Position of two points above earth surface may be specified with bearing and
distance. This point position information still incomplete if height difference
data
between
this
point
unknown.
As
such, measurement to determine height
difference
between point above
earth surface that called level survey should proceed.The principle of
level survey was with level survey instrumentation, we will be able to form
one sight line, namely collimation line to this tool that are situated in
a horizontal
plane through horizon strand . Operation
of
leveling more
located
to determine vertical distance from this line to points that high
rate or related height difference between one and another.
OBJECTIVES
To understanding the concept and method to establish a horizontal line of
sight above earth surface.
TERMS IN LEVELING
Level Line
A line lying on the level surface is known as a level line. Every point of a level
line is equidistant from then centre of the earth. The cross section of still
water of a lake represents a level line .
Reduced Level ( RL )
It is a vertical height or depth of a point above or below the datum. It is also
known as elevation of the point. The elevation of a point is positive or
negative according as the point lies above or below the datum
Bench Mark ( BM )
A benchmark is a point of reference which is convenient for leveling in a
given locality. The relation to sea-level is very precise and obtained by
running a level circuit such that the elevation of the beginning and the end of
the circuit are known and tied together .
Temporary Bench Mark ( TBM )
Temporary benchmark is fixed dots but behave less permanent and
established nearby to site survey to save works reference to benchmark
which may too long
Backsight (B.S) or Backsight Reading
It is a staff reading taken on a point of known elevation (or reduced level) as
on a bench mark or a change point. It is the first staff reading taken after the
level is set up and levelled. It is also called a plus sight.
Intermediate Sight (I.S) or Intermediate Sight Reading
It is any other staff reading taken on a point of unknown elevation (or
reduced level) from the same set up of the level. All sight taken between the
back sight and fore sight are intermediate sights.
Fore Sight (F.S) or Fore Sight Reading
It is a staff reading taken on a point whose elevation (or reduced level) is to
be determined as on a change point. It is the last staff reading taken before
shifting of the level to another position. It is also called a minus sight.
Change Point
The point at which both the fore sight and back sight are taken during the
operation of leveling, is called a change point. Two sight, are taken from two
different instrument stations, a fore sight to ascertain the elevation of the
point while a back sight is taken on the same point to establish the height of
the instrument of the new setting of the level. The change point is always
selected on a relatively permanent point .
FS
STN A
BS
Change Point
STN B
Aras Lompat
Kerja pengukuran aras untuk menyemak satu siri pengukuran yang telah
dijalankan dari titik akhir ke titik mula
EQUIPTMENTS
EQUIPTMENTS
AUTOMATIC LEVELS
FUNCTIONS
In automatic level, spirit level tube is
not used anymore for horizontal
collimation set up.But, adjustment
still need to make sure that circular
bubble is exactly in the centre of
circle.This level are easy to set up
and used
DIGITAL LEVELS
TRIPOD
more
adjustment
suitable
for
automatic level. While flat head
tripods have less play suitable for
dumpy and Titling levels, but are
sometimes easier to fit.
PEGS
STAFF
STAFF BUBBLE
MEASURING TAPE
PRACTICAL THEORY
BS
FS
BM
Reading method is the same, only reading figures in staf will see reverse. As
such, staff readership should be carried out by be careful. Tofacilitate in
recording
work
and
calculation, reading that taken
by staff
reverse added with negative signal (-) . Are premised on figure above,
reduced level below bridge was = AL BA + PB + PH.
Temporary Adjustment
It involving installing, leveling instrument and focusing telescope. This
adjustment should be done every time the instrument in installing at the
station. Step to do adjustment as follows
Bubble
Foot Screw
Step
1
Step
2
Step
3
Step
4
Step
5
Step
6
Permanently Adjustment
All instruments are subject to errors of calibration and adjustment. In the
case of leveling instruments the main source of instrumental error is where
the line of sight, produced by the cross hairs in the telescope, is not parallel
to the horizontal line of collimation produced by the manufacture of the
instrument. This error is known as collimation error as it effects the line of
collimation. The test that we undertake in order to determine the amount of
error and then eliminate it from our measurement is known as the two peg
test.
WORKING PROCEDURE
The final position of staff must at point that we know the value of the
reduced level. This is very important because fieldwork work must
begin and ends on point that known the reduced level. If not it was
impossible to detect the misclosure.
CONCLUSION
As the conclusion of this leveling fieldwork practical, the data that we
obtained from the leveling using the automatic level were calculated and
booked in correct form of data table. Those data were used to plot the profile
and cross sections (1 - Longitudinal & 6 - Cross Section ) by using the Rise
and Fall method. These plotting can decide the most suitable and economic
levels and gradients in longitudinal section and in the traverse direction. It is
also help to locating the places of cut, fills or neither cut nor fills occurs.
Furthermore, the data that we obtained can be also used to plot contour
section by using the method of Height of Collimation. The plotted contour
shows lines which join the points that have the same height above or below
the datum of a particular area (fieldwork). By doing this leveling fieldwork
practical, my friends and I had learned a brand new experience on how to
level an empty land by using the leveling equipments correctly and also how
to book in the data in correct manner.
DISCUSSION/SUGGESTION
As the discussions of this leveling fieldwork practical, my friends and I have
gone through a lot of new and useful experiences. First of all, we had learned
on how to level an empty land by using the leveling equipments. This was
my first time knowing using and handling such equipments. Moreover, we
also learned to be patient in adjusting the bubble to the center of the circle.
Although it was testing my patient but with the help of my group members I
managed to balance the automatic level. However, we also faced some
problems some problems when was leveling, it was very difficult for us to
measure the incline land surface using the automatic level. This was
because, the bubble was very difficult to position it into the center of the
circle by 360 rotation. Furthermore, there are some suggestions on how to
make this leveling fieldwork practical easier and faster. First of all, the
automatic level have to change to digital level, so that the leveling practical
would be much more easier and accurate. Besides, the leveling fieldwork
area should be quite plane surface, so that the leveling practical would be
more easy and can end up quickly.
REFFERANCES
Ukur tanah, Ramsay JP Wilson (translated) by Sakdiah Basiro-Skudai ;Johor
:UTM ,1995.
Surveying
8th
12
th
ii)
iii)
ATTACHMENTS