SOURCES OF ENERGY

# ENERGY

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.

#SOURCES OF ENERGY

Basically there are two sources of energy

1) Renewable
2) Non renewable

# Difference between renewable and non renewable

RENEWABLE SOURCE NON RENEWABLE SOURCE

They are those sources of energy which once
used up , can be replenished again and again
They are non exhaustible, as they are available
in plenty.
Examples: Biogas, tidal energy, geothermal
energy , wind energy solar energy, etc.
Once used up cannot be replenished again as
they take millions of years to form.
They are exhaustible , as they are available in
limited quantity
Natural gas, Coal, Petroleum (they are also
called as fossil fuels.)

Q Why is it advisable to utilize renewable resources than non renewable resource?

(Advantage of renewable resource)
• As they are available continuously and are never ending
• Does not cause pollution
Q Why non renewable resources are called fossil fuel?
Since hey are formed by the dead remains of plants and animals buried deep inside the
earth millions of years ago.
Q Why fossil fuel are called non renewable?
Since they take million of years to form and once used up cannot be replaced easily.

# Burning and combustion

Combustion is defined as the chemical process , in which the fuel burns in the presence of oxygen
to give heat and light.

2Mg + O2 2Mg0

# DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMBUSIBLE AND NON COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES

COMBUSIBLE SUBSTANCES NON COMBUSTIBLE SUBTANCES

They burn rapidly to give heat and light They don not burn.

E.g. Wood , petrol, kerosene, paper E.g. Iron, glass, stone.

# IGNITION TEMPERATURE OR KINDLING TEMERATURE

The minimum temperature at which a substance starts burning is called ignition temperature.
Example Hydrocarbons have low ignition temperature.

Q Out of, LPG and wood, which is better fuel and why?

# DIASADVANTAGE OF USING TRADITIONAL CHULLHAS

• Incomplete combustion of fuel takes place. Only 6% of fuel is converted onto heat
energy.
• Due to incomplete combustion , large amount of smoke is produced along with harmful
gases like carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur do oxide (SO2) etc.

# ADVANTAGE OF SMOKELESS CHULLHAS

• Large amount of heat is produced, almost complete combustion takes place.
• Smoke and harmful gases are removed through chimneys.
Q Why smokeless chulhas are preferred over traditional chulhas?

COAL
Formation

Coal is a fossil fuel and is formed by the dead remains of plants and animal buried deep inside the
earth millions of years ago. Due to high temperature and pressure, it changes into coal.

By-Products
• Plastics
• Coal tar
• Synthetic fibers
• Fertilizers
• Medicines
• Coke
Function of coke (refer to chapter – carbon)
• Acts as a reducing agent
• Used in the manufacture of steel which is strong and versatile.
• Used in the extraction of iron from its ore.
CALORIFIC VALUE

Defined as the amount of heat energy liberated when one kg of fuel is burnt completely.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD FUEL

• High calorific value
• Has convenient ignition temperature.
• Does not produce any pollution
• Does not produce waste products.
• Easy to store and transport.

Q Why gaseous fuels are preferred over solid fuels?

 PETROLEUM (CRUDE OIL)

⇒ PETRA means rock and OLEUM means oil.

⇒ Mixture of several hydrocarbons that is trapped between the non porous rocks.
⇒ Formation
It is formed by the dead remains of marine animals that got buried under the sea bed for
million of years ago. Under high temperature and pressure, it changed into petroleum.
Hence it is also referred to as FOSSIL FUEL

⇒ By products
• Inks
• Crayons
• Bubbles
• Gums
• Dish –washing
• Soaps
⇒ Oil well
“Bombay high’ in Mumbai and “digboi” on Assam.

PETROLEUM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD

• On burning petroleum products, it releases carbon di oxide, which is a green house gas,
and leads to global warming.
• Gives put pollutants like carbon monoxide, leads oxide that causes air pollution.

Q Why is petroleum called as fossil Fuel?

Q what is crude oil?

LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS(L.P.G)

⇒ Mixture of hydrocarbons ( C1- C4)

⇒ PETROLEUM GAS IS OBTAINED BY THE REFINING OF CRUDE OIL.
⇒ Main constituent is BUTANE(C4H10)
⇒ Petroleum gas cam be liquefied under pressure , hence it is called LPG
⇒ LPG is colorless and odorless gas and highly inflammable, hence, to detect any leakage
of gas, smelling agent ETHYL MERCAPTAN (C2H5SH) is added to LPG.
Q What is LPG? Why it is called so?
Q Why smelling agent is added to LPG?

COMPREESED NATURAL GAS(CNG)

⇒ Natural Gas a hydrocarbon consisting mainly of methane gas
⇒ It is obtained as a layer of gas along with petroleum.
⇒ It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas(properties)
⇒ Under pressure it gets compressed, hence called as CNG.

⇒ USES OF CNG
• As a fuel in automobiles
• Used for generation of electricity
 • Manufacturing of paints, plastics, Fertilizers, dyes etc.

⇒ ADVANTAGE OF CNG
• Produces relatively low amount of pollution, so is a cleaner
fuel.
• Produces lower emissions than coal
• No ash is left after burning.

SOLAR ENERGY

Q Why is sun called as an ultimate source of energy?

The solar energy is utilized by plants to prepare their food and gets stored in the form of
chemical energy. When these plants die and get buried under the earth , they change into
coal and petroleum, which has solar energy stored in them in the form of chemical energy
, which when burn produces heat and light.
Sun’s heat energy is responsible for the formation of water cycle, wind
energy. Thus all forms of energy can be traced back to the sun, directly or indirectly.

Solar devices
• Solar cooker
• Solar furnace
• Solar cell
• Solar water heater

APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

⇒ SOLAR COOKER
It is a device used to cook food with help of sunlight.
• Construction & working
•
It consists of a wooden box with insulated material. Its inner and outer walls are
painted black, as black surfaces are the best absorbers of heat. It consists of glass
cover on its top, which creates the green house effect. It has a plane mirror attached
to the lid , which acts as a reflector.

• Advantage
o It is less expensive
o Uses renewable source of energy
• Disadvantage
o Cannot be used for frying or making chapattis , as it can attain temperature
only up to 100oC.
o Cannot be used at night time.
o Cannot be used on cloudy day

⇒ SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT

Its uses the sun rays to heat the water. This heat produces steam from the water. The steam, in
turn is used to rotate turbines. The rotating turbines then produce electricity from the generator.
 ⇒ SOLAR CELL
A solar cell is a device that directly converts solar energy into electrical energy. It is
made up of semi conducting material like silicon.
• Uses of solar cell
o Used in watches and calculator
o Used in street lights in remote villages
o Solar panels are used in satellites.

WIND ENERGY

Q Why wind energy is called renewable source of energy?

Because wind is produced continuously as long as the sun shines and is available in plenty.

Uses of wind energy

• To propel boats for transportation
• To grind grains
• To pump underground water
• To generate electricity

Advantages of wind energy

• Available contiuously
• Does not cause any pollution

Disadvantage
• Is not available all times.
• Not available at all places.

WIND FARM

A wind farm has a number of wind mills which use thw coupled energy of the wind to produce
electricity.

Largest wind farm in India is located at KANYAKUMARI, which produces 380Mw of

electricity.

HYDROELECTRICITY ENERGY

Energy produced by running water which is made to fall into the blades of turbines which rotate
the coil in the generator to produce electricity.

Q why hydroelectricity energy is renewable source of energy?

- Continuously replenished by the water cycle.
Advantage

- Hydropower stations are pollution free.

- Water available for generating the hydropower is available in plenty and free of cost.
Q some people consider hydropower as an ideal source of energy. Justify

Disadvantages

- Dislocation of population
- Ecological imbalance of the place
- Clearance of forest area

BIOGAS
Biomass is an organic material having solar energy stored in the form of chemical energy

FORMATION

It is the mixture of CH4, CO2, and traces of H2S; it is formed, when slurry of animal dung and
water is allowed to decompose in the absence of air in the presence of anaerobic bacteria.

Composition
- Methane
- Carbon di oxide
- Water
- Traces of H2S
NUCLEAR ENERGY

DEFINITION
-The energy which is present in the nucleus of atom is called nuclear energy.

Its of two kind

- Nuclear fission
- Nuclear fusion

Differnce between nuclear fission and fusion

Nuclear fusion Nuclear Fission

It is the process of combining of two light
nuclei to form a heavy nucleus with release of
large amount of energy.
This reaction cannot be controlled
It releases tremendous amount of energy than
fission
Eg. Hydrogen bomb
It is the process of splitting the nucleus of
heavy atom like uranium 235 into two light
nucleus with release of large amount of energy.
This reaction can be controlled to produce
electricity.
It releases large amount of energy
Eg Atom bomb

ATOMIC POWER PLANT

In India atomic power plant are located at-

• Tarapur
• Narora
• Kota
 • Kalpakkam
Q Name the reaction that takes place in
a) Nuclear reactor_____________ b) In sun____________
Q Which reaction can be controlled?

Q What is a Nuclear Reactor?

It’s a device where a controlled nuclear fission reaction takes place.

Disadvantage of nuclear fission

- high and dangerous kind of pollution is produced by the radioactive rays in case
of accident.
Advantage of nuclear reaction
Energy can be produce for along period of time by using a small amount of uranium.

ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
Q Give two reasons which will cause energy crisis in future?
-Increase in population
-Increase in demands due to modernization and industrialization

Q Suggest two ways by which energy wastage can be controlled.

a) By using energy judiciously
-by not wasting energy
-By using methods where energy spent is less.
b) By using renewable source instead of non renewable
- by using alternative sources of energy like solar energy, tidal energy, geothermal
energy

Q What are the advantage of judicious use of energy

-it will give more time to the scientist for the development of alternative sources of
energy.
-it will delay the energy crisis