AMINOGLYCOSIDES.

:
Aminoglycosides that are derived from bacteria of the Streptomyces genus are named with
the suffix mycin, whereas those that are derived from Micromonospora are named with the
suffix micin.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE:The aminoglycosides consist of two or more amino

sugars joined in glycosidic linkage to an hexose nucleus. Different aminoglycosides are
distinguished by the amino sugars attached to the aminocyclitol. Streptomycin differs from
the other aminoglycoside antibiotics in that it contains streptidine rather than 2deoxystreptamine, and the aminocyclitol is not in a central position.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Aminoglycosides action include a large variety of antibiotic mechanisms, some as protein
synthesis inhibitors.they Interfere with the proofreading process, in turn, increasing the rate
of error in premature termination synthesis.

SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY:
These antibiotics are most often used to treat infections involving aerobic, gram-negative
bacteria, such as Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter. In some cases, certain
microbacteria, like the bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis, are vulnerable to this
type of antibiotic. Aminoglycosides are most often used as empiric therapy for serious
infections, including complicated intra-abdominal infections, nosocomial respiratory tract
infections, septicemia, and complicated urinary tract infections. This type of antibiotic is
mostly unable to treat fungi, anaerobic bacteria, and viruses.

GENTAMYCIN AS AN ANTIBIOFILM.
COMMONLY USED BRAND NAME(S):
(1)Alcomicin(2) Garamycin(3)Genoptic Liquifilm(4) Genoptic S.O.P.(5) Gentacidin(6)
Gentafair(7) Gentak(8) Ocu-Mycin(9) Spectro-Genta.
STRUCTUREOF GENTAMYCIN:

CHEMICAL GROUP
aminoglycosides

CHITOSAN WITH GENTAMICIN AGAINST LISTERIA SPECIES

2014:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284708/
INTRODUCTION:
Chitosan is the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, a naturally abundant mucopolysaccharide consisting of 2acetamido-2-deoxy-co-d-glucose. chitosan exhibits anti-biofilm activities and the ability of chitosan to damage
biofilms formed by microbes has been documented. Previously, we have reported a synergistic effect between
streptomycin and chitosan on the disruption of Listeria monocytogenes biofilmsWe found that chitosan could
improve anti-biofilm efficacy of gentamicin belonging to the aminoglycoside family against Listeria biofilms

DISPERSIN-B GENTAMYCIN COMBINATION AGAINST MRSP

2014:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24411017
INTRODUCTION:
Our study assesses the applicability of a new microfluidic model by testing the activity of DispersinB against
biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP); DispersinB has been shown to
prevent biofilm growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, another prominent wound colonizer.
METHOD: In the microtitre plate assay, DispersinB inhibited biofilm growth after a 24 hour period; there was
an inverse relationship between the concentration of DispersinB-Gentamycin and the amount of biofilm
remaining following treatment. Collagen-coated microtitre plates showed a similar result, but this did not
correlate as well; collagen, the most abundant protein in the body may help to retain the biomass of treated
biofilms.

GENTAMYCIN AGAINST KPC-PRODUCING K.PNEUMONIAE

2014:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24408988
OBJECTIVES:
KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kpn) is a worldwide challenging pathogen, yet its biofilm-forming
potential is not defined. We characterized biofilm formation of this pathogen and determined biofilm susceptibility
to gentamicin and colistin.
METHODS:
Forty-six KPC-Kpn clinical isolates were studied [sequence type (ST) 258, n = 28; and other STs, n = 18]. Biofilm
biomass was determined using the standard assay measured by OD590 (where OD stands for optical density) and
visualized using confocal microscopy. Antibiotic effect on biofilm formation was evaluated and susceptibility within
biofilm was determined by the minimal biofilm elimination concentration (MBEC) method.

GENTAMYCIN WITH L-ARGININE:

2014: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24837402
BACKGROUND:
Limitations in treatment of biofilm-associated bacterial infections are often due to subpopulation of persistent
bacteria (persisters) tolerant to high concentrations of antibiotics. Based on the increased aminoglycoside efficiency
under alkaline conditions, we studied the combination of gentamicin and the clinically compatible basic amino acid
L-arginine against planktonic and biofilm bacteria both in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS:
Using Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli bioluminescent strains, we studied the
combination of L-arginine and gentamicin against planktonic persisters through time-kill curves of late stationaryphase cultures. In vitro biofilm tolerance towards gentamicin was assessed using PVC 96 well-plates assays.
Efficacy of gentamicin as antibiotic lock treatment (ALT) at 5 mg/mL at different pH was evaluated in vivo using a
model of totally implantable venous access port (TIVAP) surgically implanted in rats.

Amikacin as an antibiofilm:
PRESCRIBED FOR: Amikacin is used for serious bacterial infections like bacterial meningitis, infected burns,
cystic fibrosis, and severe urinary tract infections. It used when the infecting organism is resistant to tobramycin and
gentamicin.
Generic Name: Amikacin sulfate
BRAND NAME: Amikin

CHEMICAL GROUP
aminoglycosides

STRUCTURE:

COMBINATION OF CLARITHROMYCIN AND AMIKACIN ON

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA BIOFILM
2011: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21406436
OBJECTIVES:
An experimental study was performed to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of
clarithromycin coating combined with systemic amikacin in preventing ureteral stent biofilm
infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
METHODS:
The activities of the two antibiotics were studied in vitro in the absence or in the presence of
biofilm. For the in vivo study we evaluated a control group without bacterial challenge to
evaluate the sterility of the surgical procedure, a challenged control group that did not
receive any antibiotic prophylaxis and three challenged groups that received (i) 15 mg/kg
intraperitoneal amikacin immediately after stent implantation, (ii) clarithromycin-coated
ureteral stents where 0.2 cm sterile ureteral stents were incubated in 10 mg/L
clarithromycin solution for 30 min immediately before implantation, and (iii) intraperitoneal
amikacin plus a clarithromycin-coated ureteral stent at the above concentrations.

COMBINATION OF AMIKACIN WITH EDTA:

2015: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712314
OBJECTIVES:
Treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) is hampered by the
characteristic tolerance of bacterial biofilms towards antibiotics. Our objective was to study
the effect of the combination of antibiotics and the alkaline amino acid l-arginine or the

cation chelator EDTA on the bacterial killing of in vitro biofilms formed by an array of clinical
strains responsible for CRBSI and representative of epidemiologically relevant bacterial
species.
METHOD:
we focused on the most antibiotic-tolerant strains including CoNS (n=4), Staphylococcus
aureus (n=4), Enterococcus faecalis (n=2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=4) and
Enterobacteriaceae (n=4). We used an in vitro biofilm model (96-well plate assay) to study
biofilm tolerance and tested various combinations of antibiotics and non-antibiotic
adjuvants. Gentamicin, amikacin or vancomycin was combined with disodium EDTA or larginine for 24 h to reproduce the antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) approach. Killing of biofilm
bacteria was measured by cfu quantification after a vigorous step of pipetting up and
down in order to detach all biofilm bacteria from the surface of the wells.

EFFECT OF SUB-MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATIONS OF

AMIKACIN ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND VIRULENCE FACTORS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI PLANKTONIC AND BIOFILM FORMS ISOLATED
FROM HUMAN URINE.
2013: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159313
ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs)
of ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin on biofilm formation, motility, curli fimbriae formation
by planktonic and biofilm cells of E. coli strains isolated from the urine of patients with
various urinary system infections. Quantification of biofilm formation was carried out using a
microtiter plate assay and a spectrophotometric method. Bacterial enumeration was used to
assess the viability of bacteria in the biofilm. Curli expression was determined by using
YESCA agar supplemented with congo red. Using motility agar the ability to move was
examined. All the antibiotics used at sub-MICs reduced biofilm formation in vitro, decreased
the survival of bacteria, but had no effect on the motility of planktonic as well as biofilm
cells. The inhibitory effect of sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents on curli fimbriae formation
was dependent on the form in which the bacteria occurred, incubation time and antibiotic
used. Our results clearly show that all the three antibiotics tested reduce biofilm production,
interfere with curli expression but do not influence motility. This study suggests that
ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin may be useful in the treatment of biofilmassociated infections caused by E. coli strains.

ANTIBIOTIC PENETRATION IN THE ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF

BIOFILM FORMED BY NON-PIGMENTED RAPIDLY GROWING
MYCOBACTERIA AGAINST AMIKACIN

2011: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333405
OBJECTIVES:
To study the resistance of biofilms developed by non-pigmented rapidly growing
mycobacteria (NPRGM) against amikacin, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in an in vitro
model using clinical strains of different species.

DESIGN:
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of different clinical strains of Mycobacterium abscessus,
Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium peregrinum,
Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium mageritense using conventional
techniques were measured. Biofilm resistance was measured by using the sandwich
technique developed by Anderl et al. using a concentration of antibiotic of 50mg/L.
Penetration of antibiotics through biofilm was measured using the same technique with
minimal modifications.