,
ft
om
ma
Oe u'dy.si
nbP FWisiin
now.W1'
0p111 4
V
Liam
S,
1 0A
Fiue -.
Loo
.1M
IO-1[ /
I~
100A
lw
m 4
I~ffdw~
62
Table A-1
K1
Filtration
Grade(
p.)
(S 2
(-APf)
lbf)
lb. ft2
xl04
_
720
0.5
10110
4255
2.0
1853
887
5.0
1122
537
10
168
81
20
92
44
40
27
10
100
u
L
inches/minute
Inches - height of the porous plate
63
APPENDIX Al
Expression for the pressure drop of a NonNewtonian fluid through a porous plate
64
) (1 " (r)S+l)
where all the symbol are same as defined in Eq. A Appendix Al, s = In
From the z component (in the direction of flow) of the equation of
motion and from the boundary condition
at r = 0, shear stress
component Trz = 0, it follows that,
T co (shear stress at r = R) = -(R/2)
Therefore,
V(r)=
R (-ws)
s+l
(1 - (r)s+l)
'10
Va
V(r) x2nr dr
(=0)s
(A-B3)
10 s+3
rw = v(-l) go
I (s+3)(s6
65
dP/dz
rh.,
rh s
(Note that
i.e. Ki =
written in
But since
value can be used to replace 2 1/s (s+3) 1/s when the expression for
is written for the hydraulic radius.)
'w
Va =
where
e = porosity.
The total area, A, is given as A = NS,
-=
S(o)Lze
S(o)L(le)_S_ (1-)S
P
Substitution of rh, A and Va in the following force balance:
w _
IlPOVa )
rh(s)
The pressure drop over the filter may be used in place of the total
force.
Fd = -APf e S(o)
also, replacing
s= 1/n
K1I((l )Sp)(1+n)0ounL
AcVp
1
2n +1......... Eq. 5
67
APPENDIX A2
Design of the filtration system
68
TOP CYLINDER
ADAPTERS
FILTRATION CYLINDER
ADAPT ERS
69
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
71
1. Top cylinder
72
2. Piston for the top cylinder
73
3. Supporting drawings for the piston for the top cylinder
74
4. Cap for the existing fiber extrusion cylinder
75
5. Cap for the existing film extrusion cylinder
76
6. 1" filtration cylinder
77
7. Top part of the 1" filtration cylinder
78
8. O-ring plate for the 1" filtration cylinder
9. Distributor and O-ring plate for the 1" filtration cylinder
79
80
10. 1/8 " spacer plates for the 1" filtration cylinder
81
11. 1/16 " spacer plate for the 1" filtration cylinder
82
12. 2.7" filtration cylinder
83
13. Top part of the 2.7 " filtration cylinder
84
14. O-ring plate for the 2.7 " filtration cylinder
15. Distributor and O-ring plate for the 2.7" filtration cylinder
85
86
16. 1/8 " spacer plates for the 2.7" filtration cylinder
17. 1/16" spacer plate for the 2.7 " filtration cylinder
87
70
Topf cylinder',
3~-200
00.-,
//
rNPT
V/A
2.-2eo.-,
IrOl
CUTL.ET
lumrr
CA'.
6o -
""0 o0o
XP
(ZI)jO~7"~\CLEARANCE
HOLES
R. CC.
C.
POR
N
S-CPLA
CESoEg
LLY
S PAC~t
elP'J
7-680
NP T
_0
71
8. C.
TFT IV3.2-A
VN-~T?*P.
4-1
72
Supporting drawings
SUGGESTED PROCEDURE
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Consult the mounting hole drawing and calculate the depth required
for the .451/.458" hole to leave .225" minimum length of the 5/16"(.312")
diameter hole.
Using the special 29/64" piloted drill, drill to the depth calculated above,
perhaps leaving a little excess to be removed in Step 7.
Step 4
Drill with the 17132" drill, if necessary, so as to leave approximately 1" of the
29/64" diameter hole length.
Step 5
Tap with the 112-20 Plug tap (tap with tapered lean) as deep as possible
without striking the chamfered seating surface that was produced by the
piloted drill.
Step 6
Tap to the final depth with the 112-20 UNF bottoming tap.
Step 7
Examine the seating surface of the mounting hole. If it has been marked by
the tapping operation, touch it up with the piloted drill.
It is generally good practice to check the mounting hole before installing the transducer.
One procedure is to coat a gauge plug (PIN 200908) with Dykem machine blueing on
surfaces below the thread. Insert the gauge plug into the mounting hole and rotate until
surface binding is encountered. Remove and inspect. Blueing should only be scraped off
of the 45*sealing chamfer. If blueing has been removed from other surfaces, the mounting
hole has not been machined properly.
NOTE:
This kit contains premium grade cutting tools including cobalt HSS
9132" and piloted drills. Care, however, should be taken in the use of
proper speeds and feeds, lubricants, and a method to assure continual
alignment of each progressing tool. Consult the factory if additional or
more specific information is required.
D0'A
04(4
FULLTHO
--
W*
.7 WN
C12
IA AND 1-20 UNF-28 THD ARE CONCENTRIC
.
TO WITHIN 004 FULL INDICATOR READING.
Dynsco
320
A BOFORSEMCOMPANY
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
73
Ca2
fiber
extrusion cylinder
II
//
"
To
...
"06 57
0.090
"DRILL
PT
l /
3"
1401-E
- S
II
",/tA t4 P T (
"EV
OL
SPACED 'ON
KOO
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i
/
I
.
-/.
74
ooo
-,
DIA
TH/CK"ESS
t>RAPV&V'-
IS
To
NOT
SCALE
CL EARACE
ol/ L ES
i)-
oN,.
,3
FOR
6'-6C.
I'll
NP
I'0
50A
77
0-00,2 -0o/
0.005
~'0
32/
75
~I0D-5PT3
050
I" filtration
mAY
LAIN
61~
b>RILL,
cylinder
eE
1 2200
IN CyLIODEROR
-0..005
,Vj'fz
FOUR
42 VA ILY SPA.C .
s cR E
INPT
NOT
bRAL-JN
rD
ScAl-E
76
(HEiG~p1T
or' rHE
LIb
)e
2I
filtration cylinder
.2-7HD-0-
, o.,
77
,C HAM PERED
0o625 -t 0-005
0-ring
plate
4J4
u
wl
IM
I-
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inE
1,-
00
-00
,I,
'I/
2S-
A/V
To
78
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-'- 8-,'
,-.
'Ire
4e
t:t
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Sooo
6
/,0
CC
0 4 rSN
79
I9
L H4CSN
filtration cylinder
____I
//
r"7"
D zA JN
"TO
80
ACL-
1/16"
spacer
platte
for the
1"
filtration
2I
81.0-.o
81
cylinder
-Cot
filtration
2.7"
cylinder
X//z
-,
.400
_0~2 SIX
-49
E42 AL
SO~CKIET
N.OT
30e
PA Cb
I_
bRA
L.N
ra SCiAL-E
82
Ton
filtration cylinder
V NtvP -r
12
D'.
0-600.
C
CHAMFERED
c-625 :t
o-ooo
83i I
4-0O-o
r
NO'
2 74
CL
3- 250
o~t,/
NO-"
83
TOseAL E
filtration cylinder
I '
i I
Ut)
UU
Um
2-- 7-,77
-.
I%'.
9'
0,
84
003
filtration
cylinder
Ail,
x.
=L2_.
p.. ..
7. 71
39~
..80/.2I 02
Goo,
coo
.9,
~L
7-7I0.
IV-/-:200 e2/
\I-- _HOLE/-
A
,"V
II
85
si
<
i D8ILL
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,X
,
"
HOLE.
o
.
1/8"
filtration cylinder
-#0 0.00/ .
2-76"7
-412.5
_.
86
t,
1/16"
2.7"
filtration cylinder
S" -1-0.001
27~7
I.I
. 1 1
'
o6Z
--
8I7
"
87
"
APPENDIX A3
Design of the frame for the filtration assembly
88
Table
of contents
89
Page
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
I n olr
HI
SCREW JACK
3/4"
RUBBER SPIDER
(INCLUDED IN
ITEM II)
(ITEM V)
-5(
COUPLING
20:1
SPEED
REDUCER
IDIA
(ITEM 111)T
BOSTON COUPLING
(ITEM IV)
90
BRACK
COUPLED TO
THE INPUT
PlATF
SUPPORT
-
OP PLT
FRAME
RJACK,.
'
SHAFT OF
THE SCREW
,1T
OFL
TOP VIEW OF THE
COUPLING
SUPPORT
HOUSING THE
GEAR
RDU
CER
EMPTY SLOT
MIDDLE PLATE
MIDDLE PLATE
DRAWN
FIRST BOTTOM-PLATE
91
GEAR REDUCER
Iz
<j
-
-4-4m
<
Ivz
LA
Io
IJ
01I
-u
uj
oo
-lie
m
-)Ul
w
M:
<
z
0
0i
CL
zz
-O
Li
a:
<LL
U,
Z-
92
Lt
BACK-LATE
b
10 CLEARANCE
HOLES ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE AT
BACK-PLATE
.5',
5",10",15',20",
26",32",37",42
", 47"FROM THE
TOP-- 5.S. 1/2"
S.H.C.S. SCREWS
0
BACK PLATE IS
SCREWED ONTO
THE FRAME
THROUGH THESE
20 HOLE
POSITIONS.
47.15
0
CORRESPONDING
THREADS SHOULD
BE TAPPED IN
THE FRAME,
I
S.S. 1/2"
S.H.C.S. SCREWS
16
DRAWN
SCAL
93
0.5"
Lii
Z(
a.
WU
I. '
wZ
<n
LL.
zc
-J
U)i
f
5
0-
-JV)_j-n
'0
-0
<
0-
LL
Lr))
c0
0U1
> z
~00
0
J 0.
0
0d
fLJ Ln
u- wn
014
W
j
F-w
LJ
094
L)<
cc
L A0C
0a0
-z V
BACKPLATE
0
c
c)
95
w
U)
z-
LLIU
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T<
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)-
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0
W
U)
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FHU.
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z
V)
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07
0--F
-j
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060
Lu
7-w
u0
0<
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j I-
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c
cZ
96
CLL
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LLo
wr
L)
LAJLA
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UU
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Lei
w
CA*
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0
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F-
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u-I
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or
F-
<-J
-J
=)
II
z
U) -
z
r~
m W.
<
mO
-ic
CC
< d
<
woa
u
oj
0-
Lu w
gU
V) CL
mU
c0-
cr
J
97
,-1
I-q
C;u
0
-.-
"
*-
V!
z
F-
=o0 (n0
o3
:b.
Ez98
98
P.
SECOND BOTTOM-PLATE
16"
0.25 THICK
I K-13.5"
Material of construction
NOT
DRAWN
TO
SCALE
99
SUPPORT
Material of construction
ALUMINIUM (ANY KIND)
APPROX. 4"
S1
APPROX.
3"
APPROX. 0.5"
1
NOT
APPROX. 5"
DRAWN
TO
SCALE
100
APPENDIX B
Coagulation
101
Coagulant
(4sec
E2 0
63.1
20% MSAIH 2 0
41.0
307
"1
32.4
40
"
"
21.2
50%
"
"
15.5
50
meOm
35 - 39
37. MSA/me0H
25.8
26.6
10%
"
%
207.
"
307.
"
"
20.4 - 23.9
407.
"
"
18.2 - 20.2
507.
"
"
16.3
607.
"
"
15.2
"
23.2 - 25.2
(incomplete coag.)
57. MeOH/xylene
107.
"
19.4
it
107. MeOH/CtfCI
(incomplete coag.)
107. MeOH/triethanolamine
9.0
50% MeOH/triethanolamine
18.4
27.0
C2 H5 0H
n-propanol
16.8
10% MSAIC 2 H5 OH
"
16.1
glycerol
5.7
triethanolamine
8.2
20% "
507. MeOH/glycerol
507. MeOH/CHC1 3
11
25.4
Region
*'U.S. GOVERNmENTPRINTING OFFICE: 1992-648-127/62426
102
5,