Conventional & Renewable Energy Management

Systems for Buildings & Homes

R.M.T.O.Rajapaksha, Index No: 080398V, Final Year Undergraduate, Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Moratuwa
Abstract: It is said that a unit saved is equivalent to a Unit
generated. It will also have several other benefits as well. This
paper contain the definitions and the components of Energy
management systems, Issues with EMSs, Conventional Energy
resources and their environmental impact as well as why the
future of Energy is depend on Renewable Energy management
Systems. Energy management is not simply switching off the
excess lights its much more and has an impact on the future of
the Human population. Implementing a Renewable EMS is a
process that must be thoroughly study from the design of the
Building. This paper tries emphasizing the potential Solar
Energy as the next source of Energy, applications of Solar & how
to calculate the Savings. The theoretical background of each issue
is discussed briefly to certain level. Graphs and figure are used
for further clarifications.

Index Terms: Electrical Efficiency, Energy Management

Systems (EMS), Objective of an EMS, Integration of EMSs,
Regulatory Requirement, Renewable EMS, Solar Energy,
Applications of Solar, Cost Saving Calculations

I.

Introduction:

Why Energy Efficiency is Necessary

To reduce Apparent power (kVA) and energy (kWh, kvar.h)
required from electrical systems so that itll allow:
a)

To assist the sustainability of the economic system and

the environment
b) To improve the technical management of the installations
by optimizing their performance (decreasing energy
demand ) and avoiding downtime and breakdowns
c) To reduce the financial cost of running installations and
processes.
II.

Energy Management System components [8]

a)

Field Equipment

Conventional EMSs use power meters to measure energy

consumption and in some cases, the basic parameters such as
voltage and current. However, there is a growing trend in the
use of high characteristic analyzers that measure a wide range
of electrical parameters in modern EMSs.

Conventional Energy sources include Conventional Fuel types

and other resources like Water and minerals. With the
imbalance of Supply and Demand of these conventional
resources attention was given to control and measure their
resource consumptions. It is apparent that by reducing the
wastages and increasing the efficiency, companies could
achieve higher profits with the same level of resources,
without decreasing the current production. This is the starting
of Concept of Green Environment.

For data communication between field equipment and control

system using wired or wireless but most modern EMSs use it
wireless.

Today adapting to Green Environment is not only a company

strategy but also statutory requirement. Purpose of an EMS is
to monitor and measure the energy usage of a building or a
house and to increase energy efficiency in buildings.

Customers can act on a large number of parameters to save

costs by monitoring, measuring, recording and control of
electricity consumption. With its features, customers can
efficiently manage their energy consumption.

b) Communications Network

c)

Control System

d) Communication Network
What is electrical energy efficiency?
To reduce electrical power and energy required from the
electric power system without affecting the usual activities
carried out in a building, or distribution process [3].

Secondary communication network with which the

information is shared as reports and alarms of the control
system communicates. Wide range of options includes SMS,
email, Internet, LAN, GPRS and GSM.
e)

This work was supported by the department of Electrical Engineering,

University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka under the course module EE 4100
Independent Study.

Customers

Training and knowledge sharing by customers to maximize

return System Energy Management installed.

III.

Objectives of an Energy Management System

The basic objective of any Energy Management System is to

answer five simple questions:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

What is amount of energy consumed

How is the energy consumed
Where is the energy consumed
When is the energy consumed
What is the quality of the energy consumed

However, not all EMSs are able to answer all these questions,
accurately and respond in real time.
The following are objectives are expected from an Energy
Management System:
1.

Energy management

Follow up billing parameters and draw Demand and Supply

charts in order to simulate billing and generate reports.
2.

Technical management

To measure and control Power Quality, Installation capacity

by Electrical, mechanical or thermal variables integrated for
control

Figure 1: 2006 CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel

Combustion by Sector and Fuel Type

In conventional Energy Management systems main focus was

to reduce the use of conventional energy usage. With the
increase in Energy Consumption and the scarcity of the
conventional Energy resources attention has now moved to the
renewable Energy management systems.

3. Productivity Improvement
By analyzing reports calculate machine working time, energy
costing, generate report for manufacturing lines and control
efficiency index kW/m2, kW/unit

4.

Preventive maintenance

Monitoring of earth-leakage and any other faulty conditions.

Controlling the state of electrical protections and alarms.

IV.

WHAT IS RENEWABLE ENERGY?

A natural resource is called an Energy source if it can be

convert into a usable form of energy. An energy resource is
known as an 'indigenous energy resources "when it originates
in the country. On the contrary its called non-indigenous, if it
originates outside the country. Renewable energy is a form of
energy source that is replaced by a natural process at a rate
that is equal to or faster than the speed at which the resource is
being consumed.
Many different forms of indigenous energy resources such as
biomass, hydropower, wind power and solar energy, the
effective use of these sources are limited for technological
reasons, economic and political. [4] The oil and coal have
been identified as the two main non-indigenous forms of
energy that can supplement local resources in meeting energy
demand.

Figure 2 : Solar Radiation Intensity of various

Countries [6]

Renewable Energy management systems in contrast to the

conventional EMSs use natural resources such as Wind, Solar,
Bio Gas & etc. Applying renewable EMS has to be planned
since the construction of the building. Solar Energy is in the
front when it comes to the option of renewable energy. Sri
Lanka being a tropical country close to the equator, the
continuous Solar radiation has made it popular among most of
the Industrial as well as domestic consumers to implement a
EMS.

V.

Statutory requirements relating to renewable

energy systems

[14] Its found that almost 5.4 billion tones (Mt) of CO2
equivalent emitted annually from various sources linked to
human activities throughout the world. CO2 emissions per
capita in Sri Lanka were 648 kg in 2007 and although this is
still much lower than the values (total CO2 emission of Sri
Lanka is 0.04% of the global emission of CO2), Sri Lanka has
taken many policy measures that could result in mitigation of
emissions of greenhouse gases. The Energy Policy and
Strategies (2006) the country highlights the need for
sustainable energy and has the objective that 10% of energy
from renewable non-conventional (renewable) by 2015, a goal
that can achieve if all outstanding initiatives to achieve this is
implemented. Some of the other initiatives to reduce carbon
footprint in the services sector are Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design "(LEED), 'Greening of Sri Lanka
Hotels Program", the creation of the Sustainable Energy
Authority of Sri Lanka in 2007.
A carbon footprint has historically been defined as "the total
set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an
organization, event, product or person.

Activities that are carried by the Regulatory:

Table 1 : Carbon emission of Conventional and renewable energy

sources [2].

Impact

Air Emissions lbs/MWh*

Source

CO2

NOx

SO2

Other

Coal

2,249

13

Mercury

Oil

1,672

12

PM, lead,
VOCs

0.1

Methane
when not
flared

Natural gas

1,135

Hydroelectric

Methane from vegetation build up

3,685
(1/2
from
fossil
fuels) 6.7
1.2

Municipal solid
waste
Biomass
Solar/
Geothermal

1.7

Recycles carbon, less than fossil fuel

Negligible

Figure 3 and 4 shows how the Sri Lankan Electricity

consumption in various consumer levels and the figure 4
shows Energy consumption of a Building.

a) Energy auditing and supportive services

b) Training & education on energy conservation &
management
c) Facilitation services through sophisticated measuring
equipment
d) Coordinating energy management activities through
Energy Managers
e) Energy labeling of electrical appliances
f) Introducing energy efficiency guidelines for building
construction
g) Sri Lanka National Energy Efficiency Award
h) Software for energy system analysis
i) Review the code once in two years

VI.

Advantages of Implementing Renewable Energy

Projects:

Energy Security
Marketing purposes to get competitor advantage.
Less sensitivity of prices of products/ services for
conventional Fuel price variations.
More environmental Concern
Government appreciation and support.

Figure 3 : Share of Electricity Consumption [1]

Local Authority areas could be a satisfactory solution for this

problem.
VIII.

Integration of Renewable Energy

Potential contribution of renewable penetration depends

strongly on the existing electrical infrastructure.
Large scale Energy Integration Issues:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Figure 4: Electrical Energy Balance of a Typical Building [1]

VII.

Renewable energy sources available.

a) Biomass:
It is actually decreased organic material. It includes Animal
and plant waste or material, so as long as it can be burnt to
replace oil in power plants. Bio mass based electricity
generation can supply firm energy to the national power
system like the conventional thermal power plants.
Furthermore, it offers multi-dimensional non-energy benefits
to rural socio economic development

b) Wind/Solar/Thermal Energy:
These renewable energies come from nature itself.
Though they are clean and green compared to coal, they are
very expensive and produce little energy compared to any
other coal power plant. Wind energy and solar energy also
cannot be used for long as both can only generate power under
the certain conditions.[5]CEB has received several project
proposals from the private sector to develop wind power
projects in Kalipinya area. That region was considered for
initial development due to higher wind potential throughout
the year.
c) Small Hydro
Development of small hydropower projects can be considered
as the most promising commercially viable renewable energy
source at present [5].
d) Municipal Waste
Municipal waste is also considered as a means of renewable
energy as it can be also used as a combustible material. This
will also reduce the Wastage problem that most of the
developing countries face.
e) Waste heat recovery
Management and disposal of municipal solid waste has
become a problem to the Local Authorities. It is now
considered that the generation of power using solid waste in

Integration Costs
Regulatory Caused Instability
Cost of Operations Control
Energy Storage (Battery Banks)
Technical Requirements
Non reliability of energy generation
(E.g. wind, solar)

Energy storage must be addressed as a key part of any large

scale renewable integration. So its necessary to implement an
Energy Storage system to accommodate excess power
generation from the small power generation units. This barrier
has been overcome by introducing net metering where the
consumer is charge only for the net energy usage.
IX.

Potential of Solar in Sri Lanka

Solar technologies are broadly characterized into 2 depending

on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy
[6].
a)

Active Solar

Its to convert solar energy into another form of energy using

electrical or mechanical methods. This method is used inside a
building where energy is used for heating, cooling, or offsetting energy use. This method is expenses compared to
passive solar systems.
b) Passive Solar
Using the design of buildings, windows, walls and floors to
collect, store and distribute solar energy as heat as the
weather. It involves the use of mechanical and electrical
devices.
Advantages of Solar as a renewable Energy Source
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

100% Clean Energy source

Lower the use of Fossil Fuel
More reliable than Wind
Infinitely available
Can directly convert to Electricity

Table 2 : Energy Generation and Consumptions [6]

Early Solar fluxes &

Human Energy
Consumption

1 EJ = 1018 joules
Per year

Solar radiation on earth

3,850,000 EJ

Wind Potential

2,250 EJ

Biomass Potential

3,000 EJ

Primary energy use

(2005)

487 EJ

Electricity (2005)

56.7 EJ

Solar thermal

Can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling

and process heat generation.
e.

Water treatment

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing waterfilled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to
sunlight for several hours.
f.

Solar energy can be harnessed in different levels around the

world. Depending on a geographical location the closer to the
equator the more "potential" solar energy is available [see
figure 1].
Applications of solar technology
a.

d.

Cooking

Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an

insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box
cookers.
g.

Solar chemical

Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical

reactions a variety of fuels can be produced by artificial
photosynthesis.

Architecture and urban planning

Sunlight has influenced building design windows, orientation.

Buildings oriented to north to south as shown below to capture
more sunlight.

X.

Energy Efficient Lighting

Lighting is, perhaps, the single largest consumer of energy

(kilowatt hours) in a building other than when air-conditioning
is used (see Figure 4). It also contributes largely towards
increasing of cooling loads in buildings in tropical climates, as
lighting generates heat, which in turn results in higher
consumption of energy for air conditioning requirements.
Maximize the use of daylight and apply dynamic lighting
should be done in a sensible way, without compromising
safety aspects.
Lighting Controlling Mechanisms

b.

Agriculture and horticulture

Optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the

productivity of plants.
c.

a.

Area Controls : manual Switch offs when not needed

b.

Automatic lighting control system : Using photo electric

sensor and timer controls with manual override option.
This may be applicable to all the areas where lighting
needs are predictable and predetermined.

c.

Occupancy based controls: Highly variable and

unpredictable occupancy patterns. Occupancy or motion
sensors are used to detect occupant motion, lighting the
space only when it is occupied.

d.

Daylight control: Designers shall be encouraged to

maintain a minimum average daylight factor of 25
percent in which case it can be supplemented with
electric lighting. Day Light Factors we have to be
corrected due environmental factors such as dirt.[10]

Solar lighting

Day lighting systems collect and distribute sunlight to provide

interior lighting. Even though its difficult to quantify, the use
of natural lighting also offers physiological and psychological
benefits compared to artificial lighting. Solar lights that charge
during the day and light up at dusk are a common sight in the
hallways. Solar-charged lanterns have become popular in
developing countries, where they offer a safer alternative and
cheaper than kerosene lamps.

Calculation of Day Light Factor [10]

------------------------------ (1)

a.

Lighting power density (LPD)

For various building lighting systems , the values given in

table 3 below.

= Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors

working plane
= Simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane
from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky
There are three possible paths along which light can reach a
point inside a room through glazed windows.
a)

Light from the patch of sky visible at the point

considered, expressed as the sky component (SC).

b) Light reflected from opposing exterior surfaces and then

reached the point, expressed as the externally reflected
component (ERC)
c)

Light entering through the window but reaching the point

only after reflection from internal surfaces, expressed as
the internally reflected component (IRC).

Table 3: Lighting Power Densities in Buildings

Building
Type

(W/m2)

Building
Type

Automotive Facility

9.7

Multi Family

7.5

Convention Center

12.9

Museum

11.8

Dining:
Bar
Lounge/Leisure

14.0

Office

10.8

Dining:
Cafeteria/Fast food

15.1

Parking Garage

3.2

Dining Family

17.2

Performing
Theater

Arts

17.2

Dormitory/Hostel

10.8

Police/Fire Station

10.8

Gymnasium

11.8

Post Office

11.8

Health Care-Clinic

12.9

Places of Worship

14.0

Hospital

10.8

Retail/Mall

16.1

Library

14.0

School/University

12.9

Manufacturing
Plant

14.0

Transportation

10.8

Motel

10.8

Ware House

8.6

12.9

Workshop

15.1

Motion
Theater

b.
Figure 5 : Possible paths which light can reach a point
inside a room through glazed windows.

Where
SC Sky Component
ERC Exterior Reflectance Component
IRC Interior Reflectance Component
There are several numerical Methods to find each component
which will not be discussed here but can be refereed from [10]

Maximum Allowable Power for Illumination Systems

When using natural lighting for the illumination, there are
several considerations to be made.

Picture

LPD

Area

LPD
(W/m2)

Brightness-Dependent Lighting Control

In constant lighting control this function is important in

controlling the lighting facilities of a building. Instead of
dimmer actuators, switchable light actuators are used.

The sum of the three components gives the daylight factor:

DF = SC + ERC + IRC---------------------------- (2)

Area

c.

Sunblind Controlled

Adjusting and controlling the sunblind for the corresponding

position of sun. Assure that the sunblind automatically change
its direction to a predefined protected point when theres
heavy solar radiation is available. As soon as the intensity of
the sunshine reduces, it changes its direction to back.
Procedures of having Energy Efficient Lighting System
a)

Use energy efficient fluorescent tubes, CFLs and

other low energy light sources;
b) Using energy efficient electronic ballasts.
c) Establish maintenance schedule for cleaning, group
re-lamping and disposal techniques.
d) Use appropriate lighting levels for different parts of
the work area.

e)
f)

Install lights at working level where possible.

Use natural light where possible, e.g. fit translucent
roof panels or skylights; Use of automatic controls
such as day light sensors , time based controls or
occupancy sensors
g) Matching the surrounding interior features, such as
the room height, windows, color and reflectivity of
walls and furniture.
h) Install lighting equipment with high power factor and
low harmonic distortion
XI.

Ventilation and Air Conditioning

a)

2. Normalized savings based on typical environmental

conditions and actual performance characteristics
1.

This involves direct measurement of the energy production

system and to quantify the additional costs occurred. Savings
are determined by measuring the net amount of energy
produced by the renewable system and used at the project site
valued at prescribed utility rates. For they can sell excess
energy or store energy in the place, the additional costs and
savings you may need to consider. [13]The cost savings using
this approach can be calculated using the following equation.

Indoor Design Conditions: The indoor conditions of

an air-conditioned space shall be designed for a dry
bulb temperature of 25 C 1.5 C and relative
humidity of 55 % 5 %.

Cost Savings Determination Utilizing Net Energy Use

b) Outdoor Design Conditions : Dry bulb temperatures

of 31 C and wet bulb temperatures of 27 C.

----------- (3)

( ) ( )

U
R

There are two general approaches for calculating energy

savings from renewable energy projects:
1. Net energy use

=( kWh Delivered) Energy delivered by the

system and used at the facility
= Cost of Electrical Energy
= Thermal Energy delivered in BTU by the
System during its performance period

ED

= (Energy Displaced) Operating Efficiency

that would have been used
= Conversion from Thermal (BTU) to
electricity (kWh)

Renewable energy projects involve the installation of devices

that generate energy (eg electricity or heat) or displace the use
of conventional energy through the use of renewable energy
resources. Examples of technologies discussed were:
photovoltaic (PV) solar systems for active or passive space
conditioning or hot water production and wind systems.

Savings Calculations

TE

Calculating Energy Saving for Renewable Energy

Projects

The most notable difference between renewable energy

projects and other energy conservation measures is that
renewable projects supply energy rather than reduce the
amount of energy used. Indirectly saving conventional energy
and reducing environmental pollution.

Where

[09] The dry bulb temperature is the temperature of air

measured by a thermometer freely exposed to air but protected
from radiation and moisture. It is the temperature that is
usually considered as the air temperature, and is the true
thermodynamic temperature. Unlike wet bulb temperature, the
dry bulb temperature not indicates the amount of moisture in
the air. Its an important consideration when designing a
building for a certain climate. Dry bulb temperature / wet can
be important climate variables for human comfort in building.
XII.

Net Energy Use

$ ES

=(Energy Sold) Funds receive through the

sale of energy produced

$ PL

= Cost of Operating related to renewable

technology

$ O&M

2.

= Additional cost due to O&M of the new

system

Normalized Savings

This involves calculating normalized savings based on the

environmental
conditions
and
actual
performance
characteristics of the system. Savings are determined by
calculating the difference between baseline energy and
demand or metered energy, with both sets of data adjusted to a
prescribed set of conditions.

,*

-------- (4)

Table 4 : Monthly energy report of a Sri Lankan Company

Where
BE

=( Baseline Energy) Calculated/measure

energy use of equipment prior to the
implementation of the project

PPE

=(performance Period Energy) Calculated

or measured energy use of an equipment
after the implementation of the project

=( Adjustments) Routine and non-routine

changes made to the baseline or
performance period energy use to account
for expected and unexpected variations in
conditions

Month

Export No
of Units

Import no
of Units

Billed No
of Units

October
2010

880

2089

1209

September
2010

809

2162

1353

August 2010

561

2703

2142

Average

a) Electrical Metering
When a net metering approach is used, meters will typically
show the measures gross output (in kW and kWh) less selfconsumption and sales to the local utility, as well as any local
transformation and transmission and battery storage losses.
The goal with this method is usually to measure net generation
delivered to the project site. Metering, interconnection,
reporting, and other related issues are to be in accordance with
current electrical standards and the requirements of the
servicing electric utility. Facility should be separately
recorded and treated as separate transactions. For purposes of
power delivered to the site, a single meter that records energy
supplied to the site is preferred

1568

Average Monthly
Generation from the Solar
=
Monthly Average
Electricity Consumption
from CEB =
Average monthly Bill =
=
Monthly saving=
=

Other terms are as defined in previous equation

b)

After Installing the Solar Power System 25kW

1568 kWh
1568 *Rs.10.50
Rs.16,464.00
Rs.36,750 -Rs.16,464
Rs.20,286.00

Saving Calculation for Domestic User

By Installing 1kW Solar panel assuming daily 5 hours
generation
No of units generated daily =
30 days monthly generation =

5kWh
150kWh

Thermal Metering

Thermal meters (BTU meters) are required for measuring the

net thermal output of certain renewable energy systems.
Measurements of the thermal currents may have to take
account of any power loss which is produced by the system, as
well as storage and distribution losses. Small errors in the
enthalpy measurements (usually determined by the
temperature) can introduce large errors in energy calculations,
so meter accuracy, precision and calibration is especially
important. Thermal metering is bit expensive compared to
Electrical Metering.

Cost of 1kW Solar Panel with 15+ years Warranty period cost
around 1 million LKR in Sri Lanka. [Please note that these
figures are approximated and can vary ]
Table 5 : calculation of Bill after and before installing Solar Panel for a
domestic house having monthly consumption above 120 units

No of
units

Previous
Bill
(LKR)

New Bill (LKR)

Payback
period
(Years)

120

1401

45

160

2721

- 450
(Billed Units -30)
+60
(Billed Units 10)

260

5721

+1191
(Billed Units 110)

18.4

3500 kWh

300

7161

+2121
(Billed Units 150)

16.5

3500 * Rs.10.50
Rs.36,750.00

400

10761

+5361
(Billed Units 250)

15.4

Saving Calculation for Industrial user

3200kWh

Before Installing the Solar Power System [12]

Average No of units consumed =

Cost of Electricity =
=

31.3

To increase customers' confidence and reduce transaction

costs by using a defined, accepted, and proven approach
to facilitate negotiations during financing and contract
development.

To secure the full financial benefits of emissions

According to the table above its clear that the option of going
reductions, such as emissions trading. To verify
for Solar Energy System is economically viable for the
compliance with emissions reduction targets, regulating
Domestic Consumers only if their energy consumption is
bodies
above 260 Units.
XIV.
References:
500

14361

+8961
(Billed no of Units
350)

15.4

Most of the domestic energy is consumed during the

1.
night time and it can be accurately approximated that 65%
of Domestic energy is consumed at night. So expensive DC
battery bank must be might have to be installed. But by
installing a grid tie Solar System with net metering option can
export the extra energy generated to the system during day
2.
time, and during night, house can import energy from the grid.
XIII.

Conclusion:

A protocol for performance measurement is required to

recognize the real benefits of renewable energy technologies. 3.
These technologies make use of energy sources that regenerate
in nature and therefore sustainable in supply. Renewable
energy projects have been installed worldwide in numerous
projects funded by governments, private companies, 4.
organizations, and third party funders. Renewable energy
projects are often
1.
2.

Requiring a high capital investment,

Requiring a longer investment term.( payback
periods)
5.

Therefore, a metering program for renewable energy project

may need to verify that benefits are sustained over a longer
period of time. This situation favors metering approaches that
may cost more initially but have lower annual operating costs.
During the
management
objectives:

Project
Project

Cycle of Renewable
Metering may have

6.
Energy
several 7.

To decide the size of the system, energy storage

requirements, and other design characteristics of a project.
8.
Load profiles also provide information needed to establish
project feasibility.
9.
To serve as the basis for payments to a project developer
or energy service company
over the term of a
10.
performance contract. Payments can be directly tied to
measured performance.
To provide data that can be used as diagnostics, which
continually help to sustain system performance.

[book] Code of practice for energy efficient buildings in

Sri Lanka is published On this date of 30th June 2009
Under Clause 36 (g) of Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy
Authority Act
[web] Environmental Challenges in Energy, Carbon
Dioxide,
Air,
Water
and
Land
Use
[http://cnx.org/content/m41725/latest/?collection=col1132
5/latest]
[web] Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
[http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_renewable.htm
l]
[book] Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2007, An Analysis of
Energy Sector Performance by Sri Lanka Sustainable
Energy Authority
[http://www.info.energy.gov.lk/ebEnergyBalanceSheetActi
on.do;jsessionid=F34F59E8BF8CCB118524A7DB8ED40
928?cat_id=35&parent_id=5]
[web] South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy
(SARI/Energy) program was launched in 2000
[http://www.sari-energy.org/pagefiles/countries/
sri_lanka_energy_detail.asp]
[web] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
[web] Energy Forum: Promoting Renewable Energy
Technologies and integrate sustainable waste management
practices[ http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3]
[web] Energy Management System components from
Circutor[http://energymanagement.com.my/?p=64]
[web]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drybulb_temperature/
[book] ABS 643 Interior Lighting Design; Calculating the
Daylight Factor Deepa Ananthakrishnan
and Jason
DeCaestecker
[http://faculty.unlv.edu/kroel/www%20731%20spring%20
2006/daylight%20factor.pdf]

11. [web] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_waterheating

12. [web]Sri Lanka Tariff Rates
[http://www.leco.lk/tariif/index.htm]
13. [book] M&V Guidelines: Measurement and Verification
for Federal Energy Projects Version 3.0 Prepared For: U.S.
Department of Energy ,Federal Energy Management
Program , http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/
14. [web] Climate change mitigation: Sri Lankas perspective
, by D.M.S.H.K. Ranasinghe
XV.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all Im very grateful to Dr.Udayanga Hemapala,

Senior Lecturer of department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Moratuwa for providing opportunity to conduct
a research on one of my favorite areas in Electrical
Engineering and also for the guidance and supervision.
Special thank should go to Mr. Iroshan Wickremasinghe,
Engineer - Solar Division at NIKINI AUTOMATION
SYSTEMS (PVT) LTD. The technical documents he gave and
the points he highlighted during the interviews were beneficial
in writing this paper. Also I wishes to extend my gratitude to
all those who support given.
VII. BIOGRAPHY
R.M.T.O.Rajapaksha was born is Sri Jayawardanapura, Sri
Lanka on 30th April 1987. He had his primary, secondary and
tertiary education in Subarathi Vidyalaya-Homagama,
Presidents College-Kotte and Ananda College-Colombo
respectively. Currently he is in the final year of BSc(Eng.)
Electrical Engineering Course at University of Moratuwa, Sri
lanka. He is a student member of IET and held the position of
Web Master of the IET-YP Sri Lankan Section. His Interests
are Renewable Energy and Electrical Automation.