New Age of Electric Energy System brings a New Set of Challenges for
Protection and Automation
Hans-Joachim Herrmann, Siemens AG, Energy Automation Division, Germany
Presentation 6.2
Presentation 6.3
Presentation 6.4
A lot experiences are available since years regarding protections concepts separately for both systems. If AC and DC are on the same tower the
challenge is the detection of intersystem faults.
That means faults between the DC and AC system. Figure 8 describes the situation. The faulty
segment of the AC line system must be switched
off selectively, because there are a lot of intersections in the AC system. Line length of the AC system is between 50 km and 100 km. The DC line
has a total length of 340 km without any interruptions. The protection challenge comes from the fast
tripping time (< 1ms) of the DC protection and the
fast disconnection of the DC line. For the following
question an answer must be found. Do we have a
change to find the faulty section in the AC system?
To answer this question new technical solutions
are required as well as practical test for present
ideas are necessary.
Fig. 8
Results of practical testes showed, that the interference of the AC system because of the Corona
effect (resistive coupling from DC to AC) is uncritical. This interference can have an influence on
power transformers. At dry weather condition the
current which can be coupled into the AC system is
approximately 1mA/km. At rainy weather this current will be then times higher [4].
Presentation 6.5
Presentation 6.6
Presentation 6.7
With the installation of the converter station an additional question arises up.
Which fault current will be delivered in the case of
an unsymmetrical fault?
In the grid code is the fault ride through behavior
specified. So the interpretation of the injected fault
current is not really clear. Let us assume the supply situation according figure 13c. HVDC converter
station delivers a positive as well as negative sequence fault current in the case of an unsymmetrical fault. In the specification for the design of the
controller for windfarms only a supply of a positive
sequence current is required and this is realized in
practice [6]. The technical consequence is no fault
current in the case of unsymmetrical faults. Without
negative sequence impedance the current path
according figure 14 is not closed. Figure 14 describes a simplified replica in the symmetrical
components for a phase to earth fault on the cable
side. The zero sequence impedance comes from
earthed Wye side of the power transformer. The
positive sequence source of a converter station is
a current source. In contrast at synchronous generators this is a voltage source.
Without any fault current there is a limited or no reaction of the protection. The controller for windfarm
must be adapted and negative sequence source
impedance must be provided. This subject is discussed in the technical paper [7].
Presentation 6.8
Simplified replica
b)
d)
Three
phase
fault
without
optimized
control
Presentation 6.9
metrical current is supplied. In the paper the situation during unsymmetrical faults was discussed.
The analysis showed the need for extension of the
requirements. That means negative sequence impedance is required from renewable energy generation.
With the installation of offshore windfarms a new
network topology was discussed. It consists of
windfarms with converter stations and an offshore
HVDC station. The connection between both is realized via sea cable. In the paper transient phenomena are discussed during energization of the
cable and short circuits. The possibility of currents
without zero crossings must be considered in the
design concept. The best solution is an intelligent
tripping functionality in numerical devices. Another
effect can be happen if the control system for the
converter station is not correct adapted or components fail. During a fault in the cable a harmonic
fault current can occur and that must be tolerated
by the protection devices.
A further challenge for protection occurs if the
transmission system becomes a hybrid system.
Hybrid means the combination of overhead lines
and short cable sections. A protection concept with
available devices was presented.
The last addressed topic was the unpredictable
load flow. That means the system reaches the
thermal limits of primary equipments. This has an
impact on new functions, like temperature measurement on overhead lines as well as the protection concept. The distance protection is one main
protection for overhead lines. One advantage is
back-up functionality and in this regard the operating distance of protection is a discussed subject.
There is a conflict between the fault resistance
(sensitivity) and the maximum possible load. The
present technical solution is the load cut out in the
impedance characteristic. Under discussion are
new ideas like adaptive distance protection which
considers the source impedance or new algorithm
which eliminates the resistive part.
Smart grid influences the transmission grid and
has an impact on protection and control. As shown
in the introduction the numerical technology (flexible hardware, powerful communication and modular software structure) of modern intelligent electronic devices (IED) is ready to fulfill the new challenges. In some case only engineering work as
well as testing is necessary. Other applications
need additional investigation as well as research
work to understand the new phenomena and to
develop new additional functions or the modification of present functions. Summing up one can
emphasize the following: To guarantee the system
stability of Smart Grids additional investment in
protection and control is necessary.
Presentation 6.10
Literature
[1]
[2]
Electric
Transmission
and
Distribution
Program. Five year program plan (2008
2012) US Department of Energy, August
2006
[3]
[4]
[5]
Kamanenschikow,
D.;
Lsing,
M.;
Vennemann, K.: Spannungshaltung und
Blindleistungsbereitstellung
in
hochausgelasteten 380-kV-Netzen (Voltage stability
and reactive power supply in high loaded 380kV networks), 11. ETG/GMA Fachtagung,
11.06-12.06.2013, Mnchen (Germany)
[6]
SDLWindV),
Germany,
27.05.2009,
http://www.bmub.bund.de/en/service/publicati
ons/downloads
[7]
[8]
[9]
Oechsle,
F.;
Khn;H.;
Fhring,
H.;
Hausschild, J.: Hherauslastung der bertragungsnetze. Gibt es Grenzen fr das
Distanzschutzprinzip? (Increased load in
transmission networks. There are limits for
distance protection) 7. ETG/FNN Tutorial
Schutz und Leittechnik, 14.02.-15.02. 2012,
Mainz (Germany); www.schutz-leittechnik.de
[10] Wache, M.: Monitoring-System mit Synchronzeigern (Monitoring system with synchronous
phasor). 8. ETG/FNN Tutorial Schutz und
Leittechnik, 05.02.-06.02. 2014, Dsseldorf
(Germany); www.schutz-leittechnik.de
[11] White Paper Requirements for Secure
Control and Telecommunication Systems,
BDEW, June 2008, Version 1
21
50
63
49
79
51N
21
87T
81
59
32R
40
51
67G
64
51G
27
87N
79
51N
79
50
37
63
49
63
86
Page 4
21
67
87L
50N
Page 3
27
40
67
49T
DIGSI
51V
64R
50
24
Engineering Tool
50
81
SIPROTEC
Device
Modular hardware
Flexible configuration (IOs)
Modularity of Functions
According to the application the necessary
functions can be assigned to the device
during the engineering process
Modularity in communication
different plug-in modules, protocols
Microprocessor based devices with powerful communication are state of the art
This technology is ready for the new requirements
Technology of IEDs
Review of development in
Protection
Development in Protection
Table of Content
Presentation 6.11
AC
110 kV
422 kV
Page 7
385 kV
BB
FG Cap.bank 1
MP I-3ph 7
MP I-3ph 6
MP I-3ph 5
MP I-3ph 4
MP I-3ph 3
I-unbal.
MP I-3ph 2
+-
++
I-3ph
FG Side
I-3ph
FG U/I 3ph
I-3ph
FG U/I 3ph
1)
87
FG Diff.prot.
BI
BO
49 50
50
CB
Ctrl
I-unbal.
60C
Restrike
I-3ph 50BF
FG CB
I-3ph 59C 49
V-3ph
FG Cap.bank 2
60C
I-3ph 50 50N
49 46
59C 37
V-3ph 59
MP I-3ph 1
MP V-3ph 1
7SJ85
QA1
HVDC: 400 kV
Power: 2,2 GW; Length: 340 km
AC
110 kV
AC
380 kV
DC-System
400 kV
Page 5
Presentation 6.12
er
tap
Active Power
No stable
operating point
after the event
PU curve
before the event
L1-E
Supervision of the
Nose (PU) Curve
Page 11
Conventional supply
Load
PNet
PPlant
pin
form
OLTC
G
PPlant; QPlant
Page 10
ns
PU curve
after the event
Tra
Operating point
before the event
PNet; QNet
Operating range:
- 400Mvar (under excited)
+ 900Mvar (over excited)
voltage
NET
Page 9
Synchronous Generator
(Motor operation)
System voltage
Nuclear power plant was shut down 1500 MVA generator delivers
now the necessary reactive power (synchronous condenser)
Presentation 6.13
voltage
current
400 V AC
Page 15
Protection Interface
87
87
21
87
Cable
87
21
21
OHL
Blocking of AR
Protection
communication
21
Power Supply
Devices
-
VT2 VT1
OHL
load
Arc-limit
Pick-up zone
Load range
3730 A
Protection
limit range
Safety margin
Page 16
jX
Requirement from the Energy Line Extension Act (2009): Pilot project with cable sections
(power: 1.800 MW, cable length: 3 and 10 km, in sum 12 cables in parallel
New situation for protection (auto reclosing must be avoided at cable failures)
Page 13
21
Z<
Presentation 6.14
Page 17
For selective operation the protection needs fault currents. To improve the
control of converters as well the protection simulations and tests are necessary.
Smart Grid influences the transmission grid and has additional influence on
protection and control.
Summary, Conclusion
Presentation 6.15