UNIT I

INTRODUCTION

Database and Database Users:

Characteristics of database approach
Advantages of DBMS Approach
Database Applications

Database system concepts and architecture:

Data models, Schemas, Instance
Three schema architecture and data independence
DBMS languages, DBMS interfaces
database system Environment
ER model
EER data model

INTRODUCTION
What is Data?

Data is a collection of Facts (or) Information such as numbers, characters, words etc..
(or)

Data can be Qualitative (or) Quantitative

DATA

Qualitative

Quantitative

Ex: My name is hari

Discrete [Whole number]

Ex: 5 ,6, 7

Continuous [Within range]

Ex: 3.25, 5.68

INTRODUCTION
What is file management system?

A file management system is a type of software that manages data files in a computer system.

It has limited capabilities and is designed to manage individual or group files, such as special
office documents and records.

It may display report details, like owner, creation date, state of completion and similar features
useful in an office environment.

Advantages of file management system:

1.

Simpler to use

2.

Less expensive

3.

4.

Popular FMSs are packaged along with the operating systems. ( Note pad, Word pad, Microsoft
office etc..)
Fits the needs of many small businesses and home users.

Limitations:
1.

Separated and Isolated Data - Makes coordinating, representing is data difficult.

2.

Data Duplication - Wastes space and can lead to data integrity (inconsistency) problems.

3.

Application Program Dependencies - Changes to a single file can require changes to numerous
application programs

INTRODUCTION
Disadvantages of file management systems:
1.

Data redundancy and inconsistency

- Files are created by different programmers, different formats and written in several
programming languages. Moreover, same piece of information may be duplicated in
several places. This redundancy leads to high storage and data inconsistency.

2.

Difficulty in accessing data

- Conventional file processing environments do not allow needed data to be retrieved
in a convenient and efficient manner.

3.

Data isolation
- Data is scattered in various files, and files may be in different formats, it is difficult
to write new file to retrieve the appropriate data.

4.

Integrity problems
- The data value stored in the database must satisfy certain types of consistency
constraints.
Ex: The balance of the bank account may never fall below a prescribed amount.

INTRODUCTION
5.

Atomicity problems
- A computer system (or) any other devices subject to failure. [ Once failure has
occurred and has been detected, the data are restored to the consistent state existed
prior to the failure.

6.

Concurrent access anomalies

- Multiple user may update the data simultaneously.

7.

Security problem

- Not every user of the database system should be able to access all the data. It is
difficult to enforce such security constrains.

INTRODUCTION
What is DBMS?
DATABASE MANAGEMANT SYSTEM

A database is refers to a collection of related data and the way of it is organized, access
to this data is usually provided by a database management system.

DBMS is a collection of program ( or) software application that interact with user and
other application software.

INTRODUCTION

Some of the very well known DBMS are :

1. Microsoft Access
2.
Oracle
3.
FoxPro
4.
SQLite
5.
Firebird
6.
Microsoft SQL Server
7.
Postgre SQL
8.
IBM DB2
9.
SAP Sybase
10. R:Base
11. MYSQL
12. Microsoft Azure SQL Database (Cloud base) etc..