EU redirects here. For other uses, see EU (disam- erating a GDP bigger than any other economic union or
biguation).
country.[24] Additionally, 26 out of 28 EU countries have
a very high Human Development Index, according to the
In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace
The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic UNDP.
Prize.[25]
union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe.[12][13] The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmentalnegotiated decisions by the member states.[14][15] The institutions are: the European Commission, the Council of 1 History
the European Union, the European Council, the Court
of Justice of the European Union, the European Central
Bank, the European Court of Auditors, and the European Main articles: History of the European Union and
Parliament. The European Parliament is elected every History of Europe
ve years by EU citizens.
The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and
Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic
Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in
1951 and 1958, respectively. In the intervening years, the 1.1
community and its successors have grown in size by the
accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty
established the European Union under its current name in
1993 and introduced European citizenship.[16] The latest
major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU,
the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
Preliminary
The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states.
Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been
abolished.[17] EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital,[18] enact legislation in justice and home aairs, and maintain common policies on trade,[19] agriculture,[20] sheries, and
regional development.[21]
The monetary union was established in 1999 and came
into full force in 2002. It is currently composed of
19 member states that use the euro as their legal tender. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations
and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic
missions throughout the world and represents itself at the
United Nations, the WTO, the G8, and the G-20.
HISTORY
In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to expand further (Berlin Wall pictured).
signed.
1.2
3
Slovenia joined the Union.[41]
2 Geography
1.4
Structural evolution
2.1
Member states
GEOGRAPHY
The following 28 sovereign states (of which the map only Four countries forming the European Free Trade Assoshows territories situated in and around Europe) consti- ciation (EFTA) (that are not EU members) have partly
tute the union:[52]
committed to the EUs economy and regulations: IceThrough successive enlargements, the Union has grown land, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part of
from the six founding statesBelgium, France, West the single market through the European Economic Area,
which has similar ties through bilateral
Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlandsto and Switzerland,
[61][62]
treaties.
The
relationships of the European mithe current 28. Countries accede to the union by becrostates,
Andorra,
Monaco,
San Marino, and the Vatican
coming party to the founding treaties, thereby subjecting
include
the
use
of
the
euro
and other areas of cothemselves to the privileges and obligations of EU mem[63]
operation.
bership. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to
the institutions in return for representation within those
institutions, a practice often referred to as pooling of
2.2
sovereignty.[54][55]
Environment
Viru Bog in Lahemaa National Park in Estonia, a protected habitat under the Habitats Directive
5
capacity to act by dening environmental policy as a trade
problem. The most important reason for the introduction of a common environmental policy was the fear that
trade barriers and competitive distortions in the Common
Market could emerge due to the dierent environmental
standards.[68] However, in the course of time, EU environmental policy emerged as a formal policy area, with
its own policy actors, policy principles and procedures.
The legal basis of EU environmental policy was not more
explicitly established until the introduction of the Single
European Act in 1987.[66]
ning on renewable energy such as biofuels. This is considered to be one of the most ambitious moves of an important industrialised region to ght climate change.[71] The
EU adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate
carbon emissions into the economy.[72]
The European Green Capital is an annual award that is
given to cities that focuses on the environment, energy
eciency and quality of life in urban areas to create smart
city.
3 Politics
Main article: Politics of the European Union
The EU operates within those competencies conferred
National Parliaments
Heads of
state / government
European
4
Central Bank
European Court
3
of Auditors
European Court
3
of Justice
Council
2
of Ministers
European
Council3
President
President
European
1
Parliament
Legislation
European
3
Commission
President
elects / appoints / decides on 1: Elections are every 5 years. The right to vote may be dierent depending on the country
Executive branch
membership
Judicial branch
Initially, EU environmental policy was rather introspective. More recently, however, the Union has demonstrated a growing leadership in global environmental governance. The role of the EU in securing the ratication
and entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol in the face of
US opposition is an example in this regard. This international dimension is reected in the EUs Sixth Environmental Action Programme, which recognises that its
strategic objectives can only be achieved if a series of
key international environmental agreements are actively
supported and properly implemented both at an EU level
and worldwide. The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty
further strengthens the EUs global environmental leadership ambitions.[69] The vast body of EU environmental
law which now exists has played a vital role in improving habitat and species protection in Europe as well as
contributed to improvements in air and water quality and
waste management.[66] However, signicant challenges
remain, both to meet existing EU targets and aspirations
and to agree new targets and actions that will further improve the environment and the quality of life in Europe
and beyond.
National Governments
proposes
3 POLITICS
3.2
Governance
European Council
The European Council gives direction to the EU, and convenes at least four times a year. It comprises the President
of the European Council, the President of the European
Commission and one representative per member state; either its head of state or head of government. The European Council has been described by some as the Unions
3.3
Budget
7
The European Parliament forms one half of the EUs legislature (the other half is the Council of the European
Union). The 751 Members of the European Parliament
(MEPs) are directly elected by EU citizens every ve
years on the basis of proportional representation. Although MEPs are elected on a national basis, they sit according to political groups rather than their nationality.
Each country has a set number of seats and is divided into
sub-national constituencies where this does not aect the
proportional nature of the voting system.[87]
The Parliament and the Council of the European Union
pass legislation jointly in nearly all areas under the
ordinary legislative procedure. This also applies to the
EU budget. Finally, the Commission is accountable to
Parliament, requiring its approval to take oce, having to
report back to it and subject to motions of censure from
it. The President of the European Parliament carries out
the role of speaker in parliament and represents it externally. The EP President and Vice-Presidents are elected
by MEPs every two and a half years.[88]
3.2.4 Council of the European Union
3.2.3
European Parliament
4 LEGAL SYSTEM
That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of
what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation
within that policy area. Dierent legislative procedures
are used within the same category of competence, and
The EU had an agreed budget of 120.7 billion for even with the same policy area.
the year 2007 and 864.3 billion for the period 2007 The distribution of competences in various policy areas
2013,[93] representing 1.10% and 1.05% of the EU-27s between Member States and the Union is divided in the
GNI forecast for the respective periods. By compari- following three categories:
son, the United Kingdoms expenditure for 2004 was estimated to be 759 billion, and France was estimated to
have spent 801 billion. In 1960, the budget of the then 4 Legal system
European Economic Community was 0.03% of GDP.[94]
In the 2010 budget of 141.5 billion, the largest sin- Further information: European Union law, Treaties of the
gle expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" European Union and Charter of Fundamental Rights of
with around 45% of the total budget.[95] Next comes the European Union
"agriculture" with approximately 31% of the total.[95] The EU is based on a series of treaties. These rst es"Rural development, environment and sheries" takes up
around 11%.[95] "Administration" accounts for around
6%.[95] The "EU as a global partner" and "citizenship,
freedom, security and justice" bring up the rear with approximately 6% and 1% respectively.[95]
The Court of Auditors aims to ensure that the budget
of the European Union has been properly accounted for.
The court provides an audit report for each nancial year
to the Council and the European Parliament. The Parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the Commissions handling of the budget. The Court also gives
opinions and proposals on nancial legislation and anti- The Court of Justice, seated in Luxembourg.
fraud actions.[96]
The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the
Parliament and the Council with a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions.[97] The
Court has refused to do so every year since 1993, qualifying their report of the Unions accounts every year
since then.[98] In their report on 2009 the auditors found
that ve areas of Union expenditure, agriculture and the
cohesion fund, were materially aected by error.[99] The
European Commission estimated that the nancial impact of irregularities was 1,863 million.[100]
3.4
Competences
4.3
Acts
4.2
Fundamental rights
9
Although, the EU is independent from Council of Europe, they share purpose and ideas especially on rule of
law, human rights and democracy. Further European
Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter, the source of law of Charter of Fundamental Rights
are created by Council of Europe. The EU also promoted
human rights issues in the wider world. The EU opposes
the death penalty and has proposed its worldwide abolition. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU
membership.[112]
4.3 Acts
10
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Foreign relations
6.2
Humanitarian aid
11
6.1
Military
were made to increase the EUs military capability, notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. After much
discussion, the most concrete result was the EU Battlegroups initiative, each of which is planned to be able to
deploy quickly about 1500 personnel.[137]
12
7 ECONOMY
the budget went to Africa and 20% to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacic, and 20% to the Middle
East and Mediterranean.[143]
Humanitarian aid is nanced directly by the budget (70%)
as part of the nancial instruments for external action
and also by the European Development Fund (30%).[144]
The EUs external action nancing is divided into 'geographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments.[144]
The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the
Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI, 16.9 billion, 20072013), which must spend 95% of its budget on overseas development assistance (ODA), and from
the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument
(ENPI), which contains some relevant programmes.[144]
The European Development Fund (EDF, 22.7 bn,
20082013) is made up of voluntary contributions by
member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF
into the budget-nanced instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow
the European Parliament greater oversight.[144]
However, ve countries have reached the 0.7% target:
Sweden, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Denmark and
the United Kingdom.[145][146] In 2011, EU aid was 0.42%
of the EUs GNI making it the worlds most generous aid
GDP (in PPS) per inhabitant by NUTS 2 regions in 2009.
donor.[147] The previous Commissioner for Aid, Louis
Michel, has called for aid to be delivered more rapidly,
to greater eect, and on humanitarian principles.[148]
to 69,800 (about US$15,700 to US$97,000).[154] The
dierence between the richest and poorest regions (271
NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units
7 Economy
for Statistics) ranged, in 2009, from 27% of the EU27
average in the region of Severozapaden in Bulgaria, to
Main articles: Economy of the European Union and 332% of the average in Inner London in the United Kingdom. On the high end, Inner London has 78,000 PPP
Regional policy of the European Union
The ve largest economies in the world according to the per capita, Luxembourg 62,500, and Bruxelles-Cap
52,500, while the poorest regions, are Severozapaden
IMF by GDP in 2011.[149]
with 6,400 PPP per capita, Nord-Est with 6,900 PPP
per capita, Severen tsentralen with 6,900 and Yuzhen
The EU has established a single market across the ter- tsentralen with 7,200.[154]
ritory of all its members. 19 member states have also
joined a monetary union known as the eurozone, which Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the
uses the Euro as a single currency.[150] In 2012, the EU development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such
had a combined GDP of 16.073 trillions international regions are primarily located in the states of central and
[155][156]
Several funds provide emerdollars, a 20% share of the global gross domestic product southern Europe.
[151]
gency
aid,
support
for
candidate
members to transform
(in terms of purchasing power parity).
According to
their
country
to
conform
to
the
EUs standard (Phare,
Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report 2012, the EU owns
ISPA,
and
SAPARD),
and
support
to the former USSR
the largest net wealth in the world; it is estimated to equal
Commonwealth
of
Independent
States
(TACIS). TACIS
30% of the $223 trillion global wealth.
has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid proOf the top 500 largest corporations measured by rev- gramme. EU research and technological framework proenue (Fortune Global 500 in 2010), 161 have their head- grammes sponsor research conducted by consortia from
quarters in the EU.[152] In 2007, unemployment in the all EU members to work towards a single European ReEU stood at 7%[153] while investment was at 21.4% of search Area.[157]
GDP, ination at 2.2%, and current account balance at
0.9% of GDP (i.e., slightly more import than export). In
2012, unemployment in the EU stood, per August 2012, 7.1 Internal market
at 11.4%[153]
There is a signicant variance for GDP (PPP) per capita Main article: Internal market
within individual EU states, these range from 11,300 Two of the original core objectives of the European Eco-
7.2
Competition
13
qualications of other states.[160]
The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member
states to provide services on a temporary or permanent
basis. While services account for 6070% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas.
This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed
Directive on services in the internal market which aims to
liberalise the cross border provision of services.[161] According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being
exercised.
7.2 Competition
Further information: European Union competition law
and European Commissioner for Competition
A standardised passport design, displaying the name of the member state, the national arms and the words European Union
given in their ocial language(s). (Irish model)
Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries.[159] Until the drive towards economic and monetary union the development of
the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht
there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free
movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted In 1999 the currency union started, rst as an accounting
equally to non-member states.
currency with eleven member states joining. In 2002, the
The free movement of persons means that EU citizens can currency was fully put into place, when euro notes and
move freely between member states to live, work, study coins were issued and national currencies began to phase
or retire in another country. This required the lowering of out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 memadministrative formalities and recognition of professional ber states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member
14
7 ECONOMY
and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European
Securities and Markets Authority. To complement this
framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board
under the responsibility of the ECB. The aim of this nancial control system is to ensure the economic stability
of the EU.[170]
To prevent the joining states from getting into nancial
trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they
were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulll important
nancial obligations and procedures, especially to show
budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government decits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level.
Some states joined the euro but violated these rules and
contracts to an extent that they slid into a debt crisis
and had to be nancially supported with emergency rescue funds. These states were Greece, Ireland, Portugal,
Cyprus and Spain.
Even though the Maastricht treaty forbids eurozone states
to assume the debts of other states (bailout), various
emergency rescue funds had been created by the members to support the debt crisis states to meet their nancial obligations and buy time for reforms that those states
can gain back their competitiveness.
7.4 Energy
The seat of the Central Bank in Frankfurt. 19 of the 28 member
states of the union have adopted the euro as their legal tender.
7.6
Agriculture
15
the resund Bridge, the Brenner Base Tunnel and the
Strait of Messina Bridge. In 2001 it was estimated that
by 2010 the network would cover: 75,200 kilometres
(46,700 mi) of roads; 78,000 kilometres (48,000 mi) of
railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210
internal harbours.[178][179]
7.6 Agriculture
7.5
Infrastructure
Further information: European Commissioner for Transport, European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship and European Investment Bank
The EU is working to improve cross-border infras-
16
8 DEMOGRAPHICS
the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60% of the then Rhine-Ruhr having approximately 11.5 million inhabiEuropean Community's annual budget, and still accounts tants (Cologne, Dortmund, Dsseldorf et al.), Randstad
for around 34%.[186]
approx. 7 million (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague,
The policys price controls and market interventions led Utrecht et al.), Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Reto considerable overproduction, resulting in so-called but- gion approx. 5.8 million (Frankfurt, Wiesbaden et
ter mountains and wine lakes. These were intervention al.), the Flemish Diamond approx. 5.5 million (urstores of products bought up by the Community to main- ban area in between Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven and
tain minimum price levels. To dispose of surplus stores, Ghent), Katowice and its Upper Silesian metropolitan
area approx. 5.3 million and the resund Region apthey were often sold on the world market at prices considmillion (Copenhagen, Denmark and Malm,
erably below Community guaranteed prices, or farmers prox. 3.7[191]
Sweden).
were oered subsidies (amounting to the dierence between the Community and world prices) to export their In 2010, 47.3 million people lived in the EU, who were
products outside the Community. This system has been born outside their resident country. This corresponds to
criticised for under-cutting farmers outside Europe, es- 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million
pecially those in the developing world.[187]
(6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%)
The overproduction has also been criticised for en- were born in another EU member state. The largest abcouraging environmentally unfriendly intensive farming solute numbers of people born outside the EU were in
methods.[187] Supporters of CAP say that the economic Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United
Italy (3.2 milsupport which it gives to farmers provides them with a Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million),
[192]
lion),
and
the
Netherlands
(1.4
million).
reasonable standard of living, in what would otherwise
be an economically unviable way of life. However, the
[193][194]
(in thousands)
EUs small farmers receive only 8% of CAPs available Vital statistics in recent years
[187]
subsidies.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the CAP has been subject to a series of reforms. Initially, these reforms included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn from
production, milk quotas (by the McSharry reforms in
1992) and, more recently, the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the
amount they produce (by the Fischler reforms in 2004).
Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy
payments linked to specic produce, toward direct payments based on farm size. This is intended to allow the
market to dictate production levels, while maintaining
agricultural income levels.[185] One of these reforms entailed the abolition of the EUs sugar regime, which previously divided the sugar market between member states
and certain African-Caribbean nations with a privileged
relationship with the EU.[154]
8.1 Languages
Main article: Languages of the European Union
Among the many languages and dialects used in
the EU, it has 24 ocial and working languages:
Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English,
Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian,
Italian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish,
Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and
Swedish.[198][199] Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every ocial language.
8.3
17
organisations.[210]
The preamble to the Treaty on European Union mentions the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of
Europe.[210] Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included
proposals to mention Christianity or God, or both, in the
preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and
was dropped.[211]
Christians in the EU are divided among members of
Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant denominations, and the Eastern Orthodox
Church. In 2009, the EU had an estimated Muslim population of 13 million,[212] and an estimated Jewish population of over a million.[213] The other world religions of
Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism are also represented in
the EU population.
According to new polls about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the
largest religion in the European Union accounting 72%
for EU population.[209] Catholics are the largest Christian
The European Day of Languages is held annually on 26 group in EU, accounting for 48% EU citizens, while
September and is aimed at encouraging language learning
Protestants make up 12%, and Eastern Orthodox make
across Europe.
up 8%, and other Christians account for 4% of the EU
population.[214]
8.2
Religion
18
9 CULTURE
9 Culture
8.4
Health care
9.2
Symbols
19
9.2 Symbols
Main article: Symbols of Europe
9.1
Sport
20
11 NOTES
10
See also
11
Notes
21
[21] See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on
eur-lex.europa.eu
12
[15] European Union. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
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28
14
EXTERNAL LINKS
13
Further reading
14 External links
Bindi, Federiga, ed. The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europes Role in the World Ocial
(Brookings Institution Press; 2010). The E.U.'s
EUROPAocial web portal
foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its neighbours.
Institutions
Bomberg, Elizabeth, Peterson, John, and Richard
European Council
Corbett, eds. The European Union: How Does it
Work? (3rd ed) (2012, Oxford University Press).
European Commission
ISBN 978-0-19-957080-5 and ISBN 0-19-9570809.
Council
29
European Parliament
European Central Bank
Court of Justice of the European Union
Court of Auditors
Agencies
EUR-LexEU Laws
http://www.eui.eu/Research/
HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx
Archives of the European Union
Historical
30
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15
15.1
15.1
Text
31
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Taifarious1, Howard Alexander, Resoru, Darkhelmet322, Eeekster, Totie, Jwyg, Sct5333, Fishiehelper2, Rhatsa26X, Xxell, Tobit the
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Aldkf;ajkldf, Sxbrown, 9Nak, ElectricLemon, Aitias, Timmy Empire, DerBorg, Radarino, Versus22, Avidius, Cardi123098, Phynicen,
IJA, Azurina, Doubleyoutf, Johnbrap, Party, Edgarnick, WooteleF, MasterOfHisOwnDomain, Zaks2222, Westonne, Cpsteiner~enwiki,
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Fireinacrowdedtheatre, Palindrome, CosmologyProfessor, Voui, Notatrolllol, RomaineFoster, FilipPhAlgGeo, 61GfYul, Zlato87, Nicholas
Parker, Geoilex, AlexandrDmitri, Some jerk on the Internet, Jafeluv, Beamathan, Prattlement, Tcncv, Marc KJH, Lilxmissxsunshinex, Winsweek, Pavlen666, Dusan kirovski, PatrickFlaherty, Captin domie, Tanhabot, Ronhjones, Recost, Moose-man77, Fieldday-sunday, Broaders, Richardpku, Tempus4, Pryde 01, Yelizandpaul, D0762, Jelsova, Xgmx2, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jaczuk, Fluernutter, Mjsa,
Smallgash, Fentener van Vlissingen, NjardarBot, Proxima Centauri, CarsracBot, BepBot, 37ophiuchi, Lihaas, Shoopinwoops, Michaelwuzthere, Glass Sword, AndersBot, Walnuts go kapow, Mr J Bull, NickG147, Digitalnitrate, AtheWeatherman, LinkFA-Bot, Nereo, CuteHappyBrute, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Swedish pirate, Noncreationist, Ryangrint, Tide rolls, Opodo123, Lightbot, Taketa, Zulon, Krano,
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Kapitop, Thadeous Oakley G., A.Molnar, Billy Bollox, Citation bot, Dootson, Racconish, Jamiemaloneyscoreg, Bci2, Half past, Frankenpuppy, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, Tag101, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Ybnormal2day13, Enok, Schopy1988, Xqbot, Palmer1989, Timir2, Sionus,
Monkeybuttsex, Jwurtz92993, Capricorn42, Brendan550, Editor news, Thor262, Khajidha, Davydoug, Renaissancee, George369,
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4twenty42o, Nasnema, Arsenal2247, Sergihan, Crazygiant, Lusci, Tomdo08, Bzms, Under91dog, BritishWatcher, Sinotna, Srich32977,
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Ron 1987, Paine Ellsworth, Chronus, Tobby72, MusicInTheHouse, Ace of Spades, Mark Renier, Thayts, Eun16, C Berger11, Boos34,
Eve Wiki, Recognizance, Sjoerdboersma, AKM73, Theblueenigma, Sir allen, Luke.Handle, Connolly15, Jaganjac, Bambuway, CayenneGaramonde, Purpleturple, Rgvis, HamburgerRadio, Citation bot 1, Galmicmi, Marcuspk, Stevenjp, 12345zxcvb67890zxcvb, Redrose64,
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Japanlover97, Martinvl, Skinnyank, Tutxus78, Bejinhan, Rdonohoe, JPChateld124, Curlyrunai, A8UDI, Radualexandru99, Nicksss93,
MastiBot, SpaceFlight89, le ottante, Dcasanovax, Jamesinderbyshire, Meaghan, Biala Gwiazda, Jackieeaton, Reconsider the static, Luc19,
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DenatelyNotTrolling55, Elium2, Spacejam2, Rctycoplay, Pconleynms, Slon02, Polylepsis, Marigaux, Chaziken5, Kaiserble, EmausBot,
John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, JCRules, Filipdr, Snow storm in Eastern Asia, Dewritech, Muslim mujahid, Racerx11,
Blizzardstep0, YELKENN, NotAnonymous0, KHamsun, Tokyo68, Tokyo70, Tommy2010, MrGRA, Two Of Three, Yattum, JanvonBismarck, Number10a, Hoygan!!, Mr julian~enwiki, Theurgist, Thecheesykid, T0812, HiW-Bot, ZroBot, Epizentrum, Liquidmetalrob,
Yosidunkki, Dolovis, Traxs7, Chrishopgood, Aronlee90, ObscureReality, The Nut, Thecontinentalwisdom, Subtropical-man, Nunya34,
Stocklinger123, H3llBot, EPICWHALE, Glimmer721, Pl2241, VLADIMIR Skokan, Immunmotbluescreen, Spartapolo, Snoopy18, Brocach, Begemotsshots, Wayne Slam, Rcsprinter123, Andattaca2010, Zuydbieb, Tiiliskivi, WikiEditor8481, Brandmeister, Foreverman123,
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L Kensington, 111Alpha, Vater-96, Superluminary, Gsarwa, Quite vivid blur, Dnls, Tarian.liber, Marthainky, Wasatexan, Parrisian, JeremyMcClean, BernardaAlba, ChuispastonBot, Italiano111, HandsomeFella, Horways, Counny, Peter Karlsen, Mocctur, Hdeplaen,
97, Jasonli42, 28bot, Babciakorekta, Mjbmrbot, DDragonNk-Visual, ResearchRave, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Andrewing123, Gareth GrithJones, Akuindo, Catmandestroyer, BaboneCar, CocuBot, Ypnypn, Ecad93, Koolx, Gilderien, Jenova20, Kspenc24, Stephan.brubaker,
BrekekekexKoaxKoax, Slayer4x4, Millermk, ANGELUS, Bright Darkness, Omnisome, SilentResident, The Master of Mayhem, Geomant,
Frietjes, Magicoast, Kage1234, 08OceanBeach SD, Hazhk, Aight 2009, O.Koslowski, Pensionero, MannyXX, Turu96, PRUNIT, Widr,
CostaDax, WikiPuppies, Savantas83, PaoloNapolitano, , Pofka, NuclearEnergy, Mightymights, Onen hag oll, Helpful Pixie
Bot, Kr1st1deejay97, Eleventh1, Mghomann, Toth2000, Emir abrashi, Plarem, REJS H, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Murry1975,
WryNomad, Krenair, W2kurs-test, M0rphzone, Edoardo Cavaleri, Luis Molnar, Brian mcauslan, Steveyt0, Tolea93, HIDECCHI001, AvocatoBot, Metricopolus, Middgeaugh-Botteaugh, Monica Santa, Marcofran, Himan1238569, Trueeuropeanist, Mark Arsten, Cheveri, FutureTrillionaire, Mrlachlan2001, Arzino, Albatalab, Altar, Cobulator, LoopersdeBruges, Ksspencer, IleMaurice, Alvin Lee, Atoine85,
Blacksh, Qataq, Snow Blizzard, Moliere2001, Surtalnar, Argonauth, Calculon79, Mayast, JZCL, Germanpost, Skycloud86, Bharvey87,
ElleAlawi, Improver99, Achowat, HTML2011, PyrrhusEP, Dmbackviper, Staglit, Wer900, Lord Bumble, Europeanisbetter, ACELEGEND, BattyBot, Justincheng12345-bot, Intelligible, Ehr1Ros2, Surfer.taylor, Ushau97, ChrisGualtieri, Nick.mon, SD5bot, MSUGRA,
Euenvpolicy, JYBot, Lefteris20, Dylanvt, Youaretheoneinmymind, Ibicdlcod, E4024, Dexbot, Longmaster, Aerosmithfan507, Travelpleb,
SZERVC Attila, Robert Laymont, Dolphinsrockmiami, Andreas Parker, Hmainsbot1, LikeTheLadies, Bilingual2000,
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Darkesthours, Purplematty, Thechewymajor, , Lugia2453, Wgmlwgml98, Franek K., BeautyPageant, Envpol2, Sowlos, ComfyKem, IanPerry, Iskender Iskender, Turkeyboy3000, Pietro500, TsaristRussia, DavidPKendal, Rgtesler, Mataone, Copulative, 900mill,
Podeepodee, Klak of Klak, Zachary1031, Xwoodsterchinx, Whoops521, Radarm, Tuvixer, Tomfutru, WareMiekal, Chessrat, Capscap,
Dux Ducis Hodiernus, Oriol20, Bumbaswag123, Rob984, De wafelenbak, Yakikaki, AmericanLemming, Moneycashmoney, EIB Communication, Inglok, Madehub, QuantoAltoPossoVolare, Msundqvist, WyeatesODI, Ryantheravensfan1, Flat Out, LudicrousTripe, Mediolanum, Qufgpsmsqka123, Faisalranjha, Kuyi123w, Falconet8, EuropeanHistory2011, IM-yb, Sparkesp, Dimsar01, Hwasus, Zenibus,
Eagle3399, PrivateMasterHD, Fmb53, Hvard Geithus, Portlannd, Shearyer, Nitchy, Blueyoshi99, Sarabveer, Aryana2013, Kind Tennis Fan, Askave, Whizz40, Aeroid, Coreyemotela, Chipperdude15, The Northaptonshire pins, N0n3up, GJVerity, Barjimoa, Jay13579,
SyaWgnignahCehT, 1990sguy, Legendiii, Rossoh, Monkbot, Plokmijnuhbygvtfcdxeszwaq, Ivan1410, Ryopus, Narenkmishra, Lovingtoyou, Snowycats, Formuse, Praveench1888, RuthArchivio, Brookdub, 8Sirlo6, Warner REBORN, IWJXB, MaronitePride, Peterthlee,
WikiImprovment78, Dlodir95, Jasongoodui, Noseamuseos, Onestance, Skoritz, Yogurto, JuandisCV, Hijuklet, EconomicsEconomics,
Eimukas22, MinemorphsScottie, Anentai, StressOverStrain and Anonymous: 3923
15.2
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File:1_May_2004_enlargement_celebration_in_Parc_du_Cinquantenaire.jpg Source:
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commons/0/00/1_May_2004_enlargement_celebration_in_Parc_du_Cinquantenaire.jpg License:
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en.wikipedia
File:A400M.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/A400M.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally
posted to Flickr as A400M Original artist: Chris
File:Acropolis_of_Athens_01361.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Acropolis_of_Athens_01361.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Anthem_of_Europe_(US_Navy_instrumental_short_version).ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/
f3/Anthem_of_Europe_%28US_Navy_instrumental_short_version%29.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.
navy.mil/national_anthems_eu.shtml. Converted to Ogg Vorbis format by the uploader. Original artist: Ludwig van Beethoven
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File:Carte_Europenne_d'Assurance_Maladie_France.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Carte_
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fr (talk) (Antoine FLEURY-GOBERT)
File:Ciconia_nigra_1_(Lukasz_Lukasik)_edit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Ciconia_nigra_1_
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File:Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Colosseum_
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File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
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File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
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File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
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File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
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Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
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File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
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File:Gross_domestic_product_(GDP)_per_inhabitant,_in_purchasing_power_standard_(PPS),_by_NUTS_2_regions,
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License:
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Contributors:
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svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
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(Zacznik Nr 2 do Statutu) Uchwaa Nr XX/340/2004 Rady Miasta Katowice z dnia 9 lutego 2004 r. ws. uchwalenia Statutu Miasta
Katowice (Dz. Urz. Woj. lskiego z 2004 r., Nr 14, poz. 539)
Uchwaa Rady Miejskiej w Katowicach z dnia 17 grudnia 1936 r.
Zarzdzeniem Ministra Spraw Wewntrznych z dnia 29 maja 1937 r. ws. zatwierdzenia herbu miasta Katowic (Monitor Polski Nr
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stand for the ocial portrait Original artist: Paul Morse
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