Lehmann IA SSM Ch2

Chapter 2
Modeling with Linear Functions

Homework 2.1
c.
In 1997, t = 17. Notice on the scattergram,

when t = 17, n is approximately 4.
Therefore, the number of collisions in 1997
is estimated at 4000.
d.
When n = 1, t is approximately 27, which

represents the year 2007. Therefore, it is
estimated that in 2007, the number of
collisions will be one thousand.
Extrapolation was used to determine the
number of collisions.
e.
The n-intercept for this linear model is (0,

8.8). This means that in 1980 (t = 0), there
were 8800 collisions.
f.
The t-intercept for this model is (30.4, 0).

This means that in the year 2010 (t = 30), it
is predicted that there will be no collisions.
This is extremely unlikely and gives an
obviously false prediction. Model
breakdown has occurred.
1. a.
b.
c.
d.

when t = 13, p is approximately 43.5.
Therefore, 43.5% of deaths due to car
accidents in 1993 were due to drunk driving.
5. a.
When p = 51, t is approximately 8, which

represents 1988. Therefore, it is estimated
that 51% of deaths due to car accidents were
due to drunk driving in 1988.
3. a.
b.
b.
31
c.
The n-intercept for this linear model is (0,

18.8). This means that in 1995 (t = 0), there
were 18.8 million Internet users.
d.
The number of Internet users is increasing by

approximately 20 million users per year.
Homework 2.1
e.
SSM: Intermediate Algebra

9. a.
When n = 287, t is approximately 12, which

represents 1995 + 12 = 2007. This means
that in the year 2007, everyone is the United
States will be an Internet user. This is highly
unlikely. It is extremely improbable that
everyone in the United States will ever
become an Internet user. This shows that
model breakdown has occurred.
7. a.
b.
b.
According to the model, the value of a share

on January 1, 2001 was approximately $150.
c.
c.

when t = 14, n is approximately $175. This
is an overestimate of $25 by the model.
d.

when t = 16, n is approximately $190. This
is an overestimate of $30 by the model.
e.
Answers may vary.
d.
f.
32
The difference between the estimated value

and the actual value of the stock on January
1, 2001 is $150 $43 = $107. The model
did not take into account the investors
sudden lack of confidence in dot-com stocks
that occurred after January 2000.
11. a.
To find the t-intercept, estimate the number

of years since 1990 when D = 0. This
estimate is approximately (7, 0). This point
represents that in the year 1997 (t = 7), the
percentages of sound recording sales for both
pop and rap/hip-hop were the same.
b.
To find the D-intercept, estimate when t = 0.

This estimate is approximately (0, 5.2). This
point represents a 5.2% difference in the
percentage of sales between pop and rap/hiphop. In the year 1990, pop sound recordings
outsold rap/hip-hop sound recordings by
approximately 5.2%.
Homework 2.2

13. Answers may vary. A linear model is a linear
function that describes the relationship between
two quantities for a true-to-life situation. Every
linear model is a linear function. However, not
every linear function is a linear model.
Functions are used both to describe situations
and to describe certain mathematical
relationships between two variables.
5. Check the scatterplot obtained from the graphing

calculator.
Student C made the best choice of points. The

line obtained by student A will have a slope that
is not as steep as the actual slope. The line
obtained by student B will have a slope that is
steeper than the actual slope.
15. Answers may vary.

Homework 2.2
1.
7. a.
In this model, m will be the same as the original

model. However, the value of b will increase.
b.
3. Use (3, 5) and (7, 15) to write the equation of the

line. First, find the slope.
15 5 10 5
m=
=
=
7 3
4 2
So, y = 2.5x + b. Substitute 3 for x and 5 for y
since the line contains (3, 5) and then solve for b.
y = mx + b
Use the points (75, 14.3) and (100, 33.2) to

find the equation of the line.
33.2 14.3 18.9
=
0.77
m=
100 75
25
So, y = 0.77x + b. Substitute 75 for x and
14.3 for y since the line contains (75, 14.3)
and then solve for b.
y = mx + b
14.3 = 0.77 ( 75 ) + b
14.3 = 57.75 + b
5
(3) + b
2
10 15
= +b
2
2
5
=b
2
The equation of the line is y = 2.5x 2.5. (Your
equation may be slightly different if you chose
different points.) Use the graphing calculator to
check your results.
5=
43.45 = b
The equation of the line is y = 0.77x 43.45.
(Your equation may be slightly different if
you chose two other points.)
c.
9. a.
33
Homework 2.2
b.
No, the data point (10, 184) does not fit the
pattern of the rest of the data. This could
have happened for a number of reasons
including the illness of the student after
having had 10 drinks.
c.
Use the points (0, 80) and (9, 135) to find the
equation of the line.
135 80 55
=
6.1
m=
90
9
So, y = 6.1x + b. Substitute 0 for x and 80
for y since the line contains (0, 80) and then
solve for b.
y = mx + b

13. a.
b.
80 = 6.1(0 ) + b
Use the points (69, 51.7) and (83, 47.99) to

find the equation of the line.
47.99 51.7 3.71
=
0.27
m=
83 69
14
So, y = 0.27x + b. Substitute 69 for x and
51.7 for y since the line contains (69, 51.7)
and then solve for b.
y = mx + b
51.7 = 0.27 (69 ) + b
80 = b
The equation of the line is y = 6.1x + 80.
you chose different points.)
51.7 = 18.63 + b
70.33 = b
The equation of the line is
y = 0.27x +70.33. (Your equation may be
slightly different if you chose different
points.)
11. a.
c.
b.
Use the points (6, 97) and (11, 78) to find the
equation of the line.
97 78 19
=
= 3.8
m=
6 11 5
solve for b.
y = mx + b
15. a.
97 = 3.8 (6 ) + b
97 = 22.8 + b
119.8 = b
The equation of the line is y = 3.8x + 119.8.
c.
34
b.
Yes, the model predicts that the womens

record time will equal the mens record time.
This will happen in the year 2003 with a
record time of approximately 42.6 seconds.
c.
Yes, the model predicts that the womens

record time will be less than the mens
record time in years 2004 and after.
Homework 2.3

17. a.
b.
19. a.
b.
Use the points (6, 1.7) and (10, 0.5) to find

the equation of the line.
1.7 0.5 1.2
=
= 0.3
m=
4
6 10
So, y = 0.3x + b. Substitute 6 for x and 1.7
for y since the line contains (6, 1.7) and then
solve for b.
y = mx + b
Use the points (23, 34) and (43, 84) to find

84 34 50
=
= 2.5
m=
43 23 20
solve for b.
y = mx + b
1.7 = 0.3 (6 ) + b
34 = 2.5 ( 23 ) + b
1.7 = 1.8 + b
34 = 57.5 + b
23.5 = b
The equation of the line is y = 2.5x 23.5.
3.5 = b
c.
c.
d.
Homework 2.3
1. 1.3 y + x = 17
Substitute 2 for x and solve for y.
3 y + 2 = 17
3 y = 15
y=5
The regression equation from the graphing

calculator is y = 0.28x + 3.32.
3. 3 y 2 x = 27
3 y 2 ( 4 ) = 27
3 y 8 = 27
3 y = 19
19
y=
3
e.
The models are so similar that it is difficult

to distinguish them on the graphing
calculator screen.
5. 2 y 6 x = 49
35
Homework 2.3
2 y 6 ( 5 ) = 49
2 y + 30 = 49
2 y = 79
y=
79
2
7. 5 ( y + 5 ) = 11 + 4 x
19.
1
1
g = 6 4 = 1 4 = 3
6

6
21.
2
2
g = 6 4 = 4 4 = 8
3
3
23.
f ( a ) = 4 ( a ) 1 = 4 ( a ) 1
25.
f ( a + 1) = 4 ( a + 1) 1 = 4a 4 1 = 4a 5
27.
f ( a + h ) = 4 ( a + h ) 1 = 4a 4h 1

5 ( y + 5 ) = 11 + 4 ( 1)
5 y 25 = 11 4
5 y 25 = 15
5 y = 10
y = 2
9. 2.7 y 3.8 x = 5.9
Substitute 6.6 for x and solve for y.
2.7 y 3.8 (6.6 ) = 5.9
2.7 y 25.08 = 5.9
2.7 y = 30.98
y 11.47
11.
13.
15.
f (1) = 3 (1) + 2 = 3 + 2 = 1
29. To find x when f ( x ) = 6 , substitute 6 for f ( x )
f (9 ) = 3 (9 ) + 2 = 27 + 2 = 25
and solve for x.

6 = 3 x + 7
3x = 1
1
x=
3
31. To find x when f ( x ) = 4.9 , substitute 4.9 for
f ( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) + 2 = 6 + 2 = 8
f ( x ) and solve for x.
4.9 = 3 x + 7
3 x = 11.9
x 4.0
33.
17.
To find x when f ( x ) =
g ( 2.3) = 6 ( 2.3) 4 = 13.8 4 = 9.8

36
2
2
, substitute for
3
3
Homework 2.3

2
= 2x 5
3
13
= 2x
3
13
x=
6
35. To find x when f ( x ) = a , substitute a for

a = 2x 5
a + 5 = 2x
1
5
x = a+
2
2
55.
f ( x ) or y = 3x
To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.
y = 3(0) = 0
To find the x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x.
0 = 3x
0=x
57.
f ( x ) or y = 5 is the equation of a horizontal

line. The y-intercept of the line will be y = 5.
There is no x-intercept.
59.
37. Since the line contains the point (6, 4),

f(6) = 4.

0 = 2.1x 4.2
4.2 = 2.1x
39. Since the line contains the point (3, 1), f(3) = 1.
2 = x
41. Since the line contains the point (2.5, 1.2),

f(2.5) = 1.2.
61.
1
x3
2
1
y = ( 0 ) 3 = 3
2
1
0 = x3
2
1
3= x
2
6=x
63.
x 1 + 2 x = 3 x 9 x + 17
43. Since the line contains the point (6, 0), x = 6

when f(x) or y = 0.
when f(x) or y = 3.
47.
9
9 1
Since the line contains the point , , x =
2
2
2
1
or 4.5 when f(x) or y = .
2
49. f ( 2 ) = 4
f ( x ) or y =
3 x 1 = 6 x + 17
51. When f ( x ) = 2 , x is 1.
53.
f ( x ) or y = 2.1x 4.2
y = 2.1( 0 ) 4.2 = 4.2
9 x 1 = 17
9 x = 18
f ( x ) or y = 5 x 8
y = 5 (0 ) 8
x=2
65. 3 6 ( 2 x ) = x ( 4 x )
y = 08
3 12 + 6 x = x 4 + x
y = 8
0 = 5x 8
9 + 6 x = 2 x 4
9 + 4 x = 4
4x = 5
8 = 5x
x=
8
=x
5
37
5
4
Homework 2.3
67. 0.5 ( x 3.9 ) + 2 = 2.12 x 7
c.
88.86 = 0.81t
0.5 x 1.95 + 2 = 2.12 x 7
t 110
When p = 43, t 110 . This means that the
percentage of out of wedlock births will hit
40% in the year 1900 + 110 = 2010.
0.5 x + 0.05 = 2.12 x 7

1.62 x = 7.05
x 4.35
69. 4 ( x 2 ) 3 ( x 1) = 2 ( x + 6 )
d.
t 180
In the year 1900 + 180 = 2080, all births will
be out of wedlock.
x 5 = 2 x + 12
x = 17
x = 17
e.
1
1 2
x =
3
4 3
1
1
2
12 x = 12
3
4
3
4x 3 = 8
73.
11
4
81. a.
3
5 1
x =
4
8 2
5
3
1
8 x = 8
8
4
2
6 x 5 = 4
b.
75.
9
3
=
6
2
0 =1
This is a contradiction. There is no value for x
for which the equation is true.
77. Both solutions are correct since x = 2 in the
equation 2 x + 4 = 0 . However, Student 1 used
unnecessary steps to find the solution.
b.
To find the T-intercept, set n = 0 and solve

for T.
T = 5.85 (0 ) + 81.18
c.
This model is an increasing function. This

means that the more drinks the student
consumes, the more time it takes to complete
the task.
d.
From the graphing calculator table, we have:

f(0) = 81.18,
f(1) = 87.03,
f(2) = 92.88,
f(3) = 98.73,
f(4) = 104.58,
f(5) = 110.43,
f(6) = 116.27,
f(7) = 112.13,
f(8) = 127.98,
f(9) = 133.83,
f(10) = 139.68.
According to the model, f(4) = 104.58. This
shows an error of 0.42 and this is the least
error in the tables. The estimate for f(10) is
139.68, an error of 44.32, which is the
greatest error in the table. This large error is
due to the fact that (10, 184) does not fit the
pattern of the rest of the data.
x = x +1
79. a.
f ( n ) = 5.85n + 81.18
T = 81.18
The T-intercept is (0, 81.18). This means
that it took the student approximately 81
seconds to complete the task when sober.
6 x = 9
x=
Find p, when t = 1997 1900 = 97.

f (97 ) = 0.81(97 ) 45.86
= 78.57 45.86 = 32.71
This means that in the year 1997, the
percentage of births out of wedlock will be
32.71%. Since the actual percentage was
32.4%, the error was 32.71% 32.4% =
0.31%.
4 x = 11
x=
100 = 0.81t 45.86

145.86 = 0.81t
4 x 8 3 x + 3 = 2 x + 12
71.
43 = 0.81t 45.86
f (t ) = 0.81t 45.86
f (108 ) = 0.81(108 ) 45.86
= 87.48 45.86 = 41.62
When t = 108, p = 41.62. This means that in
the year 1900 + 108 = 2008, the percentage
of births out of wedlock will be 41.62%.
38
Homework 2.3

83. a.
b.
The data points lie close to the line that

passes through (0, 32) and (100, 212). To
find the equation for f, start by finding the
slope using these points.
212 32 180
m=
=
= 1.8
100 0 100
So, f(c) = 1.8c + b. To solve for b, substitute
0 for C and 32 for f(c) since the line contains
(0, 32).
32 = 1.8(0) + b
32 = b
The equation for f is f(c) = 1.8c + 32.
This is also the linear regression equation.
This model fits the extremely well.
Use the points (1, 452) and (10, 666) to find

666 452 214
=
23.8
m=
10 1
9
solve for b.
y = mx + b
452 = 23.8 (1) + b
452 = 23.8 + b
428.2 = b
b.
If it is 25oC , it is 77o F .
c.
Graphing the line with the scatterplot, we see

that the model fits the data very well.
c.
d.
f ( 25 ) = 1.8 ( 25 ) + 32 = 45 + 32 = 77
Since 2001 1990 = 11, find f(11).

f (11) = 23.8 (11) + 428.2
= 261.8 + 428.2 = 690
According to the model, 690 million
enplanements were made in 2001. The
actual number of enplanements was 622
million. This is an error of 68 million
enplanements.
40 = 1.8c + 32
8 = 1.8c
8
=c
1.8
c 4.4
If it is 40o F , it is 4.4oC .
87. a.
The data points lie close to the line that

passes through (94, 4.5) and (98, 5.7). To
find the equation for f, start by finding the
slope using these points.
5.7 4.5 1.2
m=
=
= 0.3
98 94
4
So, f(t) = 0.3t + b. To solve for b, substitute
94 for t and 4.5 for f(t) since the line contains
(94, 4.5).
4.5 = 0.3 (94 ) + b
68 million enplanements is equivalent to

68
= 17 million round trips. If on average
4
each round trip is $500, the airlines lost
17 $500 = $8500 million or $8.5 billion.
85. a.
4.5 = 28.2 + b
23.7 = b
The equation for f is f(t) = 0.3c 23.7.
This model fits the very well.
39
Homework 2.3

d.
b.
c.
d.
= 44.64 23.64 = 21
This means that 21% of the students who
score in the 16 20 range pass the
intermediate algebra course. If 145 students
scored in this range, we could expect 21% or
0.21 145 31 students to pass.
f (99 ) = 0.3 (99 ) 23.7 = 29.7 23.7 = 6

This means that in the year 1999, there were
6 thousand or 6,000 male-female pairs of
bald eagles.
e.
f (15 ) = 0.3 (15 ) 23.7 = 5 23.7 = 18.7

This means that in the year 1915, there were
a negative number of bald eagle pairs. This
cannot be the case. Model breakdown has
occurred.
p = 2.48 (33) 23.64 = 58.2
p = 2.48 (38) 23.64 = 70.6
10 = 0.3t 23.7
p = 2.48 ( 43) 23.64 = 83
p = 2.48 ( 48 ) 23.64 = 95.4

Next, multiply each of the percentages by the
number of students in that category.
0.334 94 = 31.4 students
0.458 44 = 20.2 students
0.582 19 = 11.1 students
0.706 12 = 8.5 students
0.83 9 = 7.5 students
0.954 4 = 3.8 students
Add these results to obtain the total number
of students, 82.5. This means that of
students who scored at least 21 points on the
placement test, approximately 83 students
will pass the class.
33.7
=t
0.3
t = 112.3
This means that there will be 10,000 malefemale pairs of bald eagles in the year 1900
+ 112 = 2012.
89. a.
b.
From year to year the changes are 0.3, 0.4,

0.2, 0.2, and 0.4 . On average it is 0.3
thousand pairs per year. This is the same as
the slope. Answers may vary.
f ( x ) = 2.48 x 23.64
91. a.
100 = 2.48 x 23.64

123.64 = 2.48 x
x 50
This means that the cutoff score would have
to be 50 (out of 50) to ensure that all students
succeed in the intermediate algebra course.
c.
First calculate the percentages for each of the

score groups.
p = 2.48 ( 23) 23.64 = 33.4
p = 2.48 ( 28 ) 23.64 = 45.8
33.7 = 0.3t
e.
For the 16 20 range, we use a score of 18

to represent the group. Find the percentage
for x = 18.
p = 2.48 (18 ) 23.64
0 = 2.48 x 23.64
23.64 = 2.48 x
From the information given, we have the

data points (0, 640) and (4, 0). Use these
points to find the slope of the equation for f.
640 0 640
m=
=
= 160
04
4
So, f(t) = 160t + b. To solve for b,
substitute 0 for t and 640 for f(t) since the
line contains (0, 640).
640 = 160 (0 ) + b
640 = b
The equation for f is f(t) = 160t + 640.
x 10
This means that for scores 10 and under, no
students would succeed in the intermediate
algebra course.
40
Homework 2.4

b.
c.
d.
c.
Since it takes 4 hours to pump out the water,

the domain is 0 t 4 . Since the water
level is at 640 cubic feet before starting to
pump, the range is 0 f (t ) 640 .
5. a.
b.
93. When f(3) = 5, the input for f is 3 and the output

is 5. Possible equations for f will vary. Sample
equations are as follows.
f ( x ) = 2x 1
Homework 2.4
b.
3. a.
d.
Since the distance the student drives

increases by 70 miles per hour, the slope is
70.
3
4
5
t
b.
Find n when the cost of the regular plan will

be $23.90.
23.90 = 2.5t + 4.95
7.58 = t
When a customer is online more than 7.58
hours, the flat rate plan is a better deal.
7. a.
Number Paying Bills Online

t
n
0
1.7 + 0 ( 2.1)
2
An equation for f is in the form f(t) = mt + b.

Since the cost is $4.95 when the customer is
online for 0 hours, b = 4.95. So, f(t) = 2.5t +
4.95.
18.95 = 2.5t
An equation for f is in the form f(t) = mt + b.

Since the distance is 0 when t = 0, b = 0. So,
f(t) = 70t.
Since the cost per hour is $2.50, the slope is

2.5.
c.
1
f (x) = x + 4
3
5
f (x) = x
3
1. a.
The slope of the model is 2.1. This means

that 2.1 million more U.S. households each
year are paying bills online.
b.
An equation for f is in the form f(n) = mn +

b. Since the cost of tuition is $1224.60 even
when no textbooks are rented, b = 1224.60.
So, f(n) = 15.75t + 1224.60.
c.
Find when f ( n ) is $1303.35.
1.7 + 1( 2.1)
1.7 + 2 ( 2.1)
1.7 + 3 ( 2.1)
1.7 + 4 ( 2.1)
Since the rental fee is $15.75 per textbook,

the slope is 15.75.
1303.35 = 15.75n + 1224.60
1.7 + 5 ( 2.1)
78.75 = 15.75n
1.7 + t ( 2.1)
n=5
The total cost, f ( n ) , is $1303.35 when 5
n = 1.7 + t ( 2.1) or n = 2.1t + 1.7
textbooks are rented.
41
Homework 2.4
9. a.
b.
c.
Since 0.05 gallons of gas are being used each

mile, the slope is 0.05. This means that for
every mile that is driven, the amount of gas
in the tank decreases by 0.05 gallons.
Use the first and last data points, (0, 70) and
(50, 52) to find the slope.
70 52 18
=
= 0.36
m=
0 50 50
So, the equation is of the form
f (t ) = 0.36t + b . Substitute 0 for t and
An equation for g is in the form g(x) = mx +

b. Since at the beginning of the trip, there
are 15.3 gallons of gas in the tank, when x =
0, b = 15.3. So, f(t) = 0.05t + 15.3.
70 for f (t ) and solve for b.

70 = 0.36 (0 ) + b
70 = 0 + b
To find the x-intercept, let g(x) = 0 and solve

for x.
0 = 0.05 x + 15.3
70 = b
The equation is f (t ) = 0.36t + 70 .
15.3 = 0.05 x
Graphing the equation on the same graph as

the scattergram, we see that the equation fits
the data fairly well.
306 = x
The x-intercept is (306, 0). This means that
when 306 miles have been driven, the gas
tank will be empty.
d.
Since the car can be driven between 0 and

306 miles on the 15.3 gallon tank of gas, the
domain is 0 x 306 .
e.
Find x when g(x) = 1.

1 = 0.05 x + 15.3
b.
The slope of f is 0.36. This means that the

percentage of the worlds population that
lives in rural areas decreases by 0.36 of one
percent each year.
c.
When no one lives in a rural area, f ( t) = 0.

0 = 0.36t + 70
14.3 = 0.05 x
286 = x
The car can be driven 286 miles before
refueling.
70 = 0.36t
11. The slope of the model is 1.70. This means that

the average salary for professors at four-year
public colleges is increasing by $1.7 thousand or
$1700 per year.
194 t
This means that in the year 1950 + 194 =
2144, no one in the world will live in a rural
area. It is highly improbable that there will
ever be a time that no one lives in a rural
area. Also, it is highly unlikely that a
mathematical model will be valid for a span
of nearly 200 years.
13. The slope of the model is 0.27. This means

that the record time for the womens 400 -meter
run is decreasing by 0.27 seconds each year.
15. Yes, t and c are linearly related. The slope is
0.99. This means that for every minute the
person talks, there is an additional charge of
$0.99.
17. a.
19. a.
Create a scattergram using the data in the

table.

table.
Use the first and last data points, (5, 2977)

and (10, 3774) to find the slope.
3774 2977 797
=
= 159.4
m=
10 5
5
42
Homework 2.4

f (t ) = 159.4t +b . Substitute 5 for t and
c.
The slope of f is $159.40 and the slope of g

is $955. This tells us that the tuition at
private schools is increasing more rapidly
that the tuition at public schools.
d.
Calculate the tuition for each of the 4 years.

Since t is in years since 1990, calculate f(17),
f(18), f(19) and f(20), as well as, g(17),
g(18), g(19) and g(20).
We can use the table feature of the graphing
calculator to determine these values.
2977 for f (t ) and solve for b.

2977 = 159.4 (5 ) + b
2977 = 797 + b
2180 = b
The equation is f (t ) = 159.4t + 2180 .
the data fairly well.
b.
So, for public colleges, the cost of a fouryear program will be $4890 + $5049 +
$5209 + $5368 + $5527 = $20,994.
Similarly, for private colleges, the cost of a
four-year program will be $25,977 + $26,952
+ $27,907 + $28,862 + $29,817 = $139,515.

table.
21. a.
Use the first and last data points, (5, 14,537)

and (10, 19,312) to find the slope.
19,312 14,537 4775
m=
=
= 955
10 5
5
g (t ) = 955t + b . Substitute 5 for t and
b.
t
0
1
2
3
4
5
f(t)
0
500
1000
1500
1900
2300
2977 for g (t ) and solve for b.
14,537 = 955 (5 ) + b
14,537 = 4775 + b
9762 = b
The equation is g (t ) = 955t + 9762 .
the data very well.
43
c.
It will take some amount of time to

decelerate from 500 mph to 400 mph.
Answers may vary.
d.
The constant rate of change property does

not apply in this exercise. Since the rate is
500 miles per hour for the first few hours
and 400 miles per hour for the next 2 hours,
the rate of change is not constant. Since we
do not have a constant rate of change, we
cannot say that the relationship between the
variables is linear.
Chapter 2 Review Exercises
23. Answers may vary. One example is as follows.
4.
2
3
x 1 =
3
4
2
3
x 1+ 1 = + 1
3
4
2
7
x=
3
4
3 2
7 3
x=
2 3
4 2
21
x=
8
25. Answers may vary. One example is as follows.
5.
f (3) = 5(3) + 9
= 15+ 9
= 6
6.
f (0) = 5(0) + 9
= 0 +9
=9
7.
f (2) = 5(2) + 9
= 10 + 9
= 19
8.
f (6.89) = 5(6.89) + 9
= 34.45 + 9
= 25.45
9.
2
2
f = 5 + 9
5
5
=2+9
= 11
10.
f ( a + 1) = 5(a + 1) + 9
= 5a 5 + 9
= 5a + 4
11.
9 = 2x + 3
9 3 = 2x + 3 3
6 = 2x
3=x
x =3
12.
0 = 2x + 3
0 2x = 2x + 3 2x
2 x = 3
3
x=
2
13.
6 = 2 x + 3
6 3 = 2 x + 3 3
9 = 2 x
9
9
= x or x =
2
2

1. 1. 3x 5 = x + 8
3x 5 x = x + 8 x
2x 5 = 8
2x 5 + 5 = 8 + 5
2 x = 13
13
x=
2
2. 3( x 2) + 1 = x 7( x +1)
3x 6 + 1 = x 7 x 7
3x 5 = 6x 7
3x 5 + 6 x = 6x 7 + 6 x
9x 5 = 7
9 x 5 + 5 = 7 + 5
9 x = 2
2
x=
9
3.
1.2(x 3.1) = 4.8 x + 7.4

1.2 x 3.72 = 4.8 x + 7.4
1.2 x 3.72 4.8x = 4.8 x + 7.4 4.8x
3.6 x 3.72 = 7.4
3.6 x 3.72 + 3.72 = 7.4 + 3.72
3.6x = 11.12
11.12
x=
3.6
x 3.09
44

14.
15.
1.81 = 2 x + 3
1.81 3 = 2 x + 3 3
1.19 = 2 x
1.19
=x
2
0.595 = x
x = 0.595
24. Since the point (7, 4) lies on the graph, f(7) =

4.
25. Since x is 0 when f(x) = 1, f(0) = 1.
26. Since x is 1 when f(x) = 2, f(2) = 1.
27. When f(x) = 0, x = 4.
2
= 2x + 3
3
28. When f(x) = 2, x = 1.
2
3 = 2x + 3 3
3
7
= 2x
3
1 7 1
= 2x
2 3 2
7
7
= x or x =
6
6
16.
29.
y = 0+3
y=3
0 = 7 x + 3
3 = 7 x
a = 2x + 3
a 3 = 2x + 3 3
a 3 = 2x
1
1
(a 3) = 2 x
2
2
a3
=x
2
a3
x=
2
x=
30.
3 3
=
7 7
f ( x ) or y = 3.1x 5.7
y = 3.1( 0 ) 5.7
y = 0 5.7
y = 5.7
0 = 3.1x 5.7
5.7 = 3.1x

2.
18.
f ( x ) or y = 7 x + 3
y = 7 (0 ) + 3
Since the point 0, lies on the graph,

2
1
f (0 ) = .
2
5.7
3.1
x 1.84
x=

0.
1.
3.
0.
2.
45
31.
f ( x ) or y = 4 is the equation of a horizontal

line. The y-intercept of the line will be y = 4.
There is no x-intercept.
32.
4
f ( x ) or y = x + 2
7
4
y = (0) + 2
7
y = 0+2
y=2
4
0 = x+2
7
4
2 = x
7
7
2 = x
4
7
2 = x
4
7
x=
2
e.
Since the car can be driven for 7.22 hours

before running out of gas, the domain is
0 t 7.22 . Since the gas tank has between
0 and 13 gallons of gas, the range is
0 f 13 .
35. a.
Since the average household income

increases by $1309 per year, the slope of g is
1309.
b.
In 1995, t = 0 and the average household

income was $50,500. Therefore, our
intercept is 50,500. Since the slope is 1309,
the equation for g is g (t ) = 1309t + 50,500 .
c.
To find g(12), substitute 12 for t.

g (12 ) = 1309 (12 ) + 50,500
= 15, 708 + 50,500 = 66, 208
The average household income in 1995 + 12
= 2007 will be $66,208.
d.
Substitute 70,000 for g(t) and solve for t.

70, 000 = 1309t + 50,500
19,500 = 1309t
14.90 = t
The average household income will be
$70,000 in the year 1995 + 15 = 2010.
33.
The "New line" has an increased slope since it is

steeper than the "Model." The y-intercept is
lower in the "New line" equation since it
intersects the y-axis at a lower point than the
"Model."
34. a.
The students car has 13 gallons of gas in the

tank when no hours have been driven, so
when t = 0, b = 13. Since the car uses 1.8
gallons of gas per hour, the slope is 1.8.
An equation for f is f (t ) = 1.8t + 13 .
b.
The slope of f is 1.8. This means that the

amount of gasoline decreases at a constant
rate of 1.8 gallons per hour of driving.
c.
To find the A-intercept of f, let t = 0.

A = f (t ) = 1.8 (0 ) + 13 = 0 + 13 = 13
36. a.
The A-intercept is (0, 13). This represents the

fact that before the student leaves the gas
station and before any time has been spent
driving (t = 0), the car has 13 gallons of gas
in the tank.
d.
To find0 the t-intercept

1.8t 13 of f, let f (t) = 0.
0 1.8t0 = 1.8
1.8tt + 13 1.8t
1.8t = 13
13
t=
1.8
t 7.22
The t-intercept is (7.22, 0). This means that
the student can drive for 7.22 hours before
running out of gas.
46
Use the first three steps of the modeling

process to find the equation for f. Begin by
creating a scattergram of the data.
A line that comes close to the data points

passes through (59, 8.0) and (65, 11.0). Use
these points to find the slope of the line.
11.0 8.0 3
m=
= = .5
65 59
6
So f (t) = 0.5t + b. To solve for b, substitute
59 for t and 8.0 for f(t) since the line contains
(59, 8.0).
8.0 = .5(59) + b
8.0 = 29.5 + b
21.5 = b
b = 21.5
The equation of the line is f (t) = 0.5t 21.5.
you chose 2 other points. The linear
regression equation is
This equation will be used for f in parts bd.)
The graph of the model fits the data fairly
well.

regression equation is f (t) = 0.55t 25.13.
This equation will be used for f in parts bd.)
The graph of the model fits the data fairly
well.
b.
In the year 2008, t = 108. Find f(108).

f (108 ) = 0.55 (108 ) 25.13
= 59.4 25.13 = 34.27
This means that 34.27% of Californians will
approve of the split in 2008.
c.
To find 0the 0.55t

of f, let f (t) = 0.
t-intercept
25.13
0 25.13
0.55t
25.13
t
0 = 0.55 25.13 25.13
25.13 = 0.55t
25.13
=t
0.55
t 45.69
The t-intercept is (45.69, 0). This means that
in 1900 + 45 = 1945, no Californians
approved of splitting California into two
states.
d.
A majority of Californians would be reached

when the percent is greater than 50. To find
when a majority will be reached, let
f (t) = 50 and solve for t.
50
50 + 25.13
75.13
75.13
0.55
t
g(100) = 0.80(100) + 24.44

= 104.44
This means that in the year 2000 (t = 100),
104 percent of CEOs and presidents of large
companies will have at least a bachelor's
degree. Model breakdown has occurred since
this is an impossible prediction. A percent
cannot be over 100.
c.
100 = 0.80t + 24.44

75.56 = 0.80t
75.56
=t
0.80
t = 94.45
According to this model, 100 percent of
CEOs and presidents of large companies had
at least a bachelor's degree in 1900 + 94 =
1994.
d.
Since percents range from 0 to 100, model

breakdown occurs when g (t ) < 0 or
= 0.55t 25.13
= 0.55t 25.13 + 25.13
= 0.55t
=t
= 136.6
According to this model, after the year 2037

(t = 137), a majority of Californians will be
in favor of splitting California into two
states. Answers may vary.
37. a.
b.
g (t ) > 100 . We found in part c of this

exercise that g(t) = 100 in 1994. Therefore,
model breakdown occurs for years after
1994. To find when g(t) < 0, solve for t
when g(t)=0.
0 = 0.80t + 24.44
24.44 = 0.80t
24.44
=t
0.80
t = 30.55

process to find the equation for g. Begin by
creating a scattergram of the data.
A line that is close to the data points passes

through (0, 27) and (87, 94). Use these
points to find the slope of the line.
So
Since the g-intercept for
this line is (0, 27), b = 27. The equation for g
47
Chapter 2 Test
Since t is years since 1900, when t = 31,

the year is 1869. As a result, model
breakdown occurs in all years before 1869.
It can be argued that since the model is for
years since 1900, it is not valid for any year
prior to 1900. So, model breakdown occurs
for years prior to 1900 and subsequent to
1994.
2 = 4 x + 7
5 = 4 x
5
5
= x or x =
4
4
11. To find the x-intercept, let f ( x ) = 0 and solve
for x.
0 = 3x 7
7 = 3x
7
=x
3
7
x=
3
7
The x-intercept is , 0 . To find the y3
intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y or
f (x) since y = f (x) .
y = 3(0) 7
y = 7
The y-intercept is (0, 7).
e.
Chapter 2 Test
Since the line contains the point (6, 1),
1. 1.
f (6 ) = 1 .
f (3) = 0.
12. To find the x-intercept, let g( x ) = 0 and solve

for x.
0 = 2 x
0= x
x=0
The x-intercept is (0, 0). To find the y-intercept,
let x = 0 and solve for y or g(x) since y = g(x)
y = 2(0)
y=0

f (0) = 1.
4.
Since the line contains the point 5, 3 ,
8
f (5) = or approximately 2.7.
3
13. To find the x-intercept, let h(x) = 0 and solve

for x.
0 = 2.5x + 10
10 = 2.5x
10
=x
2.5
4 = x
x = 4
let x = 0 and solve for y or h(x) since y = h(x).
y = 2.5(0) +10
y = 10

x = 6 when f (x) = 3.
x = 3 when f ( x ) = 2.
when f (x) = 0.
8. Since the line contains the point (4.5, 0.5),
x = 4.5 when f (x) = 0.5.
9. To find f ( 3) , substitute 3 for x.
f ( 3) = 4 ( 3) + 7 = 12 + 7 = 19
10. Find x when f ( x ) = 2 , substitute 2 for f ( x ) .
48
14. To find the x-intercept, let k(x) = 0 and solve

for x.
1
0
x 8
3
1
8
x
3
24 x
x 24
let x = 0 and solve for y or k(x) since y = k(x).
Chapter 2 Test

1
x8
3
1
8= x
3
24 = x
x = 24
let x = 0 and solve for y or k(x) since y = k(x).
1
y = (0) 8
3
y = 8
d.
0=
19. a.
2(x 5) = 4 x + 3
2x 10 = 4 x + 3
2x 10 4x = 4 x + 3 4 x
2x 10 = 3
2 x 10 + 10 = 3 + 10
2x = 13
13
x=
2
16.
3
1 1
x =
8
4 2
3 1
1
8 x 8 = 8
8 4
2
3x 2 = 4
3x = 6
x=2
Let D(t) = 20,000 and solve for t.

20, 000 = 750t + 8320
11680 = 750t
t 15.6
Therefore, tuition is predicted to be $20,000
in the year 2000 + 16 = 2016.
process. Begin by creating a scattergram
using the data from the table.
15.
A line close to the data points passes through

(20, 150) and (70, 113). Use these points to
find the slope of the line.
113 150 37
=
= .74
70 20
50
So f (A) = 0.74 A + b. To solve for b,
substitute 20 for A and 150 for f (A) since the
line contains (20, 150).
150 = .74(20) + b
150 = 14.8 + b
164.8 = b
The equation for f is f (A) = 0.74A + 164.8.
f (A) = 0.74 A + 164.47. This equation will
be used for f in parts be.) The graph of the
model fits the extremely data well.
m=
18. a.
The rate of change of tuition each year is

$750. When t = 0, tuition is $8320.
Therefore, the equation f is
f (t) = 750t + 8320.
b.
The slope of f is 750. This means that tuition

increases by $750 per year.
c.
To find the D-intercept, let t = 0 and solve

for D. Since we know D = 8320 when t = 0,
the D-intercept is (0, 8320). This means that
the college's tuition was $8320 in the year
1990.
b.
49
Find f (18).
f (18) = 0.74 (18 ) + 164.47
= 13.32 + 164.47 = 151.15
Therefore, the target pulse rate for someone
who is 18 years old is approximately 151
beats per minute.
Chapter 2 Test
c.
Find A when f (A) = 118.

118 = 0.74A + 164.47
46.47 = 0.74A
46.47
=A
0.74
A 62.8
Therefore, according to the model, a person
approximately 63 year of age has a target
pulse rate of 118 beats per minute.
d.
To find the A-intercept, let T or f (A) = 0 and

solve for A.
0 = 0.74A + 164.47
164.47 = 0.74A
164.47
=A
0.74
A 222.26
The A-intercept is (222.26, 0). Model
breakdown has occurred since a person
cannot live to be 222 years old.
e.
20. a.

regression equation is f (t ) = 0.40t 24.82.
This equation will be used for f in parts be.)
The graph of the model fits the data well.
To find the T-intercept, let A = 0 and solve

for T or f (A).
T = 0.74(0) + 164.47
T = 164.47
The T-intercept is (0, 164.47). This means
that a newborn baby (A = 0) has a target
pulse rate of 164 beats per minute. It is
possible that model breakdown has occurred.
It is highly unlikely that one model will be
valid for a persons entire lifespan.
process to find the equation. Begin by
creating a scattergram using the data in the
table.
A line close to the data points passes through

(65, 1.2) and (90, 11.1). Use those points to
find the slope of the line.
11.1 1.2 9.9
m=
=
= .396
90 65
25
So f (t) = 0.396t + b. To solve for b,
substitute 65 for t and 1.2 for f (t) since the
line contains (65, 1.2).
1.2 = 0.396(65) + b
1.2 = 25.74 + b
24.54 = b
b = 24.54
The equation for f is f (t) = 0.396t 24.54.
This equation will be used for f in parts be.)
The graph of the model fits the data well.
50
b.
The slope of the model is 0.40. This means

that the percentage of the military who are
women is increasing by 0.40% each year.
c.
f (100) = 0.40(100) 24.82

= 15.18
This means that 15.2 percent of the military
will be women in the year 2000 (t = 100).
d.
Let f (t) = 100 and solve for t.

100 = 0.40t 24.82
124.82 = 0.40t
124.82
=t
0.40
t = 312.05
This means that 100 percent of the military
will be women in the year 1900 + 312 =
2212.
e.
Model breakdown occurs for certain when

the percent is below 0 or above 100. Find t
when f (t) = 0.
0 = 0.40t 24.82
24.82 = 0.40t
24.82
=t
0.40
t = 62.05
Therefore, model breakdown occurs in years
before 1900 + 62 = 1962, since it is not
possible for a percent to be negative in this
context. We know that, according to the
model, 100 percent of the military will be
women in 2212. Therefore, model
breakdown is occurring in years after 2212.
Therefore, model breakdown occurs when t
< 62.05 and t > 312.05.

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Chapter 2

Modeling with Linear Functions

In 1997, t = 17. Notice on the scattergram,

When n = 1, t is approximately 27, which

The n-intercept for this linear model is (0,

The t-intercept for this model is (30.4, 0).

In 1993, t = 13. Notice on the scattergram,

When p = 51, t is approximately 8, which

The n-intercept for this linear model is (0,

The number of Internet users is increasing by

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

When n = 287, t is approximately 12, which

According to the model, the value of a share

In 1999, t = 14. Notice on the scattergram,

In 2001, t = 16. Notice on the scattergram,

Answers may vary.

The difference between the estimated value

To find the t-intercept, estimate the number

To find the D-intercept, estimate when t = 0.

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

5. Check the scatterplot obtained from the graphing

Student C made the best choice of points. The

15. Answers may vary.

In this model, m will be the same as the original

3. Use (3, 5) and (7, 15) to write the equation of the

Use the points (75, 14.3) and (100, 33.2) to

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Use the points (69, 51.7) and (83, 47.99) to

Yes, the model predicts that the womens

Yes, the model predicts that the womens

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Use the points (6, 1.7) and (10, 0.5) to find

Use the points (23, 34) and (43, 84) to find

The regression equation from the graphing

The models are so similar that it is difficult

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Substitute 1 for x and solve for y.

29. To find x when f ( x ) = 6 , substitute 6 for f ( x )

and solve for x.

f ( x ) and solve for x.

f ( x ) and solve for x.

g ( 2.3) = 6 ( 2.3) 4 = 13.8 4 = 9.8

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

35. To find x when f ( x ) = a , substitute a for

f ( x ) and solve for x.

f ( x ) or y = 5 is the equation of a horizontal

37. Since the line contains the point (6, 4),

To find the x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x.

41. Since the line contains the point (2.5, 1.2),

43. Since the line contains the point (6, 0), x = 6

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

67. 0.5 ( x 3.9 ) + 2 = 2.12 x 7

0.5 x 1.95 + 2 = 2.12 x 7

0.5 x + 0.05 = 2.12 x 7

To find the T-intercept, set n = 0 and solve

This model is an increasing function. This

From the graphing calculator table, we have:

Find p, when t = 1997 1900 = 97.

100 = 0.81t 45.86

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

The data points lie close to the line that

Use the points (1, 452) and (10, 666) to find

Graphing the line with the scatterplot, we see