1.

Descartes's theory of the relationship between conscious mind and body

Descartes's theory of the relationship between conscious mind and body
Descartes tried to base his ideas on certain knowledge. Everything would be
inauthentic, except that he thought and therefore existed. Descartes ' theory is a
form of substance-dualism. This deals with the question of how the body and
mind interact, while it goes for two different substances. The sense would so
affect the body, but also vice versa. Descartes suggested that the pituitary gland
is the place where the mind and body interact. It is not a bundle
theory! (question 33 on previous exam).
2. Materialist approaches to consciousness
Materialists are monist. They believe that only matter exists. Materialism does
not imply that consciousness can be reduced to physical properties. For example,
consciousness from matter would follow, whereby change of consciousness
inherent in change of the brain, but the reverse is not true: two brain States may
yield the same consciousness experience.
3. The relationship between epiphenomenalism and functionalism
The epiphenomenalisme is a theory which States that the spirit a non-physical
side effect of the body. The body affects the mind and the spirit does not affect
the body. Functionalism assumes that mental experiences the same as functional
experiences.
The relationship between these two is so that the spirit has no influence on the
body and that the body send bodily processes.
4. Qualia
A quale is on what it feels like to experience something. Our conscious
experiences consist of qualia. The question is how qualia relate to the world in
which we live. How can objective brain produce subjective qualia?
5. Mary, color scientist
If you believe that Mary will be surprised about the color of red as she is released,
then do you believe that consciousness subjective experiences or qualia have an
added value in addition to factual knowledge about the world. If you think they
will be not surprised, then do you believe that having all knowledge about
everything the world says and so even though it says what it feels like to
experience something.
6. Philosophers ' zombie
If you believe that it is possible that there may be a zombie who are behaving in
exactly the same way as you, but has no consciousness, then do you believe that
consciousness has no additional function. When you believe this zombie is not
possible, do you believe that having consciousness though makes a difference.
Dennett went ahead and came up with the concept of a zimbo. This is a complex
zombie that can guide its own activities and internal (but subconscious) States
has. The zimbo would think that he has a consciousness, while this is not the
case. According to Dennett, this was also going on with people. We would actually
be all zimbo's. We think that we have a consciousness, but only that we have
actually not.
7. Milner & Goodale on the relationship between conscious perception and action

Milner and Goodale distinguish between between visual perception and Visualmotor control. The ventral route is also called the ' what ' and the dorsal easily
called route route is also called the ' waar'-route. The ventral route is responsible
for visual perception and the dorsal route for precise Visual-motor control. People
with Visual form agnosia have a damaged ventral route, but their dorsal route is
remained undamaged. This enables them to grab objects, but they may not
consciously perceive that object.
Furthermore, Milner and Goodale that Visuomotor control more urgent than the
visual perception and that thereby the action will take place earlier than the
awareness.
8. Global workspace theory of B
In the gwt is the cognitive system built on a kind of Blackboard, just like the stage
of a theatre. Unconscious processes compete for being the center of attention to
stand on that stage. This to pass information to the unconscious public in the
room (areas of the subconscious brain). At relaying information, use is made of
consciousness. According to B is the consciousness some sort port to bring in and
to exchange information, but also to coordinate and monitor. Consciousness has
in this theory very clear functions: it provides access to the mental lexicon, to the
autobiographical memory and to the self system; It acquires processors for tasks
in progress, makes voluntary control over executive decisions and facilitates
automatic actions routines as possible. Consciousness is according to B a working
part of the entire cognitive System. Consciousness takes place in terms of ' more
aware ' or ' less aware ' instead of consciously or unconsciously. This he calls '
contrastive analysis '.
9. The concept of a "Cartesian Theatre"
The idea of "the Cartesian theater" means that people feel that in their mind a
place where ' I ' is located. At that place are also conscious images inside and if
they come together, it is called consciousness. The theater show at the CT is the
stream of consciousness and the public is the ' I '. You are an adherent of the CT if
you believe that there is a space or phase in which conscious experiences
express themselves. If the CT exists, then we should able to locate in the head.
10. Dennett's multiple drafts theory
According to this model all mental activities (emotions, perceptions and thoughts)
in the brain by creating parallel processes take place in different brain
pathways. Because these processes are constantly reviewed, our perceptions and
thoughts can be converted. There are multiple designs of feelings, thoughts and
perceptions where the brain work. Earlier drafts are constantly updated and
changed. Some of these ' drafts'worden used to present for certain behavior to
choose. If sensory input coming in, so this can be processed through different
designs. There are multiple processing attempts, but not everything penetrates
to the consciousness. Also there is no itself those experiences has.
11. Libet's stimulation of the brain of patients
Libet is based on neuronal adequacy. According to him, there is a temporal
limit. The temporal part of the brain cannot process all the input and as a result,
but a certain part processed. In the theory of Libet events are only aware where
the relevant neurons have been active for a certain period of time. If the neural
threshold value cannot be reached, an event remains unconscious. In addition,
there is also a certain level of intensity needed for sensory perceptions.

12. Libet's theory of conscious experience

From the ' back-foreign research hypothesis ' turned out to be the time of the
perception of a stimulus according to the measurement of the neuronal activity to
correspond with the time when the stimulus was shown.Consciously experiencing
a sensory stimulus, however, found 500 ms after the actual time. This suggests
that attention is not being sent by conscious perception and leads to the question
why reaching the consciousness takes so long.
13. How rich representations of the visual environment, complete are internal
Our visual world arises from a construction of perceptions. Giving attention to
stimuli and the integration is done selectively. Extensive experiences are to a
certain extent an illusion. What is extended, are the possible perceptions and not
the information actually is processed. This supports approaches which from
outside is thought: the world is the representation and memory.
"inattentional blindness" means that when something not in the attention State,
there is no conscious perception occurs. If you e.g. Please note something white,
then a white cross previously on than when you're on something black to
watching was.
"change blindness" means that if you e.g. to a picture looks and there is an
object in the picture is removed, you have this often don't notice.
' Filling-in "means that you yourself holes completed by your brain. This happens
when image in the blind spot, or when a car is parked for a tree, but you see the
car as a whole and not as two separate parts.
14. The sensorimotor theory of O'Regan and Noe
O'Regan and Noe find that perceptive is not there to form an internal image of
the world. The world serves as its own memory. Perception arises from the
integration of sensory and motor events for controlling actions.
Interaction with the Visual information is done by body movements, blinks and
other actions making you ' manipulates ' visually. If you stop manipulating the
world, when you're not interacting, you see nothing.
15. Split-brain patients
Sperry argues that one hemisphere of the brain does not know what the other in
the case of a split brain patients. Each hemisphere has its own memories and
these memories can not be passed on to the other hemisphere.Gazzinga split
brain patients initially believed that there is a ' double conscious system '. (exam
question?)
Sperry later changed his opinion, because he believed that there was a kind of '
interpreter ' is present in the left brain.
16. Hume's concept of the self
Hume States that it itself does not exist, but that there is a bundle of
sensations. Bundle theories are based on the work of Hume. Hume and Buddha
share the idea that there is no self exists. Hume, however, gave that bundle
theories contrary to experience something we as normal. We all feel that there is
any itself.
17. Bundle theory of the self

Bundle theories are derived from the idea that it looks like there is a self exists,
but this is really not the case. Bundle theories are based on the work of Hume
who States that it itself does not exist, but that there is a bundle of
sensations. The life of a person would consist of a succession of sensations,
impressions and ideas, which follow each other in a continuous flow at lightning
speed, a lifetime long.
18. William James and the "stream of consciousness"
A thought goes through our head back and this thought, as it were, remembers
previous thoughts and works with this. One thought keeps multiple thoughts so
together, but there is no mention of a special force as a soul.The thought keeps
other thoughts and adds them together. The thought is the thinker. We therefore
feel that we have a self, but this feeling consists of parts. James only sees as a
potential continuity of self: the thought as a temporary administrator of other
thoughts.
19. Libet and the relative timing or conscious willing and overt action
' readiness potential (RP) precedes voluntary movements. Libet found that
awareness to move (W) for the actual movement (M) takes place. However, the
RP is to advance. This means that consciousness comes too late to be the cause
of the movement. According to Libet unconscious brain processes are the cause
of a voluntary movement, but consciousness can (just before the voluntary
movement is running) stop this, or not. In this way, the consciousness yet a
causal role in voluntary action.
20. Wegner and consciously perceived the relationship between will and voluntary
action
Wegner sets date and free choice must meet three criteria: 1. the thought must
precede the Act, 2. the thought must match the Act and 3. The thought must
have no other causes (except free will).
"priority principle ': consequences are as self chosen experienced when the
thoughts precede the consequences.
Intention is, according to him, not the cause of our Act, since we call brain
processes intentions. Exam question: what is according to Wegner no
consciousness?
21. The neural correlates of conscious experience in monkeys and humans
By ' binocular rivalry ' occurs when different images are shown on both eyes. As a
result, we get the feeling that both images compete for ending up in our
consciousness. Monkeys respond the same as people. There is evidence for the
fact that conscious visual experiences are not linked to parts of the sensory
routes, but more with the Central brain parts. Koch takes place on the basis of
this given that we are not aware of the early processing in sense perception, but
of the later processing.
22. Phantom pain and Ramachandran's technique
Phantom limb pain can be relieved by means of ' mirror box therapy '. Through
the mirror Gets the test subject the idea that both limbs are intact and can move
freely (if the amputated limb is covered). By the mirror box therapy is there
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actually an illusion in the brain. According to Damasio is having a self necessary

to experience pain.
23. The binding problem
If you pick up and throw a coin in the air, there are immense many things in your
brain. The dorsal route is activated when the coin tries to catch and the ventral
perception is involved in perception. There is no specific place or a time in which
all this information comes together so that the falling currency can be seen as a
unified whole. However, we do have the feeling that everything is processed as a
whole. We have the idea that the falling currency (with as its properties, by color
to shape) ' down ', as it were, at one time and not on individual moments. What is
causing this? How are colors and shapes observed bv as a whole? This is called
the binding problem.

24. Crick & Koch and how the brain solves binding problem
Crick and Koch say that this has to do with the simultaneous firing of
neurons. The main role is to a cluster (' coalition ') to help in its competition with
other clusters. The attributes of an object be merged when they are part of a
cluster. that cluster is processed by neurons across the brain. There is no
question of a single brain region where it all comes together. According to them
this is the binding problem solved.
25. Blindsight
The term blind sight is used today to refer to the phenomenon that a patient may
see without that he is aware of is. To this end, three counter arguments were
rejected:
1. Light points of the blind area can be deviated to see that area.
2. Limited Visual features and a weakened qualia
3. They are very careful about saying or they see something.
26. Sensory substitution in blind people
At sensory substitution is one sensory modality (e.g. by the other replaced. See
by hear). For example, in investigations at blind people sight replaced by
information from another sense to use. The subjects had trouble describing the
experience, but through practice seemed more and more on sight. This
phenomenon is only applicable if the person in question though ever has used
that sense (exam question, then with ' see ' as an example)
27. Darwin's theory of natural selection
Darwin described evolution as the existence of variation, which leads to evolution
by natural selection and heredity. According to the vision of Darwin has
adjustment not directly affect the genotype (exam question)
28. Darwin and Lamarck
On the other hand, Lamarck described the evolution as change that takes place
by the adaptation of organisms in response to new needs and by the heritability
of these adjustments. According to this vision, adaptation or affect the
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genotype. Example: If a giraffe getting his neck stretches to reach the highest
branches to come, then get this giraffe boy with a longer neck.
29. Consciousness as "health "

30. Humphrey's evolutionary theory of consciousness

Humphrey argues that consciousness is an ' emergent property '. This means that
awareness for a combination of factors is. Also, he states that consciousness has
a social function. Finally he came also with the idea of ' inner eye ', a kind of
internal eye in the brain, that a picture of the brain activity of a person itself. This
is according to Humphrey de function of consciousness. Consciousness is so
basically a model of the brain itself about the brain.
31. Are animals conscious?
Mead States that animals have a consciousness, but that only people have a selfawareness. Also, he states that consciousness is a social and not an individual
cause.
According to Descartes had only people a consciousness, because only we have
language skills.
32. Can animals speak?
Monkeys have some understanding of grammar, but there remains a large
difference between the way that monkeys and children use language. Monkeys
are not intrinsically motivated to use the learned sign language.They only use
what they have learned as they need something. Children use language skills to
many more reasons.
33. Alternatives to strong AI
Computers were becoming more sophisticated and soon were said to be
intelligence and could consider. GOFAI ("Good old-fashioned Artificial
Intelligence") are attempts to to design artificial intelligence by computers to use
algorithms in order to process information according to fixed rules. A problem
with GOFAI is that these symbols are not based on the real world.
According to strong AI has a computer that used the right program sense just like
us. According to weak AI, computers can only impersonate us.
Ann's (Artificial neural network) are used to mimic human human cells. The big
difference with AI than Ann's not programmed, but trained.
34. Turing test
Turing developed a computer he could program in such a way, that would have
only 70% chance a questions to discover if a human or a computer gives the
answers.
35. Searle's chinese room thought experiment
The conclusion of Searle nav are experiment is that a computer itself never really
understand something. He can connect to the input he receives no
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meanings. There is no comprehension. Searle is not the machine that man has
and intentionality. Intentionality is about somewhere the focus to understand
it. According to Searle's intentionality a subjective factor and therefore related to
consciousness.
36. The impact of unconscious signals
Implicit or subliminal perception is perception without awareness. People think
nothing where to have taken, while the contrary appears from their behavior.
Semantic priming means that by the prime (e.g. nurses) faster was responded to
the target (e.g. doctor).
The objective threshold value stands for detection level compared to
toevalsverschijnselen. The subjective threshold value is about the value at which
participants say they could make no distinction between perceptual information
and that their answers by toevalsverschijnselen come.
From brain scans show that unconscious perception also affects emotions of
humans. So lead unconsciously observed images of frightened faces up to more
activity in the amygdala compared to happy faces.
37. Hallucination s
Hallucinations are perceptual experiences, while no external stimulus is. Real
hallucinations are sometimes distinguished from pseudo-hallucinations. At
pseudo-hallucinations, the person himself knows that the hallucinations are not
real.
Many studies show that there is activity in the brain areas at hallucinations which
also operates would be if people really perceive something.
Slade and Bentall argue that a hallucination is an experience that 1. In the
absence of a stimulus, 2. A large impact on the real perception and 3. Not
voluntary can be kept under control.
38. Visual forms in drug-induced hallucinations
Kahn studied how can be explained that certain patterns, wavelengths and bright
colors often overseen at hallucinations. He found that bright colors in various
forms came back at kinds of drugs, hallucinations migraine and epilepsy. These
are tunnels, spirals, webs and grids. A reason causing lines in the visual cortex
are activated is disinhibition. Drugs, lack of oxygen and certain diseases can
affect inhibitory cells; much more than on activating cells. This allows for
extremely a lot of activity occurring on linear manner in the brain can
spread. This allows for the experience of tunnels, spirals, Webs or grills.
39. Psi phenomena
Rhine and Rhine used the term psi if they had about paranormal activities. PSI
consists of ESP and PK.
ESP covers three types of communication where no senses necessary for
that. These are telepathy (information passed on by people), clairvoyance
(information of objects or events from a distance) and precognition (information
from the future).
By HP occurs when someone with influence over his mind when a rad bv will stop
spinning.

40. Parapsychological studies and methodological shortcomings

I believe that significant results at reply 40 at that kind of psi are replicable in
other investigations often difficult investigations.
41. Impact of altered state of consciousness
The experience of the consciousness can be changed by means of narcotics. In
this context, we speak of ' altered states of consciousness ' (also called called
Ascs).
If we choose for an objective definition, then we are talking about the causes of
the altered consciousness. We would then create a definition of narcotic
drugs. However, that is a problem then your subjective experience takes not in
the definition.
It is also possible to Ascs a subjective definition. In practice, this approach the
most. In this kind of definitions are Ascs described as States in which it feels like
there has been a change in the normal pattern of mental functioning. This kind of
definitions provide further issues as necessary.
42. How drugs affect cognitive processes
Attention can be directed inward or outward. In addition there can be broad or
very limited attention just experienced.
Drugs also have influence on how much is in the short term memory can be
saved.
Finally, Ascs also affects the degree of alertness.
43. Hobson's AIM model or drag
AIM stands for three different dimensions of sleep (exam question): 1. Activation
energy (measured with EEG), 2. Input source (external or internal) and 3. Mode
(ratio amines and cholinen). Fashion means that during the awake state amino
neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (norepinephrine and serotonin)
dominate, while tacetylcholine take over this during REM sleep.
44. The retro-selective theory of dreams
There are two ideas about dreams: 1. There are dreams that occur during sleep
or in the consciousness to consciousness are presented and 2. Dreams occur
unconsciously during sleep and be ' remembered ' if someone wakes up.
According to the retro-selective theory during REM sleep are all kinds of brain
processes underway. These processes are not ' inside ' or ' outside '
consciousness. If someone wakes up, he makes a story by selecting one of the
many possible stories that are in memory. These stories are produced by all kinds
of brain processes. This theory holds that dreams no conscious experiences
are. they come not for in consciousness. According to this theory, there is nothing
at all that occurs in the consciousness.
45. Out-of-body experience
During an out-of-body experience ' (EPE) has a person feeling out of his or her
body to float or to view his or her own body from a place other than from
within. This kind of experience according to psychological theories arise because
there is an interruption of sensory input, making it tries to create a new body
image cognitive System. This new world seems genuine.

46. Near-death experience

Many people grab the existence of near-death experiences (NDE's) to prove that
there is a soul that can leave the body and self can survive. This is also known as
the afterlife called hypothesis. Consciousness seems to be a associated with
experiencing an NDE. People with NTH couples that they are very aware of
themselves. This is quite interesting, since their brains often malfunctioning
because, for example, they have had an accident.
The dying brain hypothesis States that stress, extreme fear and lack of oxygen in
the brain make sure there are no inhibitions and that brain activity can be kept
out of control. This would be a NDE to geolg may have.
47. Meditation techniques
The most well-known meditation form is ' transcendental meditation ' . This
goes hand in hand with the disappearance of deep relaxation, stress, improve
health, creativity and happiness. Meditation can be mounted together as do not
consider, but attention. The goal is to make the body alert and relaxed, so that
can be sat in the same position for an extended period of time.
At zen-Buddhism is letting go of thoughts seen as a way to break free from
everything that someone is attached. There are two ways to get attention. 1. by
open methods and 2. By concentration methods.

48. Impact of meditation

There are three reasons why people meditate: 1. religious or ritualistic reasons, 2.
reduce Stress, improve personal skills and better life and 3. Understanding
search.
Meditation is often defined in terms of changes in consciousness (Ascs). Thus,
terms like lighting and experiencing no self (no-self) for. Some people have while
meditating the feeling that the "self" disappears. This would mean that people
who think that there is a need to have experiences I ' is wrong.
49. Basics of Buddhism
The biggest difference between Buddhism and other religions is that Buddhism
knows no god, creator or soul. It is, above all, that the individual must come to
enlightenment. Buddhism is more about execution. There may be lighting
experiences (kensho) be polite. There is no route that leads to ultimate lighting
because lighting is not something that can be obtained. In this context, can
lighting be expressed not in words.