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  • Finding Blackbody Temperatures and Emissivities On A Sub-Pixel Scale

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    jpeterson1
    133 tayangan62 halaman
    David Bernstein, Purdue University Accurately predicting the sea surface temperature and emissivity of surface types (e.g. seawater, sand, clouds) provides important insight into the system being observed. Pixels containing more than one surface type are called mixed pixels. Dozier (1981) proposed an algorithm to find percentages and temperatures of two different surface types within a given mixed pixel, assuming emissivity values. Here we build on Dozier's method by proposing an algorithm that finds both temperature and emissivity of two surface types within a mixed pixel assuming surface type percent coverage by using a spectral unmixing algorithm. In essence, our algorithm generates thermal infrared (TIR) spectra of the two surface types and tries fitting them to four mixed pixel spectra. The four mixed pixels all have different percent coverage of the two surface types. The algorithm minimizes the root mean square error between the mixed pixel spectra and the superposed TIR spectra. Different combinations of temperature and emissivity for each surface type are evaluated until the best fit is found across all four pixels. The algorithm has been tested with simulated mixed pixels as well as mixed pixels from the Salton Sea and pixels with only seawater from the Santa Barbara Channel. Over forty-eight runs, blackbody temperatures and emissivities have been calculated with an accuracy of 0 to 1.071 and 2.516 to 15.311 percent error respectively. The temperature of water in the Santa Barbara Channel was calculated to be within 0.22° C of in situ data. The algorithm calculated the emissivity of water with an accuracy of 0.13 to 1.53 percent error for the Salton Sea pixels.

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    Finding Blackbody Temperatures and Emissivities on a Sub-Pixel Scale

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    David Bernstein, Purdue University Accurately predicting the sea surface temperature and emissivity of surface types (e.g. seawater, sand, clouds) provides important insight into the system being observed. Pixels containing more than one surface type are called mixed pixels. Dozier (1981) proposed an algorithm to find percentages and temperatures of two different surface types within a given mixed pixel, assuming emissivity values. Here we build on Dozier's method by proposing an algorithm that finds both temperature and emissivity of two surface types within a mixed pixel assuming surface type percent coverage by using a spectral unmixing algorithm. In essence, our algorithm generates thermal infrared (TIR) spectra of the two surface types and tries fitting them to four mixed pixel spectra. The four mixed pixels all have different percent coverage of the two surface types. The algorithm minimizes the root mean square error between the mixed pixel spectra and the superposed TIR spectra. Different combinations of temperature and emissivity for each surface type are evaluated until the best fit is found across all four pixels. The algorithm has been tested with simulated mixed pixels as well as mixed pixels from the Salton Sea and pixels with only seawater from the Santa Barbara Channel. Over forty-eight runs, blackbody temperatures and emissivities have been calculated with an accuracy of 0 to 1.071 and 2.516 to 15.311 percent error respectively. The temperature of water in the Santa Barbara Channel was calculated to be within 0.22° C of in situ data. The algorithm calculated the emissivity of water with an accuracy of 0.13 to 1.53 percent error for the Salton Sea pixels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    133 tayangan62 halaman

    Finding Blackbody Temperatures and Emissivities On A Sub-Pixel Scale

    Diunggah oleh

    jpeterson1
    David Bernstein, Purdue University Accurately predicting the sea surface temperature and emissivity of surface types (e.g. seawater, sand, clouds) provides important insight into the system being observed. Pixels containing more than one surface type are called mixed pixels. Dozier (1981) proposed an algorithm to find percentages and temperatures of two different surface types within a given mixed pixel, assuming emissivity values. Here we build on Dozier's method by proposing an algorithm that finds both temperature and emissivity of two surface types within a mixed pixel assuming surface type percent coverage by using a spectral unmixing algorithm. In essence, our algorithm generates thermal infrared (TIR) spectra of the two surface types and tries fitting them to four mixed pixel spectra. The four mixed pixels all have different percent coverage of the two surface types. The algorithm minimizes the root mean square error between the mixed pixel spectra and the superposed TIR spectra. Different combinations of temperature and emissivity for each surface type are evaluated until the best fit is found across all four pixels. The algorithm has been tested with simulated mixed pixels as well as mixed pixels from the Salton Sea and pixels with only seawater from the Santa Barbara Channel. Over forty-eight runs, blackbody temperatures and emissivities have been calculated with an accuracy of 0 to 1.071 and 2.516 to 15.311 percent error respectively. The temperature of water in the Santa Barbara Channel was calculated to be within 0.22° C of in situ data. The algorithm calculated the emissivity of water with an accuracy of 0.13 to 1.53 percent error for the Salton Sea pixels.

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    dari 62

    David Bernstein - Purdue University

    Mentor: Jesse Bausell


    Faculty: Dr. Raphael Kudela

    Basics of Emissivity
    Materials absorb and emit electromagnetic
    radiation.
    Perfect emission Blackbody curve
    Dependent on temperature and
    wavelength.
    Materials are not perfect emitters!
    Emissivity = material emission over
    theoretical blackbody emission
    Emissivity has NO units.
    Actual emission: emissivity*radiance, or
    theoretical Planck Function

    Basics of Emissivity
    Materials absorb and emit
    electromagnetic radiation.
    Perfect emission Blackbody curve
    Dependent on temperature and
    wavelength.
    Materials are not perfect emitters!
    Emissivity = material emission over
    theoretical blackbody emission
    Emissivity has NO units.
    Actual emission: emissivity*radiance, or
    theoretical Planck Function

    Basics of Emissivity
    Materials absorb and emit electromagnetic
    radiation.
    Perfect emission Blackbody curve
    Dependent on temperature and
    wavelength.
    Materials are not perfect emitters!
    Emissivity = material emission over
    theoretical blackbody emission
    Emissivity has NO units.
    Actual emission: emissivity*radiance, or
    theoretical Planck Function

    Basics of Emissivity
    Materials absorb and emit electromagnetic
    radiation.
    Perfect emission Blackbody curve
    Dependent on temperature and
    wavelength.
    Materials are not perfect emitters!
    Emissivity = material emission over
    theoretical blackbody emission
    Emissivity has NO units.
    Actual emission: emissivity*radiance, or
    theoretical Planck Function

    Basics of Emissivity
    Materials absorb and emit electromagnetic
    radiation.
    Perfect emission Blackbody curve
    Dependent on temperature and
    wavelength.
    Materials are not perfect emitters!
    Emissivity = material emission over
    theoretical blackbody emission
    Emissivity has NO units.
    Actual emission: emissivity*radiance, or
    theoretical Planck Function

    Basics of Emissivity
    Materials absorb and emit electromagnetic
    radiation.
    Perfect emission Blackbody curve
    Dependent on temperature and
    wavelength.
    Materials are not perfect emitters!
    Emissivity = material emission over
    theoretical blackbody emission
    Emissivity has NO units.
    Actual emission: emissivity*radiance, or
    theoretical Planck Function

    Basics of Emissivity
    Materials absorb and emit electromagnetic
    radiation.
    Perfect emission Blackbody curve
    Dependent on temperature and
    wavelength.
    Materials are not perfect emitters!
    Emissivity = material emission over
    theoretical blackbody emission
    Emissivity has NO units.
    Actual emission: emissivity*radiance, or
    theoretical Planck Function

    Basics of Emissivity
    Materials absorb and emit electromagnetic
    radiation.
    Perfect emission Blackbody curve
    Dependent on temperature and
    wavelength.
    Materials are not perfect emitters!
    Emissivity = material emission over
    theoretical blackbody emission
    Emissivity has NO units.
    Actual emission: emissivity*radiance, or
    theoretical Planck Function

    Emissivity Continued

    Figure 1: Blackbody at 6000 K with color bands drawn in at


    Approximate wavelengths.

    Emissivity Continued

    Figure 2: Blackbody at 310 K.

    Emissivity Continued

    Figure 2: Emission spectrum with 310 K blackbody.

    Basics of Remote Sensing


    Not

    in contact with target


    Airplanes and satellite can be platforms
    Collect radiance/intensity spectra of target
    Mixed pixels and endmembers
    Can cover large areas
    Spatial resolution may not be the best

    Basics of Remote Sensing


    Not

    in contact with target


    Airplanes and satellite can be platforms
    Collect radiance/intensity spectra of target
    Mixed pixels and endmembers
    Can cover large areas
    Spatial resolution may not be the best

    Basics of Remote Sensing


    Not

    in contact with target


    Airplanes and satellite can be platforms
    Collect radiance/intensity spectra of target
    Mixed pixels and endmembers
    Can cover large areas
    Spatial resolution may not be the best

    Basics of Remote Sensing


    Not

    in contact with target


    Airplanes and satellite can be platforms
    Collect radiance/intensity spectra of
    target
    Mixed pixels and endmembers
    Can cover large areas
    Spatial resolution may not be the best

    Basics of Remote Sensing


    Not

    in contact with target


    Airplanes and satellite can be platforms
    Collect radiance/intensity spectra of target
    Mixed pixels and endmembers
    Can cover large areas
    Spatial resolution may not be the best

    Basics of Remote Sensing


    Not

    in contact with target


    Airplanes and satellite can be platforms
    Collect radiance/intensity spectra of target
    Mixed pixels and endmembers
    Can cover large areas
    Spatial resolution may not be the best

    Basics of Remote Sensing


    Not

    in contact with target


    Airplanes and satellite can be platforms
    Collect radiance/intensity spectra of target
    Mixed pixels and endmembers
    Can cover large areas
    Spatial resolution may not be the best

    Remote Sensing Continued

    Dozier Algorithm
    Temperature

    and percentage within pixel


    Two endmembers
    Create and solve system of equations
    numerically
    Output: Temperature and percentage for
    both endmembers within pixel
    Assumes known constant
    emissivities!

    Dozier Algorithm
    Temperature

    and percent coverage

    within pixel
    Two endmembers
    Create and solve system of equations
    numerically
    Output: Temperature and percentage for
    both endmembers within pixel
    Assumes known constant
    emissivities!

    Dozier Algorithm
    Temperature

    and percent coverage

    within pixel
    Two endmembers
    Create and solve system of equations
    numerically
    Output: Temperature and percentage for
    both endmembers within pixel
    Assumes known constant
    emissivities!

    Dozier Algorithm
    Temperature

    and percent coverage

    within pixel
    Two endmembers
    Create and solve system of equations
    numerically
    Output: Temperature and percentage for
    both endmembers within pixel
    Assumes known constant
    emissivities!

    Dozier Algorithm
    Temperature

    and percent coverage

    within pixel
    Two endmembers
    Create and solve system of equations
    numerically
    Output: Temperature and percentage
    for both endmembers within pixel
    Assumes known constant
    emissivities!

    Dozier Algorithm
    Temperature and percent coverage within
    pixel
    Two endmembers
    Create and solve system of equations
    numerically
    Output: Temperature and percentage for
    both endmembers within pixel

    Assumes

    known constant
    emissivities!

    The Differences
    Dozier:

    Finds temperature and percent


    coverage.
    Assumes known constant emissivities
    Linear Blackbody Unmixing: Finds
    temperature and emissivity.
    Assumes percent coverages by using
    other methods

    Linear Blackbody Unmixing


    Unknowns

    are temperature and emissivity


    Solve for percentage with another algorithm
    Use four mixed pixels (different percentages)
    Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
    Numerically solve a system of equations
    constrained by the percentages by trying all
    combinations of temperature and emissivity
    and minimizing the RMSE.

    Linear Blackbody Unmixing


    Unknowns

    are temperature and emissivity


    Solve for percentage with another
    algorithm
    Use four mixed pixels (different percentages)
    Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
    Numerically solve a system of equations
    constrained by the percentages by trying all
    combinations of temperature and emissivity
    and minimizing the RMSE.

    Linear Blackbody Unmixing


    Unknowns

    are temperature and emissivity


    Solve for percentage with another algorithm
    Use four mixed pixels (different
    percentages)
    Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
    Numerically solve a system of equations
    constrained by the percentages by trying all
    combinations of temperature and emissivity
    and minimizing the RMSE.

    Linear Blackbody Unmixing


    Unknowns

    are temperature and emissivity


    Solve for percentage with another algorithm
    Use four mixed pixels (different percentages)
    Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
    Numerically solve a system of equations
    constrained by the percentages by trying all
    combinations of temperature and emissivity
    and minimizing the RMSE.

    Linear Blackbody Unmixing


    Unknowns

    are temperature and emissivity


    Solve for percentage with another algorithm
    Use four mixed pixels (different percentages)
    Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
    Numerically solve a system of equations
    constrained by the percentages by trying
    all combinations of temperature and
    emissivity and minimizing the RMSE.

    What?

    An Analogy

    An Analogy Continued

    An Analogy Continued

    An Analogy Continued

    An Analogy Continued

    An Analogy Continued

    An Analogy Continued

    Superposition of Two Curves

    The Meat and Potatoes: My


    System of Equations
    Pixel 1 Intensity = a*x + b *y
    Pixel 2 Intensity = c*x + d*y
    Pixel 3 Intensity = e*x + f*y
    Pixel 4 Intensity = g*x + h*y
    x = emissivity1*I(T1) for Endmember 1
    y = emissivity2*I(T2) for Endmember 2

    The Meat and Potatoes: My


    System of Equations
    Pixel 1 Intensity (a*x + b *y) = 0
    Pixel 2 Intensity - (c*x + d*y) = 0
    Pixel 3 Intensity (e*x + f*y) = 0
    Pixel 4 Intensity (g*x + h*y) = 0
    x = emissivity1*I(T1) for Endmember 1
    y = emissivity2*I(T2) for Endmember 2

    The Meat and Potatoes: My


    System of Equations
    Pixel 1 Intensity (a*x + b *y) = E1
    Pixel 2 Intensity - (c*x + d*y) = E2
    Pixel 3 Intensity (e*x + f*y) = E3
    Pixel 4 Intensity (g*x + h*y) = E4
    x = emissivity1*I(T1) for Endmember 1
    y = emissivity2*I(T2) for Endmember 2

    RMSE those Es!...

    RMSE those Es!...


    For every combination of e1, e2, T1,
    and T2 and minimize those RMSE
    values.

    Results: Simulated Data


    Generate

    two blackbody curves with


    random emissivity spectra
    38 Runs with different parameters
    Percent error for Temperature: 0 to
    1.071
    Percent error for emissivity: 2.516 to
    15.311

    Results: Simulated Data


    Generate

    two blackbody curves with


    random emissivity spectra
    38 Runs with different parameters
    Percent error for Temperature: 0 to
    1.071
    Percent error for emissivity: 2.516 to
    15.311

    Results: Simulated Data


    Generate

    two blackbody curves with


    random emissivity spectra
    38 Runs with different parameters
    Percent error for Temperature: 0 to
    1.071
    Percent error for emissivity: 2.516 to
    15.311

    Results: Simulated Data


    Generate

    two blackbody curves with


    random emissivity spectra
    38 Runs with different parameters
    Percent error for Temperature: 0 to
    1.071
    Percent error for emissivity: 2.516 to
    15.311

    Results: Santa Barbara Channel


    Used

    4 ROIs in Santa Barbara


    Channel
    Assumed just water
    Compared to NOAA buoy data
    Within 0.22 K was largest deviation from
    temperatures from that day.

    Results: Santa Barbara Channel


    Used

    4 ROIs in Santa Barbara Channel


    Assumed just water
    Compared to NOAA buoy data
    Within 0.22 K was largest deviation from
    temperatures from that day.

    Results: Santa Barbara Channel


    Used

    4 ROIs in Santa Barbara Channel


    Assumed just water
    Compared to NOAA buoy data
    Within 0.22 K was largest deviation from
    temperatures from that day.

    Results: Santa Barbara Channel


    Used

    4 ROIs in Santa Barbara Channel


    Assumed just water
    Compared to NOAA buoy data
    Within 0.22 K was largest deviation
    from temperatures from that day.

    Results: Salton Sea


    Used

    water as an endmember and


    sand/salt as an endmember
    Found mixed pixels of sand/salt and
    water
    Emissivity of water percent error: 0.132
    to 1.530
    Temperature a bit high, mixed with salt
    and atmospheric correction

    Results: Salton Sea


    Used

    water as an endmember and


    sand/salt as an endmember
    Found mixed pixels of sand/salt and
    water
    Emissivity of water percent error: 0.132
    to 1.530
    Temperature a bit high, mixed with salt
    and atmospheric correction

    Results: Salton Sea


    Used

    water as an endmember and


    sand/salt as an endmember
    Found mixed pixels of sand/salt and
    water
    Emissivity of water percent error:
    0.132 to 1.530
    Temperature a bit high, mixed with salt
    and atmospheric correction

    Results: Salton Sea


    Used

    water as an endmember and


    sand/salt as an endmember
    Found mixed pixels of sand/salt and
    water
    Emissivity of water percent error: 0.132
    to 1.530
    Temperature a bit high, mixed with
    salt and atmospheric correction

    Looking to the Future


    Use

    method for an entire image with


    better atmospheric correction.
    Can be used to identify surface types or
    emissivity spectra of known surface
    types.
    Can be used possibly to identify
    camouflaged objects in an image for
    possible military/police purposes.

    Conclusion
    Built

    off of Doziers algorithm


    Wanted to find emissivity and
    temperature
    Found percentage by other means
    Basis of method: Minimizing error
    Results from simulated data and
    MASTER lines

    Acknowledgment
    Shane

    Grigsby CU Boulder
    Dr. Elsa Abbott JPL

    Thanks!
    Questions?

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