CHAPTER 9:

TRANSPORT

LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT

Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals
The circulatory system is divided into a closed circulatory system and an open
circulatory system. Humans, fish, amphibians and birds have a closed circulatory system,
while insects have an open circulatory system. Unlike fish which have a single circulatory
system, amphibians, birds and humans have a double circulatory system.
The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood
is made up of blood cells and plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells
and platelets. Plasma consists of water, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste,
hormones and antibodies.
Blood vessels are divided into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries.
The heart is the organ that pumps blood, which carries all the vital materials that help
the body function and waste products that the body does not need.

CHAPTER 9:
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Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.

Circulatory system

consists of

Open
example

Double
circulatory system
example

Human

Birds

Fish

consists of

Heart

Blood vessel
made up of

Plasma
consists of

Red blood cell

Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions
Write the correct cell due to its function.
Cellular component

Function
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon

CHAPTER 9:
TRANSPORT

dioxide
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in

Granular

allergic reactions.

Leucocytes

Kills parasitic worms.

Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.
Produces the immune response against foreign

(white blood
cell)
Agranular

substances.
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Involved in the process of blood clotting.

Activity 3 : Blood vessels

Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.
Blood vessels

Arteries

Function

The thickness of

Capillaries
Allow rapid gaseous

Veins
Carry deoxygenated

exchange, nutrients, waste

blood (except for the

and hormones between the

pulmonary vein)

blood and cells

towards the heart

Thinnest (one-cell thick)

the wall
No valves, except semiValves

lunar valves in the aorta

and pulmonary artery

The size of
lumen

Small

Large

Activity 4 : The Human Heart

The heart consists of four chambers: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.
The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve
separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. These valves prevent backflow of blood from
the ventricles into the atria when the ventricles contract. Semi-lunar (mitral) valves are
present at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery to prevent the backflow of blood
into the ventricles.

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Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.

Pulmonary vein

Superior vena cava

Left atrium
Right atrium

Septum
Chorda tendinae

The wall of left ventricle

Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart

Fill in the blanks.
1.

Vena cava carry d_________

__ blood right a__________

through

t______________ valve right v_____________ through s ______________

valves p_______________
2.

arteries lungs.

Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by

a____________

through b_____________

p_______________ veins left

valve left

through s________________ valves aorta.

v______________

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Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart

Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in
the pumping of the heart :

1. The SA node as the pacemaker

generates electrical impulses.

2. The electrical impulses spread

rapidly over the walls of both atria,
causing the atria to contract
simultaneously. The contraction of
the atria helps push blood into the
ventricles.

3. The electrical impulses spread to

the ventricles causing them to
contact and push blood out to the
lungs and body.

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4. The electrical impulses reach the

AV node. Bundle of His fibres,
bundle branches and Purkinje fibres
conduct the impulses to the apex of
the heart
Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects, fish, amphibians and humans
Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects,
fish, amphibians and humans.
Organisms
Type of circulatory system

Insects
Open
-

Single

Separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood

Fish

Amphibians
Closed

Humans
Double

Incomplete

(A single
Number of chambers in

blood vessel

the heart

forms the

Four

heart)
Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Complete the schematic diagram below.

Damaged blood
vessels

stimulates

Agglutination of
platelets
secretes

Liver

T___________

Vitamin K

Ca+

T____________

Prothrombin
9 : The

Activity

Lymphatic System

F___________
(soluble protein)

F________
(insoluble protein)

Blood clotting

CHAPTER 9:
TRANSPORT
A

Tick ( ) if the statement is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is wrong.

1.

Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles and

dead leucocytes.

2.

Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells.

3.

Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. (

4.

Lymph is in the blood vessels.

5.

Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, minerals
and hormones but no lymphocytes.

6.

Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein.

7.

Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid.

8.

Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells.

9.

Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct
to be returned to the circulatory system.

10.

Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema.

Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the
lymphatic system.

1.

The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of s___________
m_____________

2.

around it.

Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways :

(a)

by diffusing back into the

l

(b)

through the

and the

d___________
c_______________

Activity 10 : The Bodys Defence Mechanism

into the circulatory system.

________

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Complete the schematic diagram below.

Lymphatic system
is involved in

Defence mechanism
is divided into

First
line of defence

S__________
_______________

T_________
_______________

consists of
consists of

S_______

Phagocytic white
blood cell

consists of

Lymphocyte

M________
m__________

Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things

Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.

Antibodies can clamp pathogens

together. The clumping makes the
pathogens easy targets for
phagocytes to capture and destroy.

Opsonins are antibodies that bind

with antigens to act as markers so
that phagocytes can recognize the
antigens
andcan
destroy
them.the toxins
An antibody
neutralize
produced by bacteria by binding to
Lysins
areThis
antibodies
that
to
the toxin.
prevents
thebind
toxin
antigens
and
cause
the
antigens
to
from attaching to cells and causing
rupture
or
disintegrate
damage.

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TRANSPORT

Activity 12 : Immunity
The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram.
Types of immunity

Active immunity

Passive immunity
is divide into

Naturally acquired

Artificially acquired

Naturally acquired

Artificially acquired

Antibodies are
required from the
mother

T____________

example
C__________p___
Activity

13 :

Transport

of Organic

H____________,
d____ _, p______

Substances and

The

Water in Plants

characteristics

- A_____________
are produced in
response to the
antigens.

- A v _________
stimulates the body
to produce
antibodies.

- The person is
immune after he
has been infected
by it.

- The body has

acquired immunity
through vaccination.

- Permanent
immunity

- A foetus receives
maternal antibodies
through p_______.
- Babies acquire the
immunity through
breastfeeding.
- Temporary
immunity

- A serum which
contains antibodies
or a____________
can be injected
from the donors.
- Temporary
immunity

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10

A. Complete the schematic diagram below.

PLANTS
divided into types of transport

Sample
1.

questions.
Xylem

Figure 1

shows the human

P______

circulatory system.

function in

Transport of w_______
and
m____________
from roots to leaves

Transport of
o________ s________
through translocation

via three mechanisms

Root pressure

Transpiration pull

C________ and a_________

in the xylem

due to

T____________

Figure 1
(a)

Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation.

(i) P :

________________________________________________________________

Description :

_________________________________________________________

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11

______________________________________________________________________
(i i) Q :

________________________________________________________________

Description :

_________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
( 4 marks )
(b)

On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q.

(c)

Oxygenated blood with the arrow

Deoxygenated blood with the arrow (

)
)

( 1 mark )

The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to

replace the original pacemaker.
Explain how the electronic pacemaker works.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks )

(d)

Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y.
Blood vessel
X
Y

Volume / cm3
100
300
Table 1

Pressure / kPa
13.3
0.3

( i) Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood
flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X.
______________________________________________________________________

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12

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
2.

Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.

Figure 2
(a)

On Figure 2,
( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts.
(ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood.

( 3 marks )

(b)( i) Which chamber is relax?

______________________________________________________________________
(ii)

Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i).

1. ____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks )

(c)( i) State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z.

______________________________________________________________________
(ii)

Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i).

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

(d) )( i) Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses?
______________________________________________________________________

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(ii)

13

Explain your answer in (d)(i).

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

3.

Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during
the treatment to acquire immunity.

(a)

Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them.

Individual P : __________________________________________________________
Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

(b)

State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and
Q. Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

(c)

State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals.

Individual P : __________________________________________________________
Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

(d)

Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes,
antibiotics and vaccination are used to combat infectious diseases.

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14

Explain what is meant by :

( i) antibiotic

_______________________________________________________

(ii) vaccines

________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.

Type of
blood

Cell P

Cell Q

Cell R

Cell S

Produces
Function

Carries oxygen

Defense

antibodies :

and carbon

mechanism

- Lysine

dioxide

Blood clotting

- Agglutinin
- Antitoxin
Table 2

(a)( i) Cell Q engulfs the pathogen entering the body by phagocytosis. Complete the diagram
below to show the mechanism of phagocytosis occurred in cell Q.
Pathogens

(ii)
Cell R destroys the pathogens entering the body by the action of antibodies. State one
of the mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy pathogens.
______________________________________________________________________
( 1 mark )
(b)( i) Explain how cell P functioning in the transportation of respiration gases.

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15

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks)
(ii) Based on Table 2, state two structural differences between Cell P and Cell Q.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(c)( i) Explain how Cell S functioning in the blood clotting.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(ii) Write down two enzymic reactions in the mechanism of blood clotting.
1.

2.

( 2 marks )

5. Figure 4 shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid

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16

Figure 4

(a)

On Figure 4, label the structures S, T and U.

[2 marks]

(b)

Name fluid R.

[1 mark]

(c)

Briefly describe the formation of fluid R.

[2 marks]

(a)

(i)

State two differences between fluid R and the blood.

[2 marks]

(ii)

Vessel T forms a part of a circulatory system. Name the system.[1 mark]

(iii)

Explain the structure of the system.

[2 marks]

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(b)

6.

17

Apart from returning tissue fluid back to the blood circulatory system, state two
other functions of the system in d(i).
[2 marks]

Plants photosynthesise and produce food from inorganic substances mainly in the
leaves. For this process to take place, the plant requires water, minerals and a
number of trace elements.

(a)

What are the main tissue that are involved in the transport in plant?

(b)

State the functions of the tissues in 1 (a).

(c)

Draw and label a plant diagram to show the cross-section of a young

dicotyledonous stem.

[1 mark]

[2 marks]

[2 marks]

(d)(i)

State the process that enables the transportation of organic food substances
synthesised by the leave to other part of the plant.

[1

mark]

(ii) State two importance of process d(i) to a plant

[2 marks]

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(e) Relate the structure of phloem to its function

18

[3 marks]

Essay item
1 (a)

The arrows in figure 5 show the movement of water from the roots to the leaves and out
to the atmosphere.

transpiration
cohension
of water
molecules
flow of
water

adhension
of water
molecules

Figure 5
Based on Figure 5, explain the movement of water in a plant.

[10 marks]

(b)

What is the importance of transpiration to the plant?

[2 marks]

(c)

Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration

[8 marks]

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19