FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT

ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

STUDENT COURSE GUIDE

NAME OF COURSE
ELECTRICAL MACHINES II
NQF
LEVEL

NQF
CREDITS

QUALIFICATION & SAQA ID

12

Diploma in Electrical Engineering

SAQA ID No.: 49744

COMPILED BY: Dr. CG Richards

REVISED BY: Mr. AF Nnachi
REVISED BY: Dr. AA Yusuff
REVISED BY: Mr. DP Zikalala
2015

COURSE
CODE
EMA241T /
EIE301T

COPYRIGHT: Tshwane University of Technology

Private Bag X680
PRETORIA
0001
All rights reserved. Apart from any reasonable quotations for the purposes
of research criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part
of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy and recording, without
permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed and distributed by:

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Tshwane University of Technology
Private Bag X680
Pretoria
0001

PAGE 2 OF 47

ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT CONTENTS:

1.

Welcome ................................................................................................................ 5

2.

Staff ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.1

Contact Details ................................................................................................ 5

2.2

Staff availability ................................................................................................ 6

3.

Requirements, resources and recommended material........................................ 6

3.1

4.

Requirements for the course............................................................................ 6

Code of conduct .................................................................................................. 9

4.1

Attendance....................................................................................................... 9

4.2

Classroom behaviour ..................................................................................... 10

4.3

Responsibilities of students ........................................................................... 10

1.

Overview of the course ..................................................................................... 11

1.1

Purpose of the course .................................................................................... 11

1.2

Links to other subjects ................................................................................... 11

1.3

Course outcomes........................................................................................... 12

2.

Assessment ...................................................................................................... 12
2.1

Assessment methods and criteria ................................................................. 12

2.2

Assessment rules .......................................................................................... 12

2.3

Marking system .............................................................................................. 13

PAGE 3 OF 47

2.4

Year mark ...................................................................................................... 13

2.5

Moderation.................................................................................................. 14

2.6

Promotion requirements................................................................................. 15

3.

Course content and schedule of tests and assignments ................................... 15

3.1

Course structure and schedule of tests and assignments ............................. 16

3.2

Learning outcomes and assessment criteria.................................................. 20

3.3

Generic outcomes and critical cross-field outcomes ...................................... 23

4.

Glossary of terms .............................................................................................. 24

5.

Assessment Records ........................................................................................ 24

6.

5.1

Example of a class test .................................................................................. 25

5.3

Example of summative test and examination with memorandum. ................. 26

5.2

Example of a practical report ......................................................................... 43

Appendices ....................................................................................................... 44

6.1 Examples of mark sheets used during various assessments during the
course..................................................................................................................... 45

PAGE 4 OF 47

SECTION

1.

ORGANISATIONAL
COMPONENT

WELCOME

Welcome to Electrical Machines II. This is a semester subject which provides an introduction to
electrical machinery. It is offered via compulsory lectures over 14 weeks. The course is structured in
such a way as to provide a sound foundation for further study in Electrical Machines III and IV. Apart
from the theoretical knowledge, the students are exposed to various practical and laboratory work
allowing applying the theoretical comprehension into the practice. We trust you will enjoy the course,
and find it interesting and informative.

2.

STAFF

2.1

CONTACT DETAILS

NAME

CAMPUS

ROOM
NO

TEL NO
E-MAIL

CONSULTATION
TIMES

ACADEMIC
FUNCTION

Pretoria

6-262

(012) 382 5002

ZikalalaDP@tut.ac.za

See Timetable

Subject Head
& examiner

Witbank
(eMalahleni)

14G23

(013) 653 3148

NnachiAF@tut.ac.za

See Timetable

Lecturer &
Examiner

Mr. D. P.
Zikalala

Mr. A.F.
Nnachi

PAGE 5 OF 47

Mr. P Ntloko

Pretoria

6-267

(012) 382 5965

NtlokoP@tut.ac.za

See Timetable

Technician

Mr. DR
Shongwe

Pretoria

6-261

(012) 382 5737

ShongweDR@tut.ac.za

See Timetable

Technician

Mr. PP
Motloung

Witbank
(eMalahleni)

14G23

(013) 653 3148

MotloungPP@tut.ac.za

See Timetable

Technician

Ms. M.
Mashilo

Pretoria

Library

(012) 382 5371

mashiloM@tut.ac.za

Always Available

Mr.
A.J.S.F.
Sliep

External
(Private)

2.2

N/A

(012) 565 4881

(071) 289 8893
albertsliep@mweb.co.za

Subject
Librarian

Moderator

STAFF AVAILABILITY

Normally, the regular and responsible attending of the classes allows students to understand and
perform successfully in the course. However, the teaching staff is available for consultations fixed at a
timetable during the semester. Check lecturers timetables pasted against each lecturers door for
consultation times. An appointment can also be made, at least one day in advance, at any suitable time
outside of consulting hours. No students will be allowed for consultation outside consulting hours
without an appointment!

3.

REQUIREMENTS, RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDED MATERIAL.

3.1

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE

3.1.1 PRESCRIBED RESOURCES

The following tables indicate what literature and other resources are essential for successful completion
of this course. The book by Stephan J Chapman is the prescribed book for the course, although
students may find the book by Theodore Wildi, B J Le Roux and BL & AK Theraja easier to understand.
PAGE 6 OF 47

The lecturer will make reference to these books as the topics are covered. Supplementary notes for the
course will also be handed out where it is necessary. You are strongly advised to consult all the
prescribed resources.

PRESCRIBED LITERATURE

CATEGORY

BOOKS
Ref: 1

AUTHOR

NAME

PUBLISHER

ISBN NO

Stephen J.
Chapman

Electrical Machinery
th
Fundamentals, 5 edition,
2011

McGraw Hill

007-115155-9

Electrical Machines, Drives,

and Power Systems, fifth
edition, 2006

Pearson/
Prentice Hall
Columbus, Ohio

0-13-1969188

A textbook of electrical
th
technology, 24 revised
edition, 2008

S. Chand and
company Ltd.
New Delhi

81-219-24413

Ref: 2

Theodore Wildi

Ref: 3

B. L Theraja and
A.K Theraja

NOTES

Lecturers Notes

PAPERS

OTHER PRESCRIBED RESOURCES

CATEGORY

DESCRIPTION

WHERE TO FIND

COST

CALCULATOR

Sharp DAL 506 W

Bookshops

R 250.00

LEVY

COMPUTER

HARDWARE

PAGE 7 OF 47

Matlab Student Version

SOFTWARE
MathCad

EQUIPMENT

COMPONENTS

3.1.2 RECOMMENDED RESOURCES

The following recommend resources will enhance your understanding and knowledge in this course,
and you are encouraged to use the following additional resources.

RECOMMENDED RESOURCES

CATEGORY

AUTHOR

NAME

PUBLISHER

ISBN NO

1.

Theodore Wildi

Electrical Machines, Drives,

and Power Systems, fifth
edition, 2006

Pearson/
Prentice Hall
Columbus, Ohio

0-13-1969188

2.

B J LE Roux

Basic Electrical machines

Lerato

3.

B. L Theraja and
A.K Theraja

A textbook of electrical
th
technology, 24 revised
edition, 2008

S. Chand and
company Ltd.
New Delhi

1-919747-079
81-219-24413

NOTES

PAGE 8 OF 47

PAPERS

RECOMMENDED ELECTRONIC MATERIAL & WEBSITES

VIDEO

CD

DVD

WEBSITES

4.

http//:myTUTor.tut.ac.za

CODE OF CONDUCT

Please take note of the following regulations. These regulations are in addition to the standard rules
and regulations as determined by the TUT. Please familiarise yourself with the TUT rules and
regulations as set out in the student diaries received on registration.

4.1

ATTENDANCE

Regular attendance of all the lectures is of primary importance. It is the learners responsibility to sign
the register each week. A minimum attendance of 75% is mandatory for all courses. In a 30 week year,
8 classes that have not been attended and for which you have not furnished a valid doctors letter or
other proof of extenuating circumstances, amounts to 25% absenteeism. This level of absenteeism will
lead to exclusion from the final moderation at the end of the year, which means that you will fail the
course and will have to repeat it the following year.

PAGE 9 OF 47

4.2

CLASSROOM BEHAVIOUR

Students are required to arrive on time for lectures. Students are also required to behave in the
classroom in a way that will not distract other students attention from the lecture or distract the lecturer
during the lecture. The lecturer has the right to send any student out of the classroom who continues to
distract lectures or fellow students in class he/she has been warned against it.

4.2.1. USAGE OF CELL PHONES IN CLASSES

Cell phones should be kept off during lectures, tests, examinations and consultations.

4.3

RESPONSIBILITIES OF STUDENTS

It is your responsibility to make a success of learning in this course. To this end you are encouraged to
attend class, write set tests and hand in your assignments/projects on the set due dates.

It is also your responsibility to keep up to date with course arrangements (like the time table for the
semester), changes and new information by attending class regularly and visiting the course notice
board and WebCT regularly. The lecturer will take no responsibility for any information that you missed
from any of these resources.

PAGE 10 OF 47

SECTION

1.

LEARNING COMPONENT

OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

Modern society has adapted during the last hundred and fifty years to embrace the fruits of science.
This trend is even more pronounced in the field of electrical energy. We use it to cook our food, to keep
us warm, to keep us cool during summer and to give us light during night time.

The bulk of electrical energy is however used in the manufacturing sector. Much of the energy is used
to generate heat, where it is in competition with gas systems, think of furnaces, welders and boilers.
The most useful aspect of electricity is however the ease with which it can be transformed to
mechanical energy. This fact becomes clear when you compare the size, complexity and logistical
demands of an electrical machine and a diesel motor. The electrical machine (for the same power
rating) is smaller, less complex and does not require either a fuel tank or constant refueling.

Considering these factors it is hardly surprising to realise that nearly 53% of all electrical energy
produced in the USA is supplied to electrical machines, (The trend in South Africa is not much
different). The use of electrical machines is not however confined to industry. Most appliances in the
home depend on some form of electrical motor. Think for example about refrigerators (compressors),
PCs (disk drive motors and fans), microwaves (turntable drives) and blow dryers.

1.1

PURPOSE OF THE COURSE

It is clear that the modern electrical engineer/technician can hardly operate without a good working
background of electrical machines. Therefore the purpose of this course in conjunction with electrical
machines III & IV is designed to give students a working knowledge of electrical machines, their
construction, operation and capabilities.

1.2

LINKS TO OTHER SUBJECTS

PAGE 11 OF 47

Electrical Machines II is closely linked with all fundamental courses of the Power Engineering field. This
course will build upon previous knowledge and some competency is required to understand the
contents of this subject. Students will be expected to have a sound knowledge of Electrical Engineering
I and II and mathematics. Knowledge and skills gained in this subject shall be useful in higher level
subjects such as Electrical Machines III & IV. Skills learned from the mentioned courses which will be
required are:

Understanding of voltage, current, resistivity and their functional relationships ohms law.

Understanding of electrical systems.

Understanding of electrical power in both dc and ac systems.

Understanding of complex numbers.

Understanding of three-phase systems.

Thorough knowledge of electrical theorems.

Understanding of phasor diagrams.

Understanding of derivatives and their application in engineering Calculus.

1.3

COURSE OUTCOMES

Students credited with this course should be able to:

2.
2.1

Describe and analyse the basic concept of electromagnetism and its application to relays,
contactors and single phase transformers
Describe the principle of operation, construction, types, fundamental theory, testing /
performance evaluation and analysis of the single-phase transformers.
Analyze the basic concepts, fundamental theories relating to the construction and operation of
DC Machines

ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT METHODS AND CRITERIA

Assessment of this course will include written tests and assignments, as indicated in the schedule
under Section A.

Various assessment methods applied will focus on criteria that will enable the

lecturers to determine whether you have achieved the learning outcomes. The assessment criteria
relevant to each learning outcome are detailed in Section 3.

2.2

ASSESSMENT RULES

PAGE 12 OF 47

The general rules of TUT regarding assessment apply. You are advised to familiarise yourself with
these rules, as they are applied stringently. It is important for the learner to note that each test or
assignment is very crucial in that his / her year mark (predicate mark) will be formed by the sum of all
tests, assignments, and practical projects.

Should the learner miss one of the official tests, a second chance or sick test shall be given on
condition that the learner furnishes us (lecturers) with a sick note from a doctor confirming his / her
illness. This must be done as soon as possible. Marks will be deducted from students who miss
assignment deadlines.

The contact times, contact details and office numbers for each lecturer is given above in section A.

2.3

MARKING SYSTEM

The learner shall be awarded for his / her good work when it comes to assessments (tests,
assignments, practical and projects). For group work the same amount of points / marks will be
awarded to each member of each group. This is only true for both assignments and practical projects
only.

When it comes to formarive and summative assessments, the learner will be evaluated individually. The
learner must read the instructions carefully and make sure he / she understand exactly what is
expected of them. The leaner must show all his / her workings and he / she should write neatly. Both
positive and negative marking are applicable depending on the type of question asked.

2.4

YEAR MARK

Practicals and tests will contribute to the assessment process. Two formal tests and the practical mark
will complete the final year mark of each student. A sick test will be offered towards the end of the
semester. Individual practical tests will be done at the end of the semester. Each student will be asked
to do one of the practicals done during the semester. The work will be assessed by the lecturer. The
class test component will take the form of either five class tests or two class tests and a task. Any
missed class test will imply a mark of 0%.

Please note this subject is an examination subject, implying all the examination regulations as
published by the TUT applies. Each learner must qualify for exam admission and the exam mark and
year mark will contribute equally to the final mark.

PAGE 13 OF 47

A minimum mark of 40 % is required by the learner to qualify or gain entry to sit and write the final
examination. The predicate mark is calculated as shown in Table one below.

The following table gives the calculation of the year mark.

Table 1: Year Mark Calculation
Evaluation 1

Class Tests/Assignments

10%

Evaluation 2

Semester Test 1 & Semester Test 2

60%

40% sub-minimum

Evaluation 3

Project/Practical Work

30%

50% sub-minimum

100%

40% sub-minimum

Predicate Mark

Predicate marks are put on the faculty notice boards. If you have queries about your mark, you must
immediately consult your course lecturer (contact details are given above), before predicate
day. Once the predicate mark is entered on TUTs mainframe computer, the mark cannot be changed.

NB: See Annexure D: DEE Rules Volume 1.

2.5

MODERATION

At least 50% of the total assessments in Electrical Machines II are subject to external moderation. The
name and the contact details of the appointed moderator are given in Section A. The moderation
process is according to the applicable rules and practices for the institution. The purpose of moderation
is to ensure that justice has been done when marking and awarding marks to the learner and also that
the assessment is at right standard and level as reflected in the study guide and prospectus.

The moderate enjoys the right to change (up or lower) all or some of marks that the lecturer has
awarded to each learner. He can order re-marking of all the scripts when he feels that marking and
allocation of marks were not done properly and satisfactorily. The learner can be assured that whatever
marks that appear in his / her academic record are true and correct. However, the student / learner
reserve the right to apply for re-marking of their scripts in case they are not satisfied by their results.
There is a certain fee that the learner must pay during his / her application for re-marking.
PAGE 14 OF 47

2.6

PROMOTION REQUIREMENTS

A minimum pass mark of 50 % is needed and is enough for the learner to pass the subject or to be
promoted to the next level and be able to do the other subjects whose pre-requisites is Electrical
Machines III. Such subjects are highlighted in section B paragraph 1.2.

The 50 % is obtained by summing up the predicate mark with the final examination mark and then
dividing the sum by two (2) to get the average or pass mark. The following equation or expression
shows how this is done:

Any final mark ranging from 45 % to 48 % will qualify the learner to sit and write the supplementary
examination / Re-Examination. Please note that the same original predicate mark still stands, i.e. the
learner must get a mark in the supplementary examination that when added to the predicate mark and
the sum divided by 2, the final pass mark is 50 % or more in order to pass the subject. The following
equation or expression shows how this is done:

Should the learner fail to obtain a final mark of 50 % or more after the supplementary examination, the
learner has to repeat the subject the next semester provided that he / she is not excluded.

3.

COURSE CONTENT AND SCHEDULE OF TESTS AND

ASSIGNMENTS
This course comprises both a theory and application component. Your mastery of that theory is
assessed at regular intervals. More importantly, the application of theory is assessed through
assignments/projects.

The following table clearly indicates what you have to achieve (the learning outcomes) and how you will
be assessed (assessment criteria) to determine whether you have achieved the required knowledge
and competences.

PAGE 15 OF 47

3.1

COURSE STRUCTURE AND SCHEDULE OF TESTS AND ASSIGNMENTS

DURATION
Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

THEME

ASSIGNMENT/
TEST/PROJECT

COMPLETION
DATE*

Electro-magnetism
Magneto motive force,
magnetic flux, magnetic
flux density,
Magnetic field strength
Force on current carrying
conductors in a magnetic
field
The right hand rule
Magnetic circuit and
calculations
Electromagnetic induction
Inductance
Factors affecting
inductance of an inductor
Relays and contactors
Instrument transformers
E.M.F equation of a coil
E.M.F equation of a
transformer

Transformer
Ideal transformer
Characteristics of ideal
transformer
Voltage transformation
ratio
Non ideal transformer
Transformer construction
Types of core and their
advantages
Flux and flux leakage in a
transformer
Transformer
Equivalent circuit of an
ideal and a non ideal
transformer
Effect of winding
resistance and leakage
flux
Referring resistance,
reactance and impedance
to different sides
Types of transformer test,
with explanation (Open

Practical 1: Transformer
Tests
Students will be given
components with
specifications for:
winding of their own
transformers
carryout short circuit
and open circuit test

Determine the
equivalent circuit
parameters, voltage
regulation and
efficiency.
Demonstration of
transformer
saturation
See Practical Guide
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3

PAGE 16 OF 47

Week 5

Week 6

circuit and short circuit

test)
How to determine the
parameters of a
transformer from
transformer tests

Transformer
Transformer parameters
that can be determined
by an open circuit test
Rc(LV) and X_(LV)
Transformer loss that can
be determined by an
open circuit test iron core
loss Po
Transformer parameters
that can be determined
by an short circuit test
Re(HV), Xe(HV) and
Ze(HV)
Transformer loss that can
be determined by an
short circuit test copper
(Cu) loss core loss Po

Transformer
Voltage regulation
Efficiency of transformer
Condition for maximum
efficiency
The per unit system
measurement

Test Week

Week 7

PAGE 17 OF 47

Week 8

Week 9

Week 10

Auto transformers
Characteristic of auto
transformer
Operation of auto
transformers
Power distribution in auto
transformer
Copper saving of auto
transformer compared
with a two winding
transformer

Auto transformers
Advantages of auto
transformer
Disadvantages of auto
transformers
Usage of auto
transformers
Conversion of two
winding to an auto
transformers
Regulation of auto
transformer
Efficiency of auto
transformers
DC Machines
Generators and Motors
operation
Generation of AC voltage
Mechanical rectification
DC generator
constructions
Armature reaction
Commutation-Problems
and solution
DC

Week 11

Equivalent circuit of a
generator
Separately excited
generator
Shunt excited generator
Output voltage control
Operation and equivalent
circuited

DC Machines
DC generator
characteristics
DC motor
characteristics
See Practical guide

Experiment 4
Experiment 5
Experiment 6
Experiment 7

PAGE 18 OF 47

Week 12

DC Motors
Shunt, series, separately
excited and compound
motors
Performance and
operating calculations
Speed control

Test 2
Week 13

Week 14

Performance Characteristics of
DC Machines
Performance for different
configuration
Performance and
operating calculation
DC generator
characteristics
DC motor characteristics

Revision

Week 15

PAGE 19 OF 47

Revision
Week 14

*Please note that test dates may be moved on short notice where circumstances require such
change. Also, take particular note of the rules regarding tests and assignments in section B, 2.6

3.2

LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

The following tables clearly indicate what you have to achieve (the learning outcomes) and how you will
be assessed (assessment criteria) to determine whether you have achieved the required knowledge
and competences:

PAGE 20 OF 47

LEARNING OUTCOME 1:
After successful completion of this chapter, the student should be able to describe and analyse the
basic concept of electromagnetism and its application to relays, contactors and single phase
transformers.

Assessment criteria

Assessment method

Magnetism
1. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES

Describe basic principles of

magnetism, magnetic flux and lines of
flux.
Sketches of magnetic filed a conductor
and a solenoid
Calculate forces that exist on a current
carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field
Electromagnetic induction, faradays
law, e.m.f
Magnetic circuit calculations and
application
Principles of operation, application,
types, circuit diagram and wiring of Relays
and contactors (this will be given to
students as an assignment)
Relays and Contactors

As per lecturers instruction and examples from

the text books prescribed in section 3.2.1. above
2. CLASS TESTS
According to schedule in Section A and subject
to further confirmation during lectures and in
compliance with the test time table for the
semester.
3. SEMESTER TESTS
According to schedule in Section A and subject
to further confirmation during lectures and in
compliance with the test time table for the
semester.
4. EXAMINATION

Principles of operation, circuit diagram,

types and application (This will be

Examination June / November according to a

schedule from Exam department.

given to students as assignments 1)

Compliance with Critical

Outcomes

Collect

and

information.

critically

cross-field Compliance with Generic Engineering

Outcomes
evaluate

ELO 2: Demonstrate the application of

mathematical,
science
and
engineering
knowledge in an engineering environment.

PAGE 21 OF 47

LEARNING OUTCOME 2:
After successful completion of this chapter, the student should be able to describe the principle of
operation, construction, types, fundamental theory, testing / performance evaluation and analysis of
the single-phase transformers.

Assessment criteria

Assessment method

Single Phase transformers

1. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES

Describe and analyze ideal and noneideal single phase transformer,

operations and construction.
The derivation of the equivalent circuit.
Transformer tests and its applications.
Voltage regulation, efficiency and per
unit systems
Auto-transformer

2. CLASS TESTS
According to schedule in Section A and subject
to further confirmation during lectures and in
compliance with the test time table for the
semester.

Analysis, advantages, disadvantages

and applications of auto transformer.

As per lecturers instruction and examples from

the text books prescribed in section 3.2.1. above

Conversion of two-winding transformer

into auto-transformer.

Instrument transformers
Circuit diagrams and application of instrument
transformers. (this will be given to students as
an assignment 2)

Compliance with Critical

Outcomes

3. SEMESTER TESTS
According to schedule in Section A and subject
to further confirmation during lectures and in
compliance with the test time table for the
semester.
4. EXAMINATION
Examination June / November according to a
schedule from Exam department.

cross-field Compliance with Generic Engineering

Outcomes

Collect and critically evaluate information.

ELO 2: Demonstrate the application of

mathematical,
science
and
engineering
knowledge in an engineering environment.

PAGE 22 OF 47

LEARNING OUTCOME 3
After successful completion of this chapter, the student should be able to describe the principle of
operation, construction, types, fundamental theory and analysis of DC machines.

Assessment criteria

Assessment method

Direct current generators

1. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES

Generation of an AC voltage
Mechanical rectification
DC generator construction

As per lecturers instruction and examples from

the text books prescribed in section 3.2.1. above
2. CLASS TESTS

Equivalent circuit

According to schedule in Section A and subject to

further confirmation during lectures and in
compliance with the test time table for the
semester.

Separately excited generator

3. SEMESTER TESTS

Commutation - problems and solutions

Shunt excited generator

Output voltage control
Performance and operating calculations
Direct Current Motors
Operation and equivalent circuits
Shunt, series, separately excited and
compound motors.

According to schedule in Section A and subject to

further confirmation during lectures and in
compliance with the test time table for the
semester.
4. EXAMINATION
Examination June / November according to a
schedule from Exam department.

Performance and operating characteristics

Speed control
Compliance with Critical cross-field Compliance with Generic
Outcomes
Outcomes
Collect and critically evaluate information.

Engineering

ELO 2: Demonstrate the application of

mathematical, science and engineering
knowledge in an engineering environment.

3.3

GENERIC OUTCOMES AND CRITICAL CROSS-FIELD OUTCOMES

PAGE 23 OF 47

Compliance
Outcomes

with

Critical

cross-field

Working effectively with others as a

member
of
a
team,
group,
organization, community.

Especially, when it comes to projects,

assignments and practical sessions,
students will be and are encouraged
to work in groups so that they can
share information concerning that
particular task.
E.g. learning outcomes 1, 2 and 3.

Collecting, analyzing, organizing and

critically evaluating information.

Apart from the information appearing

on the nameplate of any machine, the
students will be required not only to
consult their prescribed handbooks but
also to browse through websites and
other publications in order to have a
clear and better understanding of how
a particular machine works/operates
under various conditions.
e.g. learning outcomes 1, 2 and 3.

4.

Compliance with Generic Engineering and

Built Environment Outcomes

Demonstrate the application of

mathematical, science and engineering
knowledge in an engineering
environment.

Communicate technical, supervisory and

general management information
effectively, both orally and in writing,
using appropriate language and
terminology, structure, style and graphical
support.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

None.
Sources used for the compilation of the glossary: None.

5.

ASSESSMENT RECORDS

The following test and examination are attached to serve as examples of the implementation of the
assessment criteria and assessment method, as listed in the table 3.1, and you should be familiar with
these examples to prepare and orientate yourself of how the various assessment criteria are used and
applied in the various assessment methods.

PAGE 24 OF 47

5.1

EXAMPLE OF A CLASS TEST

Electrical Machines II (EMA241T)
15 August 2008 Class/Tutorial Test 2

Student Number: _______________________________

Surname & Initials: _____________________________
Marks: 48 for 40
__________________________________________________________________________________
Question 1

[12]

A 100kVA, 2200/440V, 50Hz single phase transformer has 400 turns on the primary and 80 turns on
the secondary. The primary resistance is 0.3 and the primary reactance is 1.1. The secondary
resistance and reactance is 0.01 and 0.035 respectively.
Determine:
1.1 The impedance referred to the primary.
1.2 The induced emf and full load secondary voltage for a lagging power factor of 0.8 lagging.
1.3 The voltage regulation expressed as a p.u. and the secondary voltage.

(4)
(4)
(4)

Question 2

[4]

List four methods for reducing leakage flux in a transformer.

Question 3

[4]

Draw a clearly labeled phasor diagram of an ideal transformer for a leading power factor.
Question 4

[7]

The emf per turn of a 3000/250V 50Hz is 14,73V.

Calculate:
4.1 The net cross-sectional of the core for a maximum flux density of 1,4T.
4.2 The primary and secondary turns for a core type transformer.

(2)
(5)

Question 5

[3]

A magnetic flux of 360Wb, passing through a coil of 1500 turns, is reversed in 0.05 seconds.
Determine the average value of the induced emf in the coil.
Question 6

[4]

With the aid of a diagram, explain the Hystersis loop of a transformer.

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5.3
EXAMPLE OF SUMMATIVE TEST AND EXAMINATION WITH
MEMORANDUM.

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5.2

EXAMPLE OF A PRACTICAL REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL MACHINES II
PRACTICAL REPORT

Name..
Student Number..
No-Load (Open-circuit) Test and short-circuit Test of Single-phase Transformer
Aim: The aim of the experiment is to determine the losses (copper loss and iron loss) of the transformer
in order to calculate the efficiency, voltage regulation and that of extracting parameters for the
equivalent circuit of the transformer.
Apparatus:
Single-phase transformer (100 VA, 230/15.6V)
Variable ac power supply
Voltmeters
Ammeters
Wattmeters
Leads
Circuit Diagram

Open-circuit test

Short-circuit test
Methods:
Obtain the parameters of the transformer (from the nameplate): VA, V1, and V2.
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Connect the transformer as in the diagram; connect the supply to the high-voltage side
Repeat readings with intervals of 20V after 50V to approximately 140 % of design voltage
Note the readings in table form
Determine the full-load current of the transformer (primary and secondary)
For the short-circuit test connect the supply to the high-current side. Short-circuit the secondary
side with an ammeter.
Set the supply current I to the calculated full-load current
Note readings: VSC, ISC1, W SC, and ISC2.

Readings
V1
50
Ioc
W1
V2

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

270

Open-circuit test result

VSC1,FL
ISC1,FL
W SC1,FL
ISC2,FL
Short-circuit test result
Assignment
1. Use a graph paper to do the following:
1.1 Draw the magnetizing curve Imag against V1
1.2 Draw V2 against V1 and determine the ration V1/V2
1.3 Give the no-load current Ioc and no-load losses from the table
1.4 Which losses are constant?
1.5 Determine the full-load copper losses
1.6 Determine the full-load efficiency of the transformer at the power factor of 0.8
1.7 Determine the efficiency of the transformer at 75% of full-load at power factor of 0.8
1.8 Determine the load for maximum efficiency as well as the value of maximum efficiency of the
transformer at a power factor of 0.8

6.

APPENDICES

Appendix A
o

A copy of the Semester Test 1 Memorandum. {Page 26}

Appendix B
o

A copy of the Final Examination Memorandum. {Page 32}

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6.1

EXAMPLES OF MARK SHEETS USED DURING VARIOUS ASSESSMENTS

DURING THE COURSE.

Appendix C
o

A copy of the Mark Sheets. {Page 45}

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