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LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS
Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE
MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS
LOS SOLUCIONARIOS
CONTIENEN TODOS LOS
EJERCICIOS DEL LIBRO
RESUELTOS Y EXPLICADOS
DE FORMA CLARA
VISITANOS PARA
DESARGALOS GRATIS.
Solution Manual
for
Adaptive Control
Second Edition
Preface
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 1
1.5
v = 4v30 u
The loop transfer function is then
G0 ( s) GPI ( s) 4v30
where GPI is the transfer function of a PI controller i.e.
1
GPI ( s) = K 1 +
sTi
The characteristic equation for the closed loop system is
sTi( s + 1) 3 + K 4v30 ( sTi + 1) = 0
with K = 0.15 and Ti = 1 we get
( s + 1) s( s + 1) 2 + 0.6v30 = 0
( s + 1)( s3 + 2s2 + s + 0.6v30 ) = 0
The root locus of this equation with respect to vo is sketched in Fig. 1.
According to the Routh Hurwitz criterion the critical case is
r
3 10
3
0.6v0 = 2
v0 =
= 1.49
3
Since the plant G0 has unit static gain and the controller has integral
action the steady-state output is equal to v0 and the set point yr . The
closed-loop system is stable for yr = uc = 0.3 and 1.1 but unstable for
yr = uc = 5.1. Compare with Fig. 1.9.
1
Problem Solutions
1.5
Imag Axis
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
Figure 1.
1.6
0
Real Axis
0.5
1.5
1
G0 ( i u )
es/q
1+s q
arg G ( i ) = arctan
=
q
q
G0 ( s) =
G0 ( i )
Ti
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.1
0.45
0.45
0.45
1
1
1
5.24
2.62
1.3
A simulation of the system obtained when the controller is tuned for the
smallest flow q = 0.5 is shown Fig. 2. The Ziegler-Nichols method is not
the best tuning method in this case. In the Fig. 3 we show results for
Solutions to Chapter 1
Process output
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
Control signal
2
1
0
0
dx
=
0
dt
0
y1 = 1 1
3
0
0
x
0x
k y
2 2
0
1
u1
2 1 0 1 x +
k2
0
1
0
s+1
0
2k2 s + 3
G ( s) = 1 1 0
k2
0
s2 + ( 4 k2 ) s + 3 + k2
( s + 1)( s + 3)( s + 1 + k2)
1
1
2k2
s + 1 + k2
0
0
Problem Solutions
Process output
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
Control signal
2
1
0
0
3 + k2
3( 1 + k2 )
Solutions to Chapter 1
Process output
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
Control signal
2
1
0
0
Problem Solutions
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 2
2.1
V ( x1 xm ) =
xi x j ( aij + a ji ) 2 +
i, j = 1
n
X
b i xi + c
i=1
V
x
n
X
( aij + a ji ) x j + bi
j=1
The model is
yt =
tT
b
0
ut1
+ et
b1
+ et = ut
The least squares estimate is given as the solution of the normal equation
P
P
P 2
ut
ut ut1 1
u t yt
1 T
P 2 P
= ( ) Y = P
utut1
ut1
ut1 yt
ut =
t 0
otherwise
1
0
yt
1
N
N
1
=
=
X
1
N
N 1 N 1
yt
y1
y1
1
N
N
X
2
yt
N
X
yt
N 1
yt
e1
1
N
N
X
2
et
e1
Solutions to Chapter 2
Hence
1 1 1
N N 1 1 1
)( )
when N . Notice that the variance of the estimates do not go to
zero as N . Consider, however, the estimate of b + b .
1 1
1
E( b + b b b ) = 1 1
N
1
1 = N 1
N 1
E (
= ( ) 1 1 =
T
Eutut1 = 0
N
T
1
) = 1 E( ) =
1
1
1
N 1
In this case it is thus possible to determine both parameters consistently.
2.3
e( t) = b1 u( t
Model:
or
1) + e( t) =
T ( t) = u( t) ,
and
( t) 0 + e( t)
0 = b0
1) + e( t)
( t)
y ( t) = bu
( t) + ( t) = T ( t) + ( t)
y( t) = bu
where
( t) = y( t)
y( t)
T (
) =
0
Ed
e( 1)
..
Ed =
e( N )
Problem Solutions
N
1 T
1 X 2
=
u ( t)
N
N
1
Eu
N
N
1 T
1 X
1 X
Ed =
u( t) e( t) =
u( t) (b1 u( t
N
N
N
1
( a)
u( t) =
E ( u2 ) = 1
Hence
b =
t 1
t < 1
1
0
E ( u( t) u( t
1) + e( t))
N
1)) = 1
+ b1 = b0 + b1
Eu( t) e( t) = 0
N
( b)
u( t) N ( 0, ) Eu2 = 2
Hence
2.6
The model is
yt =
tT
Eu( t) u( t
1) = 0
Eu( t) e( t) = 0
yt1 ut1
+ t =
+ et + cet1
b
|
{z
} | {z
{z
}
} |
tT
The least squares estimate is given by the solution to the normal equation
( 2.5) . The estimation error is
= ( P)
T
y2t1
PPy u
t 1 t 1
yt1 ut1
u2t1
P
P
yt1 et c
yt1 et1
P
P
) = E(
) 1 E ( T )
2
yt1
yt1 ut1
Eyt
E
P 2
P
= N
yt1 ut1
ut1
0
Eu2t
Solutions to Chapter 2
and
P
P
yt1 et c
yt1 et1 c N Eyt1 et1
E
P
P
=
Since
yt =
Ey2t =
Eu2t
we get
b
q+c
ut +
et
q+a
q+a
xb2
1 2ac + c 2 2
+
1 a2
1 a2
= 1
Ee2t
a) = b
E ( b b) = 0
E ( a
2 c( 1
+ (1
a )
2
2ac + c )
2
2.8
The model is
y( t) = a + bt + e( t)
1
=
=
t
= T + e( t)
a
= ( T ) 1 T Y
where
Hence
1 1 1
=
1 2 3
y( 1)
y( 2)
Y =
y( N )
N
1 N
N
X
X
X
1
t
y
(
t
)
t=1
t
=
1
t
=
1
N
N
N
X
X
X
t
t
ty( t)
t=1
t=1
t=1
(( 2N + 1) s0 3s1)
N ( N 1)
( ( N + 1) s0 + 2s1)
N ( N + 1)( N 1)
10
Problem Solutions
t =
t=1
N
X
N ( N + 1)
2
t2 =
t=1
N ( N + 1)( N + 2)
6
and introduced
s0 =
N
X
y( t)
s1 =
t=1
N
X
ty( t)
t=1
( N + 1)( 2N + 1)
1)
N
+1
N 2+ 1
N
X
(k
k=1
1
N
N
X
k=1
E ( u( k
u( k
1)
1) )
2
1
1 1
N
E ( u( k
1)
N
X
k=1
N
1 X
(k
k=1
u( k
1) y( k)
1) y ( k)) ,
as
1) y ( k)
y( k))
y ( k) = y( k) + ay( k 1) = bu( k 1)
u( k ) = K ( u c ( k )
Solutions to Chapter 2
11
Estimator
d
uc = 0
Figure 5.
1
q+a
( b) Similarly to ( a) , we get
N
1 X
u( k
N
k=1
1)
( u2 ( k
N
1 1 X
u( k
N
1))
1
k=1
1) y ( k)
( u( k 1) y ( k))0 ,
as
( u( k
1) y ( k))
= ( u( k))0 b (( u( k) 0 + d0 )
( u( k))0 = Hud ( 1) d0 =
1 + aK +b K b d
= b 1
1))
1
( u( k
1 + a + Kb
Kb
1) y ( k))0 = b 1 +
1+a
K
d0
( u( k)) 0
12
Problem Solutions
Estimator
Hf
Hf
d
uc
b
q+a
Figure 6.
the regressor and then estimate both b and bd. The regression model
is in this case
y ( t) = u( t 1) 1
= ( t) T
bd
y( t) = T ( t 1) 0
( t) = ( t 1) + K ( t) ( t)
( t) = y( t) T ( t 1) ( t
1)
1)
P ( t 1) ( t 1)
=
+ ( t 1) P ( t 1) ( t 1)
P ( t) = I K ( t) ( t 1) P ( t 1) /
Since the quantity P ( t) ( t 1) appears in many places it is convenient
K ( t) = P ( t) ( t
T
Input
u,y: real
Parameter lambda: real
State
phi, theta: vector
P: symmetric matrix
Local variables w: vector, den : real
"Compute residual
e=y-phi^T*theta
"update estimate
w=P*phi
den=w^T*phi+lambda
Solutions to Chapter 2
theta=theta+w*e/den
"Update covariance matrix
P=(P-w*w^T/den)/lambda
"Update regression vectors
phi=shift(phi)
phi(1)=-y
phi(n+1)=u
13
14
Problem Solutions
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 3
3.1
B ( z)
z + 1.2
= 2
A( z)
z
z + 0.25
Design specification: The closed system should have a pole that correspond to following characteristic polynomial in continuous time
s2 + 2s + 1 = ( s + 1) 2
This corresponds to
Am ( z) = z2 + am1 z + am2
with
am1 =
am2 =
( e
e2
+ e1 ) =
2e
1)
( 1)
B T = B m Ao
( 2)
AR + B S = Am Ao
. This makes ( 1) B T =
As B is unstable must Bm = B Bm
= b =
Bm
m
Further we have
A( 1)
0.25
=
B ( 1)
2.2
Solutions to Chapter 3
15
r 1 + a1 + b0 s0 = ao1 + am1
r + a ( r 1) + a + b s + b s = a + a a + a
1
2
0 1
1 0
o2
m1 o1
m2
a2 r + b1 s2 = am2 ao2
or
1
b0 0 0 r
ao1 + am1 + 1 a1
a
s
1
b
b
0
a
a
a
a
a
a
+
+
+
1
1
0
0
a2
m1
o1
m2
1
2
a
a
0
b
b
s
a
a
a
a
a
+
+
2
1
1
0
1
m1
o2
m2
o1
2
a2
0 0 b1
s2
am2 ao2
= b1
b1
a1
T
a2
= B R, S = B S, T = B Ao . Furthermore we have
with R
m
uc = B Tuc = Tu
c
Ao Am y m = Ao B m u c = Ao B B m
y = R
1
1
u + S
y
Ao Am
Ao Am
| {z }
| {z }
= uf
ym = T
= y
= yf
1
uc
Ao Am
| {z }
= uc f
f + S y f
= Ru
T u
cf
with e = y
= y
dt0
dt
ds0
dt
m uc .
= ye
= uc e
16
3.3
Problem Solutions
b
q
s+a s+p
where p and q are known. The desired closed loop system has the transfer
function
Gm ( s) =
s2
2
+ 2 s + 2
Since a discrete time controller is used the transfer functions are sampled.
We get
b0 z + b1
H ( z) = 2
z + a1 z + a2
H m ( z) =
b m0 z + b m1
z2 + am1 z + am2
The fact that p and q are known implies that one of the poles of H is
known. This information will be disregarded. In the following we will
assume
1
G ( s) =
s( s + 1)
With h = 0.2 this gives
H ( z) =
0.0187( z + 0.936)
( z 1)( z 0.819)
T
= b o b1 a1 a2
( t) = u( t 1) u( t 2)
y( t 1) y( t 2)
am1 a1
b0
am2 a2
s1 =
b0
s0 =
Solutions to Chapter 3
17
R ( z) = z + b 1 b 0
S ( z) = s0 z + s1
T ( z) = t0 z
1 + am1 + am2
b0
t0 =
where
2. B not canceled:
The design equation becomes
r1 =
s1 =
where
b 0 n2
b n r (a b b )
1 1
1 0
b20
n1 = a1
a a
m1
o1
AR + B S = Am Ao B +
Hence
B + Am Ao y = ARy + B Sy = B Ru + B Sy
B
B
u +S
y
y = R
Ao Am
Ao Am
|
{z
}
|
{z
}
uf
yf
18
Problem Solutions
2 uc y
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
u
10
0
10
0
= r0 r1 s0
T
s1
Solutions to Chapter 3
19
2 uc y
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
u
10
0
10
0
yf
20
Problem Solutions
2 uc y
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
u
10
0
10
0
B}
u + |S{z
B}
y
y = |R{z
Ao Am
Ao Am
B = q
q + 0.4
1.4
q
0.4
B =
0.6
B =
Solutions to Chapter 3
21
2 uc y
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
10 u
10
0
Figure 10. Simulation in Problem 3.3. Process output and control signal
are shown for the direct self-tuning regulator when the process zero is not
canceled and when B = 1.
3.4
b
s( s + 1)
y)
s2
kb
+ s + kb
The gain k = 1 b gives the desired result. Idea for STR: Estimate b and
To estimate b introduce
use k = 1 b.
s( s + 1) y = bu
1
s( s + 1)
y = b
u
( s + a) 2
( s + a) 2
| {z }
yf
| {z }
22
Problem Solutions
2 uc y
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
u
10
0
10
0
Figure 11. Simulation in Problem 3.3. Process output and control signal
are shown for the direct self-tuning regulator when the process zero is not
canceled and when B = q.
db
= P e = P ( y f b )
dt
dP
= P P T P = P
dt
With b ( 0) = 1, P ( 0) = 100, =
in Fig. 14.
P
2
Solutions to Chapter 3
2 uc y
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
u
10
0
10
0
Figure 12. Simulation in Problem 3.3. Process output and control signal
are shown for the direct self-tuning regulator when the process zero is not
canceled and when B = ( q + 0.4) /1.4.
23
24
Problem Solutions
2 uc y
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
u
10
0
10
0
Figure 13. Simulation in Problem 3.3. Process output and control signal
are shown for the direct self-tuning regulator when the process zero is not
canceled and when B = ( q 0.4) /0.6.
Solutions to Chapter 3
2 uc y
0
2
0
10
15
20
10
15
20
10
15
20
10 u
5
0
0
1 b
0.6
0.2
0
25
26
Problem Solutions
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 4
4.1
by
b
b 2 + P
C
C
C
r
u
f
= o t+ t
yt + d =
( )
Consider minimization of
( +)
J = y2t + d + u2t
Introduce the expression ( *)
J = ( rout + f t) 2 + u2t
Hence
2
r2o +
ft +
ut
f2
+ 2
ro
ro + t
2
1
f
r
ut
f2
= 2
+ 2
t +
o +
ro +
ro
ro + t
2
1
yt + d +
ut
f2
= 2
+ 2
ro +
ro
ro + t
1
J = 2
ro +
ut = f t + ro +
ut
J1 = y t + d +
ro
ro
Solutions to Chapter 5
27
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 5
5.1
The plant is
1
B
=
s( s + a)
A
G ( s) =
The desired response is
Gm ( s) =
2
Bm
=
s2 + 2 s + 2
Am
S = s0 s + s1
T = t0 Ao
1
u
Ao Am
ds0
p
y
= e
dt
Ao Am
ds1
1
y
= e
dt
Ao Am
dt0
1
uc
= e
dt
Ao Am
dr1
= e
dt
= b o( Ru + Sy)
Further
Ao Am ym = Ao Bm uc = b o Tuc
Hence
Ao Am e = Ao Am ( y
e =
) = bo( Ru + Sy
b
( Ru + Sy
Ao Am
Tu )
Tu )
c
e =
where
uf =
bD
Ru f + Sy f
Ao Am
1
u
D
yf =
1
y
D
Tu
cf
uc f =
1
uc
D
28
Problem Solutions
a 0
x =
x +
1 0
0
|
{z
}
| {z }
Ap
Bp
y = 0 1 x
| {z }
C
Control law
u = Lr u c
Lx = u x x
3
1 1
2 2
B L) x + B L u
p
= Ax + Buc
y = Cx
where
A( ) = Ap
a
Bp L =
3
B ( ) = Bp L r =
We have
2
Am =
A
(B B
)T
= 3
Bm =
2 a 1 0
T
m)
2
(A
we get
= Am
A x B
e + ( A A ) x + ( B B )u
m
= Ax + Buc
m m
m uc
( )
= 0
( )
Solutions to Chapter 5
B ( )
( +)
= 0
29
A ) Q (A A )
+ tr( B B ) Q ( B B )
V = eT Pe + tr( A
Notice that
we get
dV
T + PeeT + A T Qa ( A
= tr P ee
dt
+ (A
Am ) Qa A + B Qb ( B
T
But from ( *)
) + (B
Bm ) Qb B
( +)
A ) x + ( B B )u ) e
e + ( A A ) x + ( B B )u )
P eeT = P ( Am e + ( A
PeeT = Pe ( Am
Qb B +
PeuTc
dV
= eT PAm e + eT ATm Pe
dt
A )
+ 2tr( B B )
+ 2tr( A
) are
Qa A + PexT
Qb B + PeuTc
30
Problem Solutions
we get
dV
=
dt
Qe
The equations for updating the parameters derived above can now be
used. This gives
2 a 1 0
1
2
= 0
Q
Pex
+
a
2 2
0
0
0
3
3 2 0
Qb
= 0
+ Peuc
0
m1
and e2 = x2
m2 .
ATm P + PAm =
41.2548 11.3137
Q =
11.3137 16.0000
we get
4
P =
16
The block diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 16. The PI version of
the SPR rule is
d
d
( )
= 1 ( uc e) 2 uc e
dt
dt
Solutions to Chapter 5
10
20
30
40
20
30
40
Estimated parameters
1
0.5
0
0
10
ym
uc
y
s
Figure 16.
dym
= 0uc
dt
dy
= uc
dt
31
32
Problem Solutions
Hence
de
= (
dt
we get
)u
d2 e
d
uc + (
=
dt2
dt
) dudt
Hence
d2 e
de
+ 1 u2c
+
2
dt
dt
duc
1 uc
+ 2 u2c e = (
dt
) dudt
G ( s) =
The transfer function has no poles and zeros in the right half plane if
a1 0, a2 0, b0 0, b1 0, and b2 0. Consider
G ( i ) =
B ( i ) A( i )
A( i ) A( i )
= b0 + ( a1 b1
4
b a b )
0 2
+ a2 b2
Solutions to Chapter 5
10
10
0
0
1.5
10
15
0
0
20
Estimated parameter
10
15
20
Estimated parameter
1.5
0.5
0
0
33
0.5
10
15
0
0
20
10
15
20
Figure 17. Simulation in Problem 5.2 for a triangular wave of period 20.
Left top: Process and model outputs, Left bottom: Estimated parameter
when = 0.5 ( full) , 1 ( dashed) , and 2 ( dotted) for = 0.7. Right top:
Process and model outputs, Right bottom: Estimated parameter when
= 0.4 ( full) , 0.7 ( dashed) , and 1.0 ( dotted) for = 1.
b a b )
0 2
4b0
b a b
0 2
( i)
and
a2 b2 >
( a1 b1
0 2
4b0
Example 1. Consider
b a b )
G ( s) =
s2 + 6s + 8
s2 + 4s + 3
3 8 = 13 > 0. Hence the transfer
We have a1 b1 b0 a2 b2 = 24
function G ( s) is SPR. Example 2.
G ( s) =
3s2 + s + 1
s2 + 3s + 4
34
Problem Solutions
10
10
0
0
1.5
10
15
0
0
20
Estimated parameter
1.5
10
15
20
0.5
0
0
Estimated parameter
0.5
10
15
0
0
20
10
15
20
we have a1 b1
a b b
2 0
= 3
12 1 = 10. Furthermore
a2 b2 = 4
( a1b1
a b b )
2 0
4b0
100
12
B1 =
( )
Solutions to Chapter 5
Define C1 as
C1 = B T P = p11
p12
35
p1n
...
A) B
1
Choose A stable.
Solve ( *) for given Q positive.
Choose B as
B ( s) = p11 sn1 + p12 sn2 + . . . + p1n
5.11 Let us first solve the underlying design problem for systems with known
parameters. This can be done using pole placement. Let the plant dynamics be
B
u
y =
A
and let the controller be
Ru = Tuc
sy
( )
A = ( s + a)( s + p)
B = bq
Am = s2 + 2 s + 2
( +)
36
Problem Solutions
s p + s
0
= 0
Hence
( )
s1 = ps0
( s + a)( s + r1 ) + bqs0 = s2 + 2 s + 2
Introducing
we get
A ( s) = s + a
S ( s) = s0
T = t0
BT
uc
A R + B S
e
B
B
uc
uc
=
t0
A R + BS
Am
y =
e = B T B u = B y B
s ( A R + B S)
A R + B S
A
e = A B T u = A y A
r ( A R + B S)
A R + B S
A
A B
B
u
u =
=
A A
A ( s + p)
0
1
u e
( s + p) Am
1
ds0
y e
=
dt
Am
1
dt0
uc e
=
dt
Am
dr1
=
dt
Solutions to Chapter 5
20
40
60
80
100
40
60
80
100
Estimated parameters
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
20
Figure 19. Simulation in Problem 5.11. Top: Process ( full) and model
( dashed) output. Bottom: Estimated parameters r1 ( full) , s0 ( dashed) , and
t0 ( dotted) .
s2
kb
+ s + kb
e =
k p
kb
uc
p2 + p + kb
1
( u y)
+p+1
b
b2 k
u
u
c
2 + p + kb
( p2 + p + kb) 2 c
b
( uc y)
= 2
p + p + kb
bp
p =
d
dt
37
38
Problem Solutions
2 ym y, gamma = 0.05
2 k, gamma = 0.05
2
0
20
40
60
0
0
20
2 ym y, gamma = 0.3
2 k, gamma = 0.3
2
0
20
40
60
0
0
20
2 ym y, gamma = 1
2 k, gamma = 1
2
0
20
40
60
0
0
20
40
60
40
60
40
60
Figure 20. Simulation in Problem 5.12. Left: Process ( full) and model
( dashed) output. Right: Estimated parameter k for different values of .
A simulation of the system is given Fig. 20. This shows the behavior of
the system when uc is a square wave.
Solutions to Chapter 6
39
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 6
6.1
b
s( s + a)
1
1
1
=
= 2
A f ( s)
Am ( s)
s + 2 s + 2
s0 s + s1
t0 ( s + ao )
Y ( s) +
uc ( s)
s + r1
s + r1
2 + ao a
r1
ar
(
a
2
)
b
+
s
o
1
= ( )
=
=
s1
ao b
2
t0
b
/
/
/
+
u
dt y
y
1 0
0
y f 2
2 y f 1
d
+
y
dt y f
1
0
yf
0
and
u f 2
d
dt u f
1
u f
1
+
u
0
uf
0
2
s y + t u + sp ++ rr s
1
1 0
0 c
y+
ao t0 t0 r1
uc
p + r1
r x + ( s
1
+ r1 s0 ) y + ( ao t0
u = x
s y+t u
0
r t )u
1 0
40
Problem Solutions
y
1
0
0
0
1
2
y f
0
0
1
=
yf
dt
u
s0
0
0
0
0
0
u
0
x
s1 + r1 s0
0
y
bt
0
y
0
yf
uc
0
u f
u
0
ao t0 r1 t0
x
0
0
0
0
r1
p2 y f = py f
Clearly
0 0
=
0 0
and
e = p2 y f
b
uf
p( p + a)
a
uf
= T 0
b
y f
1 0 0 0 0
yf
0 0 0 1 0
u f
f
x
2 y
f
y f + y + a y f
bu
Solutions to Chapter 6
2 y
f
= 0 1
+ ao
y f + y + ( r1 + 2 + ao ) y f
41
2
t0
y f
yf
0
u f
f
x
uf
0 1
e
=
0 0
0 0
+ ao
1
0
t0
y f
0
yf
0
u f
0
= C ( )
The averaged equations for the parameter estimates are given by ( 6.54)
on page 303. In this particular case we have
ab2
( s + a)( s + b) 2
a
Gm ( s) =
s+a
G ( s) =
42
Problem Solutions
1 2
b2
a2 u20 b2
v 2
cos
2
2 cos2 1
=
2
b + 2
2( a2 + 2 )( b2 + 2 )
a2 b2u20
2b2
a2 b2 u20 ( b2 2 )
1
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2( a + )( b + ) + b
2( a2 + 2 )( b2 + 2 ) 2
=
= atan
Similarly we have
j j
u20
G cos ( 2 + 1 )
2
avg ( uc Guc ) =
u20
ab2
+ 2 ( b2 + 2 )
( cos 2 cos 1
sin 2 sin )
1
where
= atan
1 = atan
b
a
It follows from the analysis on page 302304 that the MIT rule gives a
stable system as long as < b while the stability condition for the SPR
rule is
r
a
b
<
a + 2b
with b = 10a we get
MIT = 10a
SP R = 2.18a
6.10 The adaptive system was designed for a process with the transfer function
G ( s) =
The controller has the structure
u = 1uc
b
s+a
( 1)
( 2)
2y
Solutions to Chapter 6
43
Gm ( s) =
( 3)
b 1
s + a + b 2
b /
/
m 2
229 31 2
a( ) =
259 2
( +)
b( ) = 458
259 2
When
229
= 2.7179
31
we get a( ) = 0. The reson for this is that the value of the plant transfer
function
458
( )
G ( s) =
2
( s + 1)( s + 30s + 229)
is G ( 2.7179i) =
0.6697i. The transfer function of the plant is thus
purely imaginary. The only way to obtain a purely imaginary value of
the transfer function
b
G =
( )
s+a
is to make a = 0. Also notice that b( 2.7179i) = 1.8203 which gives
G ( 2.7179i) = 0.6697i. When = 259 = 16.09 we get infinite values of
a and b. Notice that G ( i 259) = 0.0587 that is real and negative. The
only way to make G ( i ) negative and real is to have infinite large values
44
Problem Solutions
of a and b. It is thus easy to explain the behavior of the algorithm from the
system identification point of view. The controller can be interpreted as
if it is fitting a model ( **) to the process dynamics ( *) . With a sinusoidal
input it is possible to get a perfect fit and the parameters are given by
( + ).