CURRICULUM

COMPONENTS and
APPROACHES

CURRICULUM
MODELS AND

DESIGNS

TABA

A simplified representation of reality which is often

depicted in diagrammatic form

TYLER

Deals with evaluating the effectiveness of planning

and action

Curriculum should be evaluated in relation to its prespecified set of objectives

Requires an objective-based curriculum model

Evaluation measures fit between student

performance and objectives

SAYLOR, LEWIS AND

ALEXANDER

Begin by setting educational goals and specific

objectives that they wish to accomplish

Classfied sets of broad goals inot four domains.

Under which learning experiences they take place;

Personal development

Social Competence

Continued Learning Skills

Specialization

OLIVA (Oliva Curriculum

Development Model)

A model should be simple, comprehensive and

systematic

Composed of 12 components namely;

APPROACHES TO
CURRICULUM
DESIGN

Six Features of a Curriculum

The Teacher

The Learners

The Knowledge, Skills and Values

Strategies and Methods

Performance

Community Partners

Child or Learner-Centered
Approach

This approach to curriculum design is based on

the underlying philosophy that the child is the

center of the educational process.

It means that the curriculum is constructed

based on the needs, interests, purposes and
abilities of the learners.

Subject- Centered
Approach

Anchored to the curriculum design which

prescribes different and separate subjects into

one broad field.

Problem- Centered
Approach

This approach is based on a curriculum design

which assumes that in the process of living,

children experience problems.

ELEMENTS/
COMPONENTS OF
CURRICULUM

CURRICULUM AIMS,
GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES

Educational Objectives
Benjamin Bloom and Robert Mager
defined educational objectives in two
ways:

Explicit formulations of the ways in which students

are expected to be changed by the educative
process, and

Intent communicated by statement describing a

proposed change in learners.

Three Big Domains of

Objectives
(Bloom and his associates)

Cognitive

Affective

Psychomotor

Affective Domain (Krathwohl,

1964)
Domain of valuing, attitude and appreciation

Psychomotor Domain (Simpson,

1972)

Domain of the use of psychomotor attributes

CURRICULUM
CONTENT OR
SUBJECT MATTER

Another term for KNOWLEDGE

It is compendium of facts, concepts, generalization,

principles and theories.

According to Gerome Brunner, knowledge is a

model we construct to give meaning and structure

to regularities in experience.

Examples of Subject matter or

learning content

Communication Arts- include skills in listening, speaking,

reading and writing as well as the effective use of language in
daily living.

Mathematics- includes numeric and computational skills,

geometry and measurement, algebra, logic and reasoning.

Science- includes all branches of natural sciences, exploration

and discovery dealing with natural phenomena and scientific
method of investigation.

Criteria in Utilizing
in the Selection of
Subject Matter or
Knowledge for the
Curriculum

According to Scheffler( 1970 ) the prime

guiding principle for self selection is helping

the learners to attain maximum selfsufficiency in learning but in the most

economical manner.

Significance

Validity

Interest

Utility

Learnability

Feasibility

CURRICULUM
EXPERIENCES

 The

Instructional strategies and

methods will put into action the goals

and use the contents in order to

produce an outcome.

Guidelines for
Selection and Use
in Utilizing the
Curriculum

1.

Teaching methods are means to achieved the end. They are

used to translate the objectives into action.

2.

There is no single best teaching method. Its effectiveness will

depend on the learning objectives, the learners and skill of the

teacher.
3.

Teaching methods should stimulate the learners desire to

develop the cognitive, affective, psychomotor, social and
spiritual domain of the individual.

4. In the choice of teaching methods, learning styles of the

students should be considered.

5. Every method should lead the development of the

learning outcomes in the three domains: cognitive,
affective and psychomotor.
6. Flexibility should be a consideration in the use of the
teaching methods.

CURRICULUM
EVALUATION

According to Worthen and Sanders, (1987) all curricula to

be effective must have the element of evaluation.

This may refer to the formal determination of the quality,

effectiveness, or value of the program, process, product
of the curriculum.

Tuckman (1985) defines evaluation as meeting the goals

and matching them with the intended outcomes.

Stufflebeams CIPP ( Content,

Input, Product, Process) Model
process
very

is continuous

important to curriculum

managers like principals, supervisors,

department head, deans and even
teachers.

Context

Refers to environment of the

curriculum.

Input

Refers to the ingredients of the

curriculum which include the goals,
instructional strategies, the learners, the

teachers, the contents and all the

materials needed.

Process

Refers to the ways and means of

how the curriculum has been
implemented.

Product

Indicates if the curriculum

accomplishes its goals. It will determine

to what extent the curriculum

objectives have been achieved.

Suggested Plan of
Action for the
Process of Curriculum
Evaluation

1.

Focus on one particular component of the curriculum

2.

Collect or gather the information

3.

Organize the information

4.

Analyze information

5.

Report the information

6.

Recycle the information for continuous feedback,

modification and adjustments to be made.

AIMS
OBJECTIVES

CONTENT/
SUBJECT MATTER

EVALUATION

MATERIAL/
STRATEGIES

CURRICULUM
APPROACHES

Behavioral Approach

Anchored on the behaviorist principles, behavioral

approach to curriculum is usually based on a

blueprint.

The learning outcomes are evaluated in terms of

goals and objectives set at the beginning.

This approach was started with the idea of Frederick

Taylor is aimed to achieved efficiency.

Managerial Approach

Managerial approach became a dominant

curriculum approach in the 1950s and 1960s.

The general manager sets the policies and priorities,

establishes the direction of change and innovation,

and planning and organizing curriculum and

instruction.

Roles of Curriculum Supervisors

1.

Help develop the schools education goals.

2.

Plan curriculum with students, parents, teachers, and

other stakeholders.

3.

Design programs of study by grade levels.

4.

Plan or schedule classes or school calendar.

5.

Prepare curriculum guides or teacher guides by grade

level or subject area.

6. Help in the evaluation and selection of textbooks

7. Observe teachers.
8. Assist teachers in the implementation of the curriculum.

9. Encourage curriculum innovation and change.

10. Develop standards for curriculum and instructional
evaluation.

Systems Approach

This approach was influenced by System theory.

The parts of the total school district or school are

examined in terms of how they are relate to each other.

To George Beauchamp, system theory of education see

the following to be of equal importance are (1)

administration (2) counselling (3) curriculum (4)

instruction (5) evaluation.

Humanistic Approach

This approach is rooted in the progressive philosophy and

child- centered movement.

This approach considers the formal or planned curriculum and

the informal or hidden curriculum.

It considers the whole child and believes that in curriculum the

total development of the individual is the prime consideration.

Principles of
Curriculum Design

Subject- Centered Design

Model

This model focuses on the content of the curriculum.

Henry Morrison and William Harris are few curricularists

who were firm believers of this design.

Examples are : (a) subject design (b) discipline design (c)

correlation design (d) broad field design/ interdisciplinary

(a) Subject Design

is the oldest and so far the most familiar design for

teachers, parents and other laymen.

(b) Discipline Design

This design is related to subject design however it

focuses only on the cluster of content, discipline

design focuses on academic disciplines.

( C ) Correlation Design

This comes from a core, correlated curriculum design

that links separate subject design in order to reduce
fragmentation

(d) Broadfield Design/ Interdisciplinary

- variation of the subject-centered design

Learner Centered Design

The learner is the center of the educative process.

This emphasis is very strong in the elementary level,

however more concern has been placed on the
secondary and even the tertiary levels.

Examples are: (a) child centered design (b) experience

centered design (c) humanistic design

(a) Child Centered Design

Attributed to the influence of John Dewey, Rouseau.

Pestallozi and Froebel

(b) Experience Centered Design

Believes that the interests and needs of learners cannot be

pre-planned

(c) Humanistic Design

A design made by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Problem-centered Design

This

design draws on social

problem, needs, interests and

abilities of the learners
Examples

are : (a) life situations

design(b) core design

(a) Life situations Design

The

contents are organize in ways that allow

students to clearly view problem areas clearly

(b) Core Design

It

centers on general education and the problems

are based on common human activities.

Popularized by Faunce and Bossing in 1959

How to proceed following a core

design of a curriculum

1.

The problem is selected by either the teacher

or students.
2.

A group concensus is made to identify the

important problems and interest of the class.

3.

Problems are selected on the basis of

developed criteria for selection

4.

The problem is clearly stated and defined.

5. Areas of study are decided, including dividing the class by

individual or group interests.
6. Need information is listed and discussed.
7. Resources obtaining information are listed and discussed.
8. Information is obtained and organized.
9. Information is analyzed and interpreted.
10. Tentative conclusions are stated and tested

11. A report presented to the class on an individual or group basis.

12. Conclusions are evaluated.
13. New avenues of exploration toward further problem solving
are examined.

 Children must be taught

how to think, not what to

think.
MARGARET MEAD

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