Pipe laying and service installation manual

1. Introduction
This manual is made for workers at a construction site.
So this manual describes the procedure of pipe laying work at the site, points to note, etc.
But description of this manual is general in Lao P.D.R and does not necessarily correspond
to every region.
Therefore please arrange this manual according to local regulation or local manner, and
make use of this manual.
2. Flow chart of pipe laying
The site workers must construct based on design specifications.
This chapter describes a general flow of construction.
The site workers must confirm the flow chart and every part of work in all processes and do
pipe -laying suitably.
This manual does not describe the work of engineer section. If you learn it, refer to textbook for pipe-laying and service installation (after text book) chapter 1,5,6.

Pipe laying plan

Preliminary survey

Design

Preparation for
pipe materials

The choice of a new route.

The choice of pipe diameter.

Site studies.
Land survey.

Engineer
Section

Design plan drawing.

Estimation of construction costs.
Beginning and end point of works.
Commencement of work

Draw out the

process table

Occupancy
application

Preparation for
materials and equipment
of earthwork

The site construction starting

1

Technician
Section

Earthwork - 1
Water suspension

Measurement (width
and depth of excavation)

Pipeline work
Sand bedding
Pipe cutting, rubber ring
attachment, jointing,
installed valve, etc.

Measurement
(Offset of pipeline, pipe laying
length, earth cover and crossing
position)

Technician
Section

Water filling, water pressure test

Water drainage
Sand covering

Earthwork - 2

Measurement (Thickness of
pavement, Thickness of upper
and lower of road bed)

Completion of construction

Completion pipeline drawing

Engineer
Section

3. Drawing out the process sheet

The site worker must complete his work within the planned budget and construction period
efficiently.
Therefore the site worker draws out the process sheet to manage each process.
The site worker checks the progress of process. If there is a delay, investigate the cause of
the delay, reconsider the present schedule and try to improve.
This chapter describes general process table in Lao P.D.R, and explains the contents.
If you learn it more in detail, refer to textbook chapter 9.
2

Table-1. Bar Chart process sheet (Sample)

Bar chart construction schedule

Thename of the
construction work

Theplaned construction
period

Address of the
construction site

Plan

August

Item
Type of process

Kind of
equipment

1.0

set

Excavation and
back-filling

1.0

set

Pipeline-work

100.0

2.0

place

hydrant

1.0

place

Air valve

1.0

place

2.0

place

20.0

place

5
6
7

Installation of pipe
Gate valve(150)
equipment

Connect to existing
pipe
Service installation
replacement
Road recovery

2025

Cutting pavement 210.0

Compaction of
road bed

m
2

150.0

1.0

set

pavement
8

Clean up and
drawing

Completion

October

November December

month
Remark

01020

Preparation work

September

Quantity Unit

K150

Actual

Contents.
! The name of the construction work
! The planned construction period
! Address of the construction site
1. Preparation work
2. Excavation and back-filling
3. Pipeline work
4. Installation of pipe equipment
5. Connect to existing pipe
6. Service installation replacement
7. Road recovery
8. Clean up and drawing
9. Completion
3

01020

01020

01020

01020

01020

4. Preparation for pipe materials, equipment and worker of earthwork

The site worker must prepare pipe materials, equipment and worker of earthwork based on
design plan drawing.
The site worker orders materials which are hard to be procured in no time, not so as to
affect progress.
In general, followings are materials and equipments which earthwork and pipeline work
require:
1. Equipments of earthwork
2. Materials of earthwork
3. Safety equipment
4. Pipe materials
5. Piping tool
6. Other

truck, backhoe, pick, shovel, pump, etc

backfill soil, earth stoppers, etc
safety fence, lighting, construction warning
sign, safety vest, etc
pipe, valve, bend, socket, bolt, nut, lubricant,
glue, etc
pipe wrench, monkey wrench, water pliers, joint
tool, cutting tool, etc
broom, clean cloths, etc

Equipments of earthwork

Tamping Machine

Cutter

Backhoe

Truck

Shovel
Dewater pump

Soil
Generator

Asphalt

Earth stopper

Safety equipment

Pipe materials

PVC fitting

PVC pipe

Steel pipe
Steel pipefitting

DIP
Valve

Water! meter
Meter Box

Branch Saddle
Corporation cock

Piping tool

Pipe wrench
Torque & Ratchet Wrench

Thread machine

Pipe cutter (Big size)

Saw

Grinder

Engine Cutter

Pipe cutter

(Steel pipe)

Drill
(For branch)

5. Occupancy application
The site worker must submit an occupancy application to road administrator.
In certain cases, it takes a lot of time to get permission takes long time. So you had better to
submit an application as soon as you can.
This chapter describes a general occupancy application in Laos.

Table-2-1.

Occupancy application (Sample in case of Vientiane)

Table-2-2.

Occupancy application (Sample in case of Vientiane)

Submit document
1.Application (NPPs application form)
2.Process sheet or schedule.

10

6. Safety control

The construction starts after all necessary equipments, workers, and documents of
construction are prepared.
First of all, securing safety of the site is very important during construction.
This chapter describes a general drawing of safety equipment position on road and presents
some safety equipments with photograph.
If you learn it more in detail, refer to textbook chapter 8.
Fig-1.Safety equipments position
Road

Warning signboard

Construction
Site

Safety fence or Safety corn

Construction Machine

Lighting

Safety fence

Lighting

11

Safety vest

Safety corn

Warning sign board

7. Earthwork
The site worker must excavate to lay pipe and backfill after securing safety of the site.
This chapter describes a general procedure for earthwork with photographs.
If you learn it more in detail, refer to textbook chapter 3, 4.

12

Earthwork-1
! Cutting the pavement

! Breaking the pavement

! Excavation

Cut the pavement with cutter or pick.

Break the pavement with backhoe or shovel.

Excavate with backhoe or shovel.

13

Notice: In case of the excavating the part of existing pipe or around

underground facilities, use backhoe up to 50cm above the existing pipes.
The thickness of 50cm above the existing pipe, use a hand- excavation to prevent
existing pipes from being damaged
(b) Since uneven surface on excavation bed gives concentrated load to the laid pipes,
flatten the bed surface as much as possible.
(Concentrated load to the laid pipes will be cause of water leakage.)
(c) Pipe installation height must be properly controlled.
( If pipe installation height is not properly controlled, it often leads to air pockets)
(d) Earth stopper should be used depending on the soil condition of the site.
( Refer to textbook chapter 3 2.1)
! Dewatering
Drain water with pump or bucket.
(It is desirable for using pump.)

14

! Measurement of excavation
At the completion of excavation, check the top width, depth and bottom width of its cross
section.
Fig-2 Excavation

Example for in case of bad

cross-section

Take two measurements between

measuring points.
(One measuring point 50m, generally)
Refer to textbook chapter 1
chapter 3 1.2(5).

B1

soil/granite soil
Sand covering
( 20 30cm)

1.2.2 or
H

B1: Top width

B2: Bottom width
H :Depth

Pipe

B2

Sand bedding
(10 20cm)

Drawing of Excavation cross-section

Roadside

House side
Water meter

Ground Line
H1

H2

H3

Drain

Roadside

House side

B1

B3

B1

Service pipe

Distribution
Pipe
B3

B2

Sand bedding

B2

15

Sand bedding

Size of excavation (On H1, H2, H3, B1, B2 and B3, See figures shown above.)
B2
(m)

B3
(m)

0.3
0.5

0.1

0.1

0.5
0.6

0.1

0.1

1.2
1.5

0.6
0.8

0.2

0.2

350 1.5
2.0
400

0.9
1.0

0.3

0.3

Nominal

Service
Installation

Size (mm)

H1
(m)

H2
(m)

H3
(m)

13

B1
(m)

Remark

0.2

20

Min.
Min.
1.0
0.4

25
30
40

0.3

50
Distribution Pipe

75

Min.
1.2
100

150
200
250
300

Earthwork-2
! Backfilling
(a) Backfilling-1
Backfilling of soil with backhoe or shovel.

(b) Compaction
Up to pipe top+ 30cm, the backfill should be tamped manually to avoid
damaging the pipes since mechanical tamping may be harmful.
16

(c) Backfilling-2
Backfilling of soil with backhoe or shovel.

Repetition

(d) Compaction
Over pipe top+30cm, apply mechanical tamping using a tamper, etc.

! Completion of backfill

! Road surface recovery

After natural compaction term (usually 30 days), backfilled surface should be restored
by wearing coat pavement. As for structure restoration, it should be based on discussion
with road administrator.

17

Reference :In case of Japanese standard

After completion of backfill, backfilled surface should be restored temporarily, as following.
(a)Backfilling of crushed stones (for lower of roadbed)
Thickness and structure depends on road administrator.

(b) Compaction
Compact with mechanical tamping.

(c) Backfilling of mechanically stabilized crushed stones Thickness and structure depends
on road administrator.

18

(d)Compaction
Compact with mechanical tamping.

8. Pipeline works
After earthwork-1 finished, the site workers carry out pipeline works.
This chapter describes notice of installation of pipe, types of joints, joint connection method
(PVC, Ductile cast iron pipe) and notice of water filling and follow.
If you learn it more in detail, refer to textbook chapter 10,11,12.
! Handling and storage of pipes and valves.
(a) Handle pipes and valves with care and avoid giving impact to them, and be careful
not to damage the coating and lining on pipes.
(b) Always keep a good condition of the work, and place fences to prevent outsider
entering storage site.
(c) If storage site is outdoors, cover pipes and valves with sheet (plastic sheet etc) and
end of pipe with cap to prevent a foreign matter from entering inside of t pipes.
(d) Place sleepers or balance log under the pipes.
(e) Always apply drags at both ends while stacking.

Drag

Apply sleepers 1meter apart

(f) While transporting, do not roll or drag pipes.

(g) At the time of hanging up or down pipes, apply 2 point hanging. Pay attention to the
center of gravity and use cushion materials so that housing tools do not touch the
lining parts directly.
19

Example
Tight the wire rope always
through the eye

Less than 60

Cushion material

(h) Rubber parts deteriorate when pipes are exposed to ultraviolet lay, heat, etc. in the
air. Therefore store them indoors with packing.
(i) Make sure rubber rings not to touch any oil or solvent while storing or handling.
(j) Do not place bolts/nuts directly on the ground after opening the package.
! Notice of pipe installation
(a) Confirmation of pipe laying position (earth cover, crossing position) in the design
drawing.
(b) Confirmation if the pipes do not have scars, cracks and other faults.
(c) In case of hanging down the pipe, if earth stoppers such as wooden piles are put out
temporarily, after reinforcing and confirming safety, hang down the pipe carefully.
(d) Since uneven surface on excavation bed gives concentrated load to the laid pipes to
damage them, flatten the bed surface as much as possible.
If necessary, bed the sand or sleeper.
(e) After cleaning the inside of pipe, install the pipe accurately based on design drawing
using spirit level.
(f) While installing the pipe, bed the good quality sand on side and bottom of the pipe
and tamp to prevent the pipe from moving.
(g) When installation of pipe is suspended by sunset, cover the end of pipe with the
wooden cap to prevent soil or spring water from entering inside of the pipes.
(h) Using straight pipes for bend part leads to reduction of room for joints to expand or
contract. Therefore such installation style should be avoided.
(i) The sequence of pipe installation is from the lower to the higher point and direction
of faucet is height.
(j) Confirmation of safety. (Especially, if the inside of excavation is safety or not.)

20

! Characteristics of each pipe material

(a) Ductile cast iron pipe
Merits

Demerits

Strong and durable

Tough and impact resistant

Comparatively heavy
Anti-escapement measures are necessary at
fittings

Because of flexible joints, the pipe will

follow the ground movements in an
earthquakes

Damage to the internal or external

anti-corrosion surfaces may lead to
corrosion

A variety of linings is available

(b) Steel pipe (Features as distribution pipe)
Merits

Demerits

Strong and durable

Installation of welded joints requires skilled

workers and special tools

Tough and impact resistant

Measures are required to protect against

electric corrosion

The pipes can be one fixed line by

Damage to the internal or external

anticorrosion surfaces may lead to corrosion

welded joints so that they will follow the

ground movements in an earthquakes
A variety of linings is available

(c) Galvanized steel pipe (Features as service pipe)

Merits

Demerits

Strong, resistant to external injury

Natural of easily rusting

lower cost

Drastic dropping of strength caused by

rusting

(d) Polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC)

as
ser

Features as distribution pipe

Merits

Demerits

Highly corrosion-resistant

Reduction of impact resistance at lower

temperatures

Light-weight and easy to install

Susceptible to certain organic solvents,

heat, and ultraviolet rays

Easily connected

Consideration should be given to the

long-term strength, fatigue strength, and
creep strength

Internal surface roughness does not

change

Damage to the surface may reduce the

strength
Anti-escapement measures are necessary
at fittings

Corrosion resistant,
alkalinity-resistant

acid-resistant,

Weak in high temperatures, inadequate in

temperatures over 60oC
21

Merits

Demerits

Resistant to electric corrosion

Inside smooth
contamination

with

no

scale,

Weak against ultra-violet rays and

freezing, and therefore, unsuitable for
outdoor-exposed piping
no

Thermal expansion is more than metal

pipes.

Light and easy to both handle and

construct

Weak against organic solvents

Inexpensive
Easy to construct

! Types of joints
This section describes a general joints used in Laos. If you learn it more in detail, refer to
attachment material.
(a) PVC pipe (Polyvinyl chloride pipe)
(i) Flexible Type (RR type)
RR
Rubber ring
Fig-3 Cross section of Flexible Type (RR type)

Rubber ring

Spigot

Socket

Marking of insertion depth

(ii) Fixed Type (TS type)

TS
Taper socket
Fig-4 Cross section of Fixed Type (TS type)

Spigot

Socket

Marking of insertion depth

22

(iii) Dresser type (Expansion joint)

Fig-5 Cross section of dresser type expansion joint
Flange

Bolt/Nut

Sleeve

Rubber Ring

Spigot

Spigot

Rubber Ring

(b) Ductile cast iron pipe

(i) Mechanical A-type
Fig-6 Cross section of Mechanical A-type
Bolt/Nut
Faucet

Rubber Ring

Spigot
Push Ring

Rubber Ring

(ii) Mechanical K-type

Fig-7 Cross section of Mechanical K-type

Bolt/Nut
Faucet

Push Ring

Rubber Ring

Spigot

23

Rubber Ring

(iii) T-type
Fig-8 Cross section of T-type
Rubber Ring
Faucet

Rubber Ring

Spigot

(c) Flange type of each material

Fig-9 Cross section of Flange type
Hub type

Bolt/Nut

Flange surface

GF type gasket

RF type gasket
RF type RF type

RF type GF type

24

! Joint connection method

This section describes a general joints used in Laos.

(a) PVC- Flexible Type (RR type)

(i) Necessary tool as following
saw clean cloth
file or grinder
meter stick
brush marker
lubricant
(From maker specification)

(ii) Mark the pipe

Mark the pipe where it is
to be cut.

25

(iii) Cutting pipe

Cut the pipe with a finely toothed saw along the marking.
Removal extra of pipe edge.

(iv) Chamfering
Chamfer with a file or grinder certainly.

Chamfering drawing
2
15

/2

26

Table-3

t- size (Reference)

Nominal Size (mm)

55

65

80

100

150

200

250

300

t(PVC 5)(mm)

1.8 0.2

2.2 0.2

2.5 0.2

3.2 0.25

4.6 0.3

5.4 0.35

6.6 0.4

7.8 0.45

(v) Cleaning
Clean the outer parts of the pipe on the area which is going to be inserted and the
rubber ring groove.

27

(vi) Rubber Ring Attachment

Mount the rubber ring.
Shape a rubber ring into heart, Mounting is easy.(As following drawing)

Rubber ring

Notice: Dont mistake direction of rubber ring.

(vii) Marking of insertion depth

L

Marking of insertion depth

28

Table-4 L- size (Reference)

Nominal Size (mm)

55

65

80

100

150

200

250

300

L (mm)

75

95

110

135

155

170

195

220

(viii) Spreading of lubricant

Apply the pipe lube.(Do not apply the pipe lube to the ring groove)

Table-5 Lubricant consumption (Reference)

Nominal Size (mm)
Lubricant consumption(g)

55

65

80

100

150

200

250

300

10

20

25

30

35

29

(ix) Jointing
Place the pipe to be jointed into one straight.
Insert it to marking of spigot with the lever, the puller or hand.

Insert with the puller

Insert with the lever

Wooden panel

Check gauge
(x) Inspection
Check with a check gauge to
ensure that the rubber ring is
located properly.

30

(b) PVC- Flexible Type (TS type)

(i) Necessary tool as following
saw clean cloth file or grinder brush
solvent cement(maker specification)
puller or lever(if necessary)

marker

(ii) Cutting pipe and Chamfering

Chamfer the angle, burr or ridge (flare) caused by cutting with file.

31

(iii) Marking of insertion depth

Make alignment mark for connection.

(iv) Cleaning
Remove any moisture or oil sticking to the pipe surface where the cement is to be
applied with clean cloth.

(v) Spreading of solvent cement

Apply the solvent cement to the socket interior and the pipe end surface slightly all
over and uniformly.
32

(vi) Jointing
Immediately insert the pipe into the socket until it bottoms at alignment mark.
Turn the pipe or filling 1/4 turn during connection (but not after the pipe is bottom )
to distribute the cement evenly.
Leave the connected pipe to stand alone for approximately 15 seconds.

33

(vii) Completion
Wipe the remaining cement off with a cloth, then let the solvent harden for 5 minutes
before put into use.

(c) Dresser type expansion joint

(i) Necessary tool as following
marker ratchet wrench clean cloths
Set straightly

(ii) Cleaning and set the flange,

rubber ring
Remove any moisture or oil
sticking to the pipe surface
with clean cloth.
Set the flanges and rubbers
ring on spigots straightly.
(Make sure it Flange and rubber
ring in the right direction.)

Set straightly

(iii) Set the sleeve and marking of insertion depth

Set the sleeve
L
on one spigot.
L /2
Make alignment mark
for connection.

Marking
34

Sleeve

Table-6 L- size (Reference)

Nominal Size (mm)
L (mm)

80

100

150

200

250

300

70

80

90

100

100

100

(iv) Jointing
Insert the one spigot into the sleeve.

10mm

Marking
(iv) Fitting the rubber ring and the flange
Fit the rubber ring until
marking line.

Rubber ring

Sleeve

Fit the Flange until sleeve.

Flange

Sleeve

(v) Fitting the bolt/nut and tightening

Be sure not to tighten
one more than the others.

35

Sleeve

(d) Ductile cast iron pipe( A, K type)

(i) Necessary tool as following
ratchet wrench
clean cloths
torque wrench
brush
lubricant
(maker specification)

(ii) Pipe fitting

Make sure the maker-mark is placed at the top.
Dig a temporary hole at the bottom to make tightening of the bottom part easy.

(iii) Pipe cleaning

Wipe outside the spigot from the edge to white line.
36

Wipe inside the faucet, especially the contact surface of rubber ring with cloth.
Clean inside and outside surface of the push ring.
(Sand, oil and other foreign matter should be removed)

Set the push ring on the spigot.

Make sure it faces in the right direction.

37

(iv) Clean the rubber ring and place the rubber ring on the spigot.
Wipe the rubber ring with cloth.

Fit the rubber ring onto spigot.

(use lubricant on the outside surface of the spigot to help fitting the rubber ring)

38

Make sure the rubber ring faces in the

right direction.

The rubber ring should be placed about

20cm far from the end of the spigot.
A-type
20cm

K-type

20cm

(v) Application of lubricant

Apply a lubricant to surface of the spigot and the rubber ring.
(A solution of 70% water and 30% soap can be used as the lubricant.
Apply a lubricant to thoroughly between the edge of pipe and a white line.
Never use a grease or petroleum oil.
Apply a lubricant to the internal surface of the faucet
Spigot
and rubber ring

39

Faucet

(vi) Connecting faucet and spigot

insert the spigot(faucet) to the faucet(spigot)
For pipes with less than 600mm diameter, two lines marked on spigot. Adjust the first
one to the edge of the faucet.

(vii) Fitting the rubber ring

Push the rubber ring by maintaining even clearance on both the spigot side and faucet side.
Be careful not to damage the rubber.
40

A-type

K-type

(viii)
Setting the push ring
Adjust the bolt holes of the pipe to the holes of push ring.
Place a wedge between the push ring and spigot to ensure correct centering.
(If necessary)
Wedge

41

(ix) Fitting the bolt/nut and tightening

Be sure not to tighten one more than the others.
Even Clearance

42

(x) Check tightness of all bolts and nuts.

Finally, use a torque wrench to tighten to the standard torque.
Record the clearance between the faucet and the rubber ring, the condition of rubber ring,
and tightening torque of the bolt to the check sheet.(Refer to K type joint check sheet)
Fig-9 Final tightening and use of torque check

Table-7 Torque (kg-m)

Nominal Diameter (mm)

80

100

600

700

800

900

2,600

Nominal size of the bolt

M16

M20

M24

M30

Torque(kg-m)

10

14

20

43

(xii) Allowable bending angle and allowable displacement

Allowable bending angle

(A-type and K-type)
Nominal
diameter(mm)
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1350
1500
1600
1650
1800
2000
2100
2200
2400
2600

Allowable
bending angle
()

Difference (X)
between
measure of A1

500
500
500
500
400
320
450
410
350
320
250
230
210
200
150
140
130
120
110
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130

Allowable displacement per one

pipe(cm)

and A2

4m

5m

6m

8
10
15
19
19
19
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
33
33
32
43
45
48
53
55
58
63
70

35
35

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

44
44
35

13
13
13
13
13
13

35
50
43
40
35
29
26
22
21
19
17
15
14
12

Using straight pipes for bent parts lead to

reduction of room for joints to expand or
contract and thereore, such installation
style should be avoid. Istead, it is desiable to
use bent-pipes for bent parts of a pipeline.
If there is no other choice than connecting
straight pipes for bent-parts, do so within
the rage of allowable angles and use more
than one joint to attain desired piping
results.

A1

Place a pipe straightly

Tighten the bolts to certain tightness
Bend within allowable bending angle
Tighten to reach the standard torque.

Allowable
bending
Xmm

44

A2

X=A1A2

angle()

Check sheet for type K joints

kg/m

All joints must satisfy following conditions or disassemble and joint again.
i. The torque is within -20Nm and +30Nm of the specified torque.
ii. Condition of rubber gasket is good.
iii. The difference between max. and min. of the gland-socket clearance a at each joint is within
3 mm.

(e) Ductile cast iron pipe(T type)

(i) Necessary tool as following
clean cloths brush lubricant(maker specification)
puller lever(if necessary)
45

(ii) Pipe fitting

Make sure the maker-mark is placed at the top.

(iii) Pipe cleaning and rubber ring

Wipe outside the spigot from the edge to white line.
Wipe inside the faucet, especially remove the foreign matter such as sand, mud, gravel, dirt
and paint flakes from the groove using a driver, etc.
(If there is foreign matter left, water leakage may occur. )
Clean the spigot

46

Clean the faucet

Clean the groove

Clean
the rubber ring

47

Rubber ring
Faucet
(iv) Fitting the rubber ring
Insert the rubber ring into the faucet.
Form a heart-shape with the rubber ring.

Rubber ring

Make sure the rubber ring is correctly

seated in the faucet.

Faucet

48

Confirm the condition of the rubber ring.

(v) Application of lubricant

Apply lubricant to the internal surface of the rubber ring, and the outside surface of the
spigot end

49

(vi) Connection
Lubricant

Lubricant
White line

Place the spigot in the faucet.

Make sure the two pipes forms a straight line.

50

This white line should be in the faucet

The other line should be visible outside

51

Insert with the lever

Insert with the Puller

Wooden panel

(vii) Inspection
Confirm the proper position of the rubber ring all around the socket by inserting a
check gauge into the gap between the spigot and faucet.
Record the clearance between the faucet face and the rubber ring, the clearance between
the faucet face and white line to the check sheet. .(Refer to T type joint check sheet)

Check gauge

52

(viii) Allowable bending angle and allowable displacement

Allowable bending angle

(T-type)
Nominal
diameter(mm)
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1350
1500
1600
1650
1800
2000

Allowable
bending angle
()
500
500
500
500
500
400
400
330
300
300
300
230
230
230
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200

Difference (X)
between
measure of A1

Allowable displacement per one

pipe(cm)

and A2

4m

5m

6m

8
10
15
19
22
21
24
24
24
26
31
31
35
39
35
38
42
47
52
56
58
63
70

35
35

14
14
14
14

44
44
44

18
18
18
18

42
42
37
31
31
31
26
26
26
21
21
21
21
21

It is desiable to use bent-pipes for anglepipeing in case of T-type pipes also.

Apply angled-piping only when there is no
other choice and within the allowable angles.
Further, use more than one pipe to divide
the pipeline into segment which form a
desired bending shape eventually.
Place a pipe straightly
Bend within allowable bending angle

Xmm

A1

Allowable
bending angle()

A2

53

X=A1A2

Check sheet

T-type joint Check sheet

Date
Work Name
Project
Piping system Drw. No.
Measuring point No.

Joint work process executed

by
(
)

Nominal diameter,
Type of the pipe

Chief
of
pipin
g
work

Instructo
r

Person
in
charge

Measuring
positions
Thickness gauge
Socket groove

Rubber gasket
Arrow view
White lines

(Note)
If the nominal diameter is less
than 300mm, four positions
1,3,5,7 should be measured.

Pipe No. and shape

Schematic drawing
Joint No.
Cleaning
Lubricant
Check at the groove of socket

1
2
3
4

5
The clearance between
6
Socket face and rubber
7
gasket
8
1
2
3
4

5
The clearance between
6
Socket face and white line
7
8
Judgment
*! On each joint, if one of the measuring points is 9mm or larger than other 7 points, the rubber
gasket may be twisted. Disassemble immediately for re-assembling.
54

(f) Flange type (RF type)

(i) Cleaning
Clean the flange surfaces, bolts, nuts, and gasket to remove foreign matter that may be
sticking.
(ii) Installation of the gasket
Accurately center the gasket relative to the pipe. Temporarily secure it with a thin strip of
adhesive tape (or adhesive) to prevent movement.

Gasket
(iii) Contact the flanges surface
Install several bolts at equally distances around the periphery.
Contact the flanges surface.

(iv) Temporary tightening

Tighten the bolts installed until temporary tightening while taking care not to dislocate
the gasket and bolt holes.
Order for temporary tightening

55

(v) Final tightening

Install the remaining bolts and tighten them all.
Until nearing the specified torque,
tighten a bolt and then retighten
the previous bolt all the way
around the periphery so that the
gasket will be evenly compressed.

Table 8

(vi)

Torque (For reference)

Applicable pipe
diameter(mm)

M16

Tighten
torque(kg-m)
60

M20

90

250 300

M22

120

350 400

M24

180

450 600

M30

330

700 1200

Bolt size

Order for final tightening

75 200

Checking the tightened joint

Visually check that the flanges are properly and parallel mated to each other and the
gasket is not dislocated.

(g) Flange type (GF type :Flanges on both pipes touch)

(i) Cleaning
Clean the flange surfaces, gasket groove, gasket, bolts, and nuts to remove all foreign
matter.
(ii) Installation of the gasket
Set the GF gasket in the gasket groove. Adhesive is not needed at this time. If the
gasket comes out of the groove, apply cyanoacrylate adhesive at four to six equally distant
points depending on the pipe diameter.
Notes:
Application of adhesive
1. Do not use the following adhesives as
they may adversely affect the gasket.
Acetic acid plastic adhesives
Synthetic rubber adhesives.
2. When an adhesive is used, check that
the gasket is firmly attached.
Adhesive
Adhesive

View from the above

56

Set the gasket in the groove so that the outer diameter of the gasket is in contact with
outer diameter of the groove.

View from the above

Install in sequence at points 1, 2, and 3.

View from the above

(iii) Contact the flanges
Install several bolts around
the periphery. Contact the GF
and RF flanges straight to
each other with care not to
twist the gasket.

Straight forward.

(iv) Temporary tightening

Order for temporary tightening
Tighten the bolts installed until
temporary tightening while taking
care not to dislocate the gasket
and bolt holes.

57

(v) Final tightening

Install the remaining bolts and
tighten them all. When nearing the specified
torque, tighten a bolt and then retighten
the previous bolt all the way
around the periphery so that
the gasket will be evenly compressed.
Refer to Table 8 for torque.

Order for final tightening

(vi) Checking the tightened joint

Insert a clearance gauge between the flange surfaces from the outside at four equal distant
points around the periphery. It should not be possible to insert a 0.9 mm thick gauge
between the flange surfaces.

Correct location of gasket

! Notice of water filling and follow.
(a) Place a temporary saddle corporation cock on the pipe.
(b) When water fill pipe, open the valve slowly with hearing water flowing sound.
(c) Vent the air in the pipe from a temporary saddle corporation cock.
(d) Check the water leakage from pipe joint and valve.
(e) Drain water and check the water cloud from a temporary saddle corporation cock.
(f) Check the residual chlorine from a temporary saddle corporation cock.

58

59

9. Service installation
Service equipment refers to service pipes installed by branching from the distribution pipe
installed by water supplier and auxiliary devices are directly connected to such service pipes.
For general household use, small caliber service pipes ranging from 13mm to 25mm in
diameter are used. For factories and larger building, there are service pipes from 30mm to
75mm diameter.
Service devices directly connected to service pipes means such devices are connected to
service pipes in such a manner that they are not easily removed.
They are such devices as saddle corporation cocks, curb cocks, water meters, service cock, etc.
This chapter describes general flow chart of service pipe installation, general branching
method and notice of service pipe installation.
If you learn it more in detail, refer to textbook chapter 13.
! Flow chart of service pipe installation

Calculation of design
water consumption

Design

Preparation

Water use
The number of people using water
The number of outlet

Calculate the total head loss including

the height of the supply equipment
Comparison with the pressure head
provided as the design minimum dynamic
water pressure at the water distribution
takeoff pipe
Selection of Water meter size

Engineer
Section

Equipments of earthwork
Materials of earthwork
Safety equipment
Pipe materials
Piping tool

Earthwork - 1
Technician
Section

Service pipe installation

Water meter installation

60

Earthwork - 2

Technician
Section

Completion of installation

! Safety control
Refer to chapter 6.
! Earth works
Refer to chapter 7.
! General service pipe installation
Show an example of standard service equipment used for normal households.
Fig-10 General service pipe installation
Stop Valve (Bronze)

Meter

Stop Valve (Bronze)

40cm

Pipe
(GSP)

Pipe
(GSP)

Corporation cock
Branch saddle

Distribution
i
Pipe (GSP)

26cm

Elbow 90
Nipple
Union
Valve Fitting
Meter Box
Service Tap

Pipe (GSP)
Pipe (GSP)
16.5cm

42cm
50cm
Interval of more than 30cm
61

GSP=Galvanize steel pipe

for water supply is blue
mark because it is the
medium qualified

! Joint connection method

This section describes general joints used in Laos! (steel pipe and PVC).
(a) PVC (RR-type, TS-type)
Refer to chapter 8 (a), (b)
(b) Steel pipe (GSP)
(i) Cutting pipe
With cutting machine or pipe cutter.

62

(ii) Making taper thread

With thread machine or dies.(Using cutting oil, which dose not affect the water quality)

Table-9 Number of thread (Reference)

Diameter

Number of thread

(mm)

(N)

15
20
25
32
40
50
65

11.0
12.0
10.0
11.0
11.0

13.0
15.0
63

flat
Polygon thread

Inflection thread

One side thread

Example. Bad threads

(iii) Treatment on the pipe end
Deburr the pipe end using a file if necessary.

File
(iv) Jointing
tape a pipe with seal tape.

screw a pipe into a fitting by hand

Seal tape

64

Table-10 Insert Number of thread (Reference)

Number of thread
Diameter
(mm)

15
20
25
32
40
50
65

Insert number(L)
screw a pipe

screw a pipe

with manual

with wrench

4.5
5.5
4.5
5.5
5.5
7.0
7.5

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.5

Remain

Total

number(M)

number(N)

5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.0

11.0
12.0
10.0
11.0
11.0
13.0
15.0

screw a pipe into a fitting with pipe wrench.

65

L M

(v) Anti-corrosion treatment

Apply an adequate amount of anti-corrosion agent or sealer to the outer threaded portion of
the joint (4 5 threads from the inner).
Repair the outer surface of the pipe using anti-corrosion sealer.
4 5 threads

Apply an adequate amount of

anti-corrosion agent or sealer.
scar

Repair the outer surface of the

pipe using anti-corrosion sealer.
! General branching method
(a) Instrument

Branch saddle

Corporation cocks

Tools

66

(b) Cleaning

(c) Mounting the saddle

67

(d) Mounting the corporation cocks to saddle

(e) Setting the drill

68

(f) Drilling

! Connecting pipes of Steel pipe and PVC pipe! (For example)

! Meter installation
Handle meter with care and avoid giving impact to it
Prevent a foreign matter from entering inside of meter.
Check the meter position.
Check the meter flow direction.
Check the horizontal installation of meter.

69

Meter flow direction

This section describes only about water meter installation. But there are various kinds of meter.
If you learn it more in detail, refer to attachment material.
! Notice of service pipe installation.
This section describes general notice of service pipe installation.
If you learn it more in detail, refer to attachment material.
(a) At the place where external forces cause strain in the ground surrounding service pipes or
where the ground is not firm, the pipes should be flexible enough to absorb the stress and
prevent damage that leads to water leakage.

(b)To maintain water quality, the service pipe can not be connected to a pipe or
equipment that may cause a reverse flow of contaminated water.

Heat generating water

Example of prohibited piping

Cooling tower

Cooler

Tap water
Well water or
industrial water

Ball tap
Heat radiating
water

Liaison
Valve

Liaison
valve
Tap water

Service pipe
Service pipe
Do not connect.

Do not connect.

(b) Distributing pipe end connector shall be located more than 30 cm away from the end
connector of other service installation.
(c) The end connector diameter of water supplying pipe to distributing pipe shall not be
70

excessively large as compared to the water consumption rate of the relevant service
installation.
! Determining for the service pipe size
(a) Designed water usage
For the direct connection water service system, the water usage should be determined from
the instantaneous flow rate expected with the possibility of simultaneous usage of taps. In
general, it is determined from the relationship between the total number of taps and those
used simultaneously, (see Table 11 ) or between the number of taps and the usage ratio (see
Table 12 ). The water delivery by tap-type and size, should be considered and reflected in
the total water usage (see Table 13 ).
Table 11
Number of
simultaneously used taps
Total
Number of
number of simultaneously used
taps
taps
1

24
5 10
11 15
16 20
21 - 30

2
3
4
5
6

Table 13

Table 12
Usage ratios
Total number of
1
2
taps
Usage ratio
1
1.4
Total number of
8
9
taps
Usage ratio
2.8
2.9

1.7

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

10

15

20

30

3.0

3.5

4.0

5.4

Water usage by application and

applicable tap sizes
Water

Applicable

usage

tap size

Sink for kitchen

12-40

13-20

Sink for washing machine

12-40

13-20

Wash basin

8-15

13

Bathtub (Japanese)

20-40

13-20

Bathtub (Western)

30-60

20-25

Shower

8-15

13

Urinal (flush tank)

12-20

13

Urinal (flush valve)

15-30

13

Water closet (flush tank)

12-20

13

Water closet (flush valve)

70-130

25

5-10

13

130-260

40-50

Usage at one
time (8 to 12
seconds):
13.5 to 16.5

Sprinkler

15-40

13-20

liters

Car wash tap

35-65

20-25

Application

Hand wash basin

Fire hydrant (smaller one)

Note

Usage at one
time (4 to 6
seconds):
2 to 3 liters

For industrial
use

(b) Guideline for determining the pipe size

The service pipe should be big enough to ensure the designed water usage at the minimum
water pressure expected for the distribution pipe and it should also be cost-effective.
The pipe size should be such that the sum of the height of the tap and the total head loss
relative to the water usage does not exceed the head of the minimum dynamic water
71

pressure for the distribution pipe. A larger size should be selected with respect to both the
possible increase in future demand, and the minimum operating pressure for water heaters
and other devices.
Care should be taken to prevent an excessive water velocity in service pipes

Head of design
minimum
hydrodynamic
water pressure (H)

Hydraulic gradient line

Total head loss

Surplus head
Lift head (h)

(h + h) < H
(c) Calculation of the total head loss
(i) Weston's formula
This formula is applied when pipe size is less than 50mm.
And material of pipe is PVC, GSP, Stainless steel pipe, and Polyethylene pipe.

h
{0.0126 (0.01739 0.1087d )/v }
l/d
v 2/2g
Q=(d2/4) v
v=Q/A=Q/(d2/4)
I (h/l)
1000(0/00)
h: Total head loss( m )
l : Length of service pipe(m)
g: Acceleration of free fall( 9.8m/s2 )
v: velocity in pipe( m/s )
d: Diameter of pipe ( m )
I : Hydraulic gradient(0/00)
Refer to drawing of Weston's formula flow curve(P-48)
(ii) Hazen-Williams' formula
This formula is applied when pipe size is more than 75mm.
v
0.35464CD 0.63I 0.54
Q
0.27853CD 2.63I 0.54
d
1.6258C 0.38Q 0.38I 0.205
(h/l)
1000 = I {10.666C 1.85D 4.87Q 1.85 }
1000
h: Total head loss( m )
l: Length of service pipe(m)
v: Velocity in pipe( m/s )
Q: Flow(m3/s)
d: Diameter of pipe ( m )
I : Hydraulic gradient(0/00)
C: Coefficient of Velocity(110)
Refer to drawing of Hazen-Williams' formula flow curve.(P-49)
(iii) Conversion of head loss of service device
Head loss of Service devices, such as saddle corporation cock, water meter, stop valve,
and service cock are converted into head loss of straight-line pipe.
72

Refer to following table.

Table 14 Conversion of head loss of service device(Reference)
Application

Saddle
corporation
water meter
cock stop valve

service cock

Nominal Size

13mm

1.5m

4.0m

3.0m

20mm

2.0m

11.0m

8.0m

25mm

3.0m

15.0m

8.0m

40mm

6.0m

26.0m

50mm

8.0m

35.0m

(iv) Calculation of the total head loss

{(l

l ) I}

H
H : Head of design minimum hydrodynamic
water pressure (m)
h : Lift head ( m )
l : Length of service pipe(m)
l : Head loss of service device(Conversion )(m)
I : Hydraulic gradient(0/00)

(v) Example for Calculation

Case-1
Nominal Size 20, Pipe length=15m, Flow=0.6
/sec, Total head loss(h) =
h = lI=15(240/1000)=3.6m
l=15m
I=240/1000(Get I at drawing of Weston's formula flow curve.)
Case-2
Nominal Size 13, Pipe length=35m,
Distribution pipe pressure=1.0kg/cm2=10m
Lift head (m)=3.0
Distribution pipe
Flow (Q) =
/sec
Distribution pipe

h = 10.0 3.0
7.0
pressure:1.0kg/cm2
I
h/l = 7.0 / 35.0 = 200 / 1000
Get flow at drawing of Weston's formula flow curve
35.0m
Q = 0.18
/sec

73

3.0m

How to get I or flow at drawing of Weston's formula flow curve

Case-1
Case-2
Flow(/sec)
0.6

Flow(
/sec)
20

0.18

13

200

240

I : Hydraulic gradient(0/00)

I: Hydraulic gradient(0/00)

(vi) Number of branch for service pipe

If a service pipe is branched into many service pipes (as following drawing), allowance
number of branch should be limited to certain numbers according to pressure, diameter
and so on.
Refer to the table of number of branch for service pipe (For reference, P-)

Distribution pipe

service pipe 13

100
service pipe 20
Main service pipe 25

Main service pipe 40

service pipe 20

10. Postscript
Description of this manual is for general use in Lao P.D.R.
Proper construction work is very important to lead to reduce future water leakage accidents.
On pipe-laying, you should carry out the construction work according to this manual.
Description of pipe materials is also for ordinary use in Lao also. But in the future, when water
supply technology progresses in Lao, high quality and high performance materials will be
required.
And as living standard and life-style change in Lao, water use and form will change also.
This manual is not satisfactory for receiving these changes.
Therefore please revise this manual timely by yourselves.
And if you have some questions in this manual or you would like to know other water
supply equipments that are not included in this manual, please ask WASA (Water Supply
Authority) or NPNL (Nampapa Nakkhone Luang) .

74

Drawing of Weston's formula flow curve

75

Hazen-Williams' formula flow curve

76

77

78