Adina

U
niversit dOttawa
Facult de Gnie
niversity of Ottawa
Faculty of Engineering
MCG3143
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ASSIGNMENT
08 April 2011
Lonny Handwork
Greg McAllister
Rob Shaheen
Problem Description
The objective of this experiment is to analyse blood flow through an arterial stenosis. The analysis will be
completed by evaluating characteristics of the flow throughout the length and a variant cross-section of
the artery. These factors include the velocity, pressure and shear stress of the blood flow. Initial trials will
consider steady-state flows and compare two increasingly severe area reductions due to an arterial stenosis. Subsequent trials include transient flow rates and two stenosis severities.
Medical Background
2.1
Brief Overview of Arterial Stenosis
Blood, as it traverses the body, begins its journey by being pumped from the heart and continues through
the arteries. Blood flow is normally assumed to travel through pipe-like pathways, but this is not always
the case. There are many factors that affect the shape of the inside of the artery, one them being an arterial
stenosis.
An arterial stenosis is a buildup of plaque on the inner diameter of the artery, resulting in a constricted blood flow.
The plaque coagulates in the areas with lesser shear stress, forming a hard obstruction on the boundaries of the
artery. The plaque obstructions substantially change the internal pressures and
shear stresses of the lumen. Ultimately,
the flow velocity will change resulting in
irregular blood flow (Slager, 2005).
Figure 1. Comparison of a Clean Artery vs. a Diseased Artery
Depending on the location of the obstructed artery, the consequences of the stenosis can vary. Typically, blood clots will form, resulting in a
stroke if the artery is located near the brain, or a heart attack if the artery is located near the heart.
The effects of a stenosis on the actual artery itself can cause harm to the patient as well. Since the shear
stress in the artery changes, the resulting tensile stress around the stenosis changes. If the tensile stress
around the plaque shoulders increases beyond a threshold level, mechanical failure of the artery can
occur. The stresses can destabilize the cap of the growth and result in a failure of the artery wall (Slager,
2005).
Model of Arterial Stenosis Blood Flow
To analyse the model of arterial stenosis, some mathematical approximations are required. First, the size
of the obstruction must be determined.
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Handwork McAllister Shaheen
a=0.4
a=0.6
a=0.8
L1
Ls
Length along artery [cm]
L2
Figure 2. Stenosis Model
The radius of the Stenosis can be modelled as:
(1)
r=
D 1 1 a
4
) sin 2 ( x L ) + + D (1 +
Ls
1 a
where D represents the original diameter of the artery, L1 represents the length of the entrance vessel, LS
represents the length of the stenosis, and a represents the ratio of the initial area and the reduced area.
Figure 2 refers.
Assigning numerical values to these parameters:
zz D
=0.4cm
zz L1 =6cm
zz Ls = 0.8cm
zz a = 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 depending on simulation scenario
Matlab was used to compute and visualize the stenosis radius. These values were exported and used in
Solidworks to create geometry. This geometry was brought into Adina to use during CFD simulation.
Table 1 shows the relevant Matlab code. The three stenosis shapes are shown in Figures 3 to 6.
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Table 1 - Matlab Code Snippet Stenosis Radius
%% Radius of stenosis definition 1 a= 0.4

subd = 0.01;
L1x = 0:subd:L1;
Lsx = L1:subd:(L1+Ls);
L2x = (L1+Ls):subd:(L1+Ls+L2);
r1 = D/2;
rs = ((D*(1-sqrt(1-a1)))/4)*sin((2*pi*(Lsx-L1))/Ls+pi/2)+((D*(1+sqrt(1-a1)))/4);
r2 = r1;
figure(2);
plot (L1x, r1, Lsx ,rs, L2x, r2);
title(Stenosis Radius a=0.4); xlabel(Length along artery [cm]); ylabel(Radius
[cm]);
subd = 0.01;
L1x = 0:subd:L1;
r1 = D/2;
r2 = r1;
figure(3);
[cm]);
subd = 0.01;
L1x = 0:subd:L1;
r1 = D/2;
r2 = r1;
figure(4);
[cm]);
%% Radius of stenosis definition 1 a= 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8
subd = 0.01;
L1x = 0:subd:L1;
r1 =
rs04
rs06
rs08
r2 =
D/2;
= ((D*(1-sqrt(1-a1)))/4)*sin((2*pi*(Lsx-L1))/Ls+pi/2)+((D*(1+sqrt(1-a1)))/4);
r1;
figure(5);
hold on
plot (L1x, r1, L2x, r2);
plot (Lsx, rs04, Lsx ,rs06, Lsx, rs08);
axis ([0 8.8 0 0.25]);
legend(a=0.4,a=0.6, a=0.8);
title(Stenosis Radius); xlabel(Length along artery [cm]); ylabel(Radius[cm]);
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Stenosis Radius a=0.4

0.21
0.2
Radius [cm]
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
Figure 3. Stenosis Defined by a=0.4

0.21
0.2
0.19
0.18
Radius [cm]
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
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0.22
0.2
0.18
Radius [cm]
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
Stenosis Radius
0.25
a=0.4
a=0.6
a=0.8
0.2
Radius [cm]
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
5.9
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Figure 6. Stenosis Radii
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3.1
Fluid Properties
zz
zz
zz
3.2 Fluid Velocity

For steady-state analysis, the inlet velocity is represented as a function of the Reynolds Number. The
standard form of the equation for Reynolds Number is rearranged to isolate the flow velocity.
(2)
V=
Re
D
With an assumed Reynolds number of 500, the resulting steady-state inlet velocity is 41.67 cm/s.
For the Transient Cases, the inlet velocity varies as a function of time. This results in a transient velocity
of
(3)
V = Ce(5t ) sin ( 2 t )
where t is time, and C is a valued coefficient required to match the maximum value of the transient velocity to the value of steady-state flow. Matlab was used to calculate a transient velocity profile based on
Equation 3. This code can be found in Table 2 and Figure 7 shows a plot of input transient velocity over a
1 second interval.
Table 2 - Matlab Code Snippet Velocity Profile
%%
% Velocity Steady State and Transient
t = 0:0.01:1;
Vss = Re*mu/(rho*D);
% Velocity for Steady State case. cm/s
Vmax = max((exp(-5*t).*sin(2*pi*t)));
C = Vss / Vmax;
% Scaling factor to set transient velocity max
Vtr = C.*(exp(-5*t).*sin(2*pi*t));
% Velocity for Transient condition.
equal to steady state velocity

Vcheck = max (Vtr);
hold on;
% Double check Vtr(max) = Vss
figure(5);
plot (t, Vtr, color, red);

refline(0,Vss);
legend(Transient,Steady State);
title(Velocity Profile); xlabel(Time [sec]); ylabel(Velocity [cm/s]);
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Velocity Profile
45
Transient
Steady State
40
35
30
Velocity [cm/s]
25
20
15
10
-5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time [sec]
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 7. Velocity Profiles
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Discussion
Six different scenarios will be discussed in turn:

a. Case 1: Steady-state input velocity (41.67 cm/s), Stenosis defined by a=0.4 (Section 4.1).
b. Case 2: Steady-state input velocity (41.67 cm/s), Stenosis defined by a=0.6 (Section 4.2).
c. Case 3: Transient input velocity, Stenosis defined by a=0.6, time=0.02 seconds (Section 4.4).
d. Case 4: Transient input velocity, Stenosis defined by a=0.8, time=0.02 seconds (Section 4.5).
e. Case 5: Transient input velocity, Stenosis defined by a=0.6, time=1.0 seconds (Section 4.6).
f. Case 6: Transient input velocity, Stenosis defined by a=0.8, time=1.0 seconds (Section 4.7).
Note that while results presented here for the transient flow are for T=0.02 seconds and T=1.0 seconds,
Adina simulations were run over a period of 5 seconds to ensure that the mathematical model had stabilized prior to plot assessment. The results over multi-periodic intervals were found to be identical (i.e.
Results for T=1.0 sec are identical to T=2.0, T=3.0, T=4.0, T=5.0 etc). Figures 8 and 9 show one example of
this comparison.
Figure 8. Comparison of multiple time iterations. Y-Velocity. T=0.02sec
Figure 9. Comparison of multiple time iterations. Y-Velocity. T=4.1sec
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4.1
Case 1: Steady State Flow - a = 0.4
4.1.1. Meshing.
The Adina meshing densities are shown in Figures 10 to 12.
Figure 10. Mesh with a=0.4 for Steady State Flow
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4.1.2. Axial Velocity

The inlet and outlet velocity representation consists of a boundary velocity of zero. The velocity gradually
increases as the radial position nears the center of the vessel. The middle of the vessel is approximately
equal to the inlet velocity, some areas a little larger, reaching values of 45 to 50 cm/s. The velocity in the
Stenosis reaches values up to 65 cm/s.
Figure 13. Velocity Vector Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS
Figure 14. Velocity Vector Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS
Figure 15. Y-Velocity Band Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS
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Figure 16. Y-Velocity Band Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS
Figure 17. Y-Velocity Band Plot-ZX Plane-A04-SS
The velocity of the boundaries is zero due to the no slip condition. In the inlet and outlet vessel, the velocity resembles a parabola with a maximum at the center. Knowing that the inlet Reynolds number is 500,
and according to pipe flow theory studied in the course content, this resembles a classic case of laminar
flow. These results are as expected, and there are no unexpected patterns.
In the Stenosis there is a large increase in velocity, about 15 20 cm/s. The velocity in the Stenosis does
not resemble a parabola. It increases from the boundary as normal, but the maximum velocity spans for a
much larger portion of the radius than it did in the inlet and outlet vessels. This appears as more of a turbulent flow than laminar. The Reynolds number of the Stenosis is over 600, which is more turbulent than
the inlet and outlet vessels.
Relevant data is shown in Figures 15 to 17.
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4.1.3. Steady State Radial Velocity; a = 0.4

Shown in Figures 18 through 20, for the most part the radial velocity is close to zero. This makes sense
because there is nothing causing a radial component to occur. On the other hand, at the entrance and exit
of the Stenosis the radial velocity increases. The velocity reaches an absolute value of about 3.5 cm/s. This
change is in accordance to the change in radius of the vessel. As the velocity along the edges reaches the
Stenosis, it changes direction. When the velocity changes direction, the radial component will change as
well. It will reach a positive velocity as the fluid traverses up the Stenosis, and a negative velocity as it
descends. The opposite applies for the upper boundary.
Figure 18. Z-Velocity Band Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS
Figure 19. Z-Velocity Band Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS
Figure 20. Z-Velocity Band Plot-ZX Plane-A04-SS
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4.1.4. Steady State Pressure; a = 0.4

To model the axial pressure change in a viscous pipe, the following equation can be used:
(4)
1 y
p
=
r
y
r r r
Figures 21, 22 and 23 represent this model. It depicts a linear decrease of pressure in the vessel due to
viscous effects for the inlet flow. The pressure at the entrance of the vessel is over 2 kPa. As it nears the
Stenosis, it decreases by one colour gradient each part, until it reaches approximately 0.8 kPa. When the
flow enters the Stenosis, the pressure decreases more rapidly, due to the large increase of velocity. The
pressure at the center of the Stenosis is approximately 0.4 kPa. As the flow leaves the Stenosis, the pressure continues to linearly decrease due to viscous effects with a final pressure of under 0.1 kPa.
Figure 21. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZY Axis-A04-SS
Figure 22. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZY Axis-SS-A04
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Figure 23. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZX Axis-SS-A04
4.1.5. Steady State Shear Stress; a = 0.4

Through the illustrations shown in Figures 24 to 26, the shear stress throughout the vessel is displayed.
The model for shear stress in a cylindrical, viscous pipe is:
(5)

= z + y
y z
As assumed, the shear stress in the middle of the vessel is approximately 0 Pa. The shear stress along the
edges of the inlet and outlet vessels range from 1.5 to 2.0 Pa. This agrees with the stress relation above, because the velocities near the walls are very slow, resulting in lower shear stresses. As the flow approaches
Figure 24. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY- Axis-A04-SS
the Stenosis the velocity increases in the y and z direction. Along the boundaries of the center part of the
Stenosis the shear stress ranges from 2.5 to 3.3 Pa. These results stay true to the relation described above.
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Figure 25. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY- Axis-A04-SS
Figure 26. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZX Axis-A04-SS
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4.2 Case 2: Steady State Flow - a = 0.6

4.2.1. Meshing
The Adina mesh densities used for the stenosis modelled by a=0.6 are shown in Figures 27 to 30
Figure 27. Mesh Density for Stenosis a=0.6
Figure 31. Velocity Vector Plot - ZY Axis-A06-SS
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Figure 32. Velocity Vector Plot - ZY Axis-A06-SS
4.2.2. Steady State Axial Velocity; a = 0.6
Demonstrated in Figures 33 through 35, is the axial flow velocity for a = 0.6. The velocity here resembles that of when a = 0.4, with a few minor differences.
The inlet and outlet velocities remain the same as when a = 0.4, but the changes occur in the Stenosis.
The Stenosis yields a maximum velocity of around 100 cm/s. There is a very little transition to this
velocity, as the closest approaching velocity is 75 cm/s. The velocity resembles a parabola even less than
when a = 0.4. The Reynolds Number of this flow is approximately 800, which is larger than both 600
and 500 values seen before. The Flow is less laminar than when a = 0.4.
Figure 33. Y-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-SS
Figure 34. Y-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-SS
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Figure 35. Y-Velocity Band Plot - ZX Axis-A06-SS
4.2.3. Steady State Radial Velocity; a = 0.6

The radial velocity can be analysed through Figures 36 through 38. The velocities in the inlet and outlet flow resemble those of the ones from before, as they should. Where the difference lies is again, in the
Stenosis.
Figure 36. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-SS
Figure 37. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-SS
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Figure 38. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZX Axis-A06-SS
Since the velocity as a whole is travelling faster, and the radius of the Stenosis is increased, the radial
component of the final velocity will increase. The absolute value of the radial component of the velocity
approaches 6 cm/s at its maximum. This is almost 3 cm/s more than the a = 0.4 radial velocity.
4.2.4. Steady State Pressure; a = 0.6
The pressure differences, as shown in Figures 39 through 41, have increased. The initial pressure is
above 2.9 kPa. As the flow nears the Stenosis, the pressure decreases linearly until it reaches 1.5 kPa.
Then, as the velocity increases greatly, the pressure in the Stenosis decreases until it reaches 0.8 kPa. The
change in pressure here is about 0.7 kPa, where in a = 0.4, the change is 0.4 kPa. This can be contributed
to the larger velocities in the middle of the Stenosis. The outlet pressures then decrease linearly, until it
reaches less than 0.2 kPa.
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Figure 41. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZX Axis-A06-SS
4.2.5. Steady State Shear Stress; a = 0.6

From Figures 41 to 43, the shear stresses of the inlet and outlet vessels around the middle are approximately 0.48 Pa. Around the boundaries, the shear stress can be read as 1.5 Pa. These results are about
equal to the a = 0.4 case. The shear stress entering and leaving the Stenosis reaches values of approximately 5.0 Pa. This is about 50% increase from the earlier case. This can be attributed to the larger radial
component of the velocity.
Figure 42. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY Axis-A06-SS
Figure 43. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY Axis-A06-SS
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Figure 44. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZX Axis-A06-SS
4.2.6. Steady State Flow Separation

The flow separation of an object is when the boundary layer breaks away from the object, and forms eddies or vortices. This is occurs when the fluid velocity travels against an adverse pressure gradient for
large distances. In the steady state cases above, it can be seen that there are no formations of eddies or
vortices. During the inlet and exit flows, the boundary layer remains constant for the entire length of the
vessel. At the Stenosis the boundary layer remains constant at zero cm/s. There are no eddies forming at
the entrance or exit of the Stenosis, and therefore there is no appreciable flow separation.
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4.3 Transient Flow Axial Velocity

Earlier stated the transient flow constant, C, was calculated to be approximately 108.9. This is from equation 3 listed in the introduction. The steady state velocity from earlier is substituted into the equation,
with the respected time, and from there the coefficient is calculated.
To summarize the velocities created from Equation 3, the following figure was plotted using WINPLOT.
Figure 45. WINPLOT Velocity
As seen in the graph above, the velocity begins at zero cm/s. From time 0 to 0.5 seconds, the velocity rapidly increases until it reaches the steady state velocity from earlier. It then decreases at a rapid rate until it
begins to flow in the opposite direction. From when the time is about 0.5 seconds to 1 second, the velocity
is negative. At the time of 1 second, the velocity increases to about 1 cm/s, and then retreats down to 0
cm/sec and remains there for the rest of the graph.
The responses at a = 0.6 and 0.8 will be discussed at 0.02 seconds (the beginning) and then 1 second (the
end). They will be compared to the steady state responses listed earlier.
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4.4 Case 3: Transient Flow - a = 0.6, T=0.02 sec
Figure 46. Velocity Vector Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
4.4.1. Transient Flow Axial Velocity; a = 0.6 and T = 0.02

The axial velocities in the inlet and exit states resemble each other. Primarily, around the entire artery,
the velocities equal to zero. This is due to the no slip conditions at the boundaries, just as in the steady
state response. The inlet and exit velocities also resemble the same as the steady state response. They increase from the boundaries and hit the highest point in the center of the tube, resulting in about 18 cm/s.
This can be seen in Figures 48 to 50.
Figure 48. Y-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
For the Stenosis on the other hand, the velocity increases greatly. This is no surprise, seeing as how the
steady state response behaved in the same way. The velocities of the Stenosis remain zero at the bounda-
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Figure 50. Y-Velocity Band Plot - ZX Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
ries, but increase to a maximum of 37.80 cm/s at the center of the Stenosis. The velocities of the entrance
and exits of the Stenosis increase and decrease gradually as expected from the steady state analysis.
4.4.2. Transient Flow Radial Velocity; a = 0.6 and T = 0.02
Again, this velocity models the same as the steady state velocity. Velocity at the inlet and outlet vessels
are zero, which follows the assumptions made earlier in the steady state process. The radial velocities in
the Stenosis increase and decrease to about 4 and -4 cm/s. This is credited to the increase in radius of the
Stenosis a seen in Figures 51 to 53. The final velocities can will change direction and follow the contours
of the vessel just as the steady state process did.
Figure 51. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
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Figure 52. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient--T=0.02sec
Figure 53. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZX Axis-A06-Transient--T=0.02sec
4.4.3. Transient Flow Pressure; a = 0.6 and T = 0.02

The pressure diagrams can be analysed through Figures 54 to 57. The pressures begin at the inlet vessel
at their highest. Reading at approximately 0.8627 kPa, they steadily decrease as the flow traverses the
pipe. This, just as in the steady state examples, is due to pressure loss from the viscous effects of the fluid
and the boundaries.
Figure 54. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
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Figure 55. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
Figure 56. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZX Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
As the blood travels through the Stenosis, it experiences a larger pressure loss, going from 0.40 kPa to
about 0.22 kPa. This is not a surprise, seeing as how the same pattern occurred for both steady state situations. This is due to the rapid acceleration of velocity and the pressure loss resulting in this. The pressure in the tube is a function of the axial velocity gradient, and this is largely apparent when the pressure
drops due to the increase of the axial velocity.
As the flow leaves the Stenosis and begins exiting the test valve, the pressure decreases at the same rate as
it did before the Stenosis.
Looking at an axial portrayal of the pressure, it is seen that the largest pressure reading occurs at the base
of the Stenosis. The pressure is the largest at the bottom because of the weight of the fluid above. The
pressure at the bottom of the Stenosis reads 0.21 kPa. The pressure at the top is 0.19 kPa.
4.4.4. Transient Flow Shear Stress; a = 0.6 and T = 0.02
The shear stress of the vessel can be modelled from Figures 57 to 59. The shear stress of the inlet vessel
is the same as that of the outlet vessel. These stresses range from 1.05 Pa at the boundary to about 0 Pa
at the center of the tube. Again, the shear stresses at the middle are changing less rapidly than those at
the boundary, resulting in a lower pressure gradient. These result in a lesser shear stress value, and these
resemble the steady state values.
The shear stress of the Stenosis differs from the values stated earlier. The middle of the Stenosis does
not change from the values stated in the middle of inlet and exit vessels, but there is a difference in the
contours of the Stenosis. Just as in the steady state analysis, the figures begin to increase in value as the
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Figure 57. Snmoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
flow velocity gains radial magnitude. The gains in the radial magnitude result in the increase of the shear
stress, as derived from the equation listed in the steady state results. The shear stress on the top and the
bottom reach a maximum of 2.85 Pa. This occurs along the boundary in the middle of the Stenosis. This is
large because this area has the largest change in axial velocity, and the shear stress is directly proportional
to the change in axial and radial velocity.
Figure 59. Snmoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZX Axis-A06-Transient-T=0.02sec
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4.5 Case 4: Transient Flow - a = 0.8, T=0.02

4.5.1. Meshing
The Adina mesh densities used for the stenosis modelled by a=0.8 are shown in Figures 60 through 63.
Figure 60.
Mesh Density - Stenosis a=0.8
Figure 61. Mesh Density - Stenosis a=0.8

As seen in Figures 66 to 68, the axial velocities of the transient flow with an area reduction of 0.8, at 0.02
seconds can be analysed. The inlet and outlet vessels contain the same velocity values. As in every case,
the velocity at the boundaries is 0 cm/s due to the no slip condition. The velocity resembles a parabola,
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just like the a = 0.6 transient flow and the steady state flow. The flow resembles the velocity at the middle
of the vessel is around 36 cm/s. This is more than twice as high as the 0.6 case. This is due to the reduction in area, creating a pressure drop which speeds up the flow of the fluids.
The flow at the Stenosis increases to a maximum of 86 cm/s, resembling a parabola. The final velocity
of the Stenosis is about 50 cm/s larger than that of the 0.6 case. This occurs because the close gap has to
handle a large flow rate. Due to the conservation of mass, the mass and velocity going into the Stenosis
must equal the mass and velocity exiting the inlet vessel. The mass decreases as the fluid enters, resulting
in a larger velocity as it traverses the Stenosis.
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4.5.3. Transient Flow Radial Velocity; a = 0.8 and T = 0.02

The radial velocity can be analysed through Figures 69 to 71. The velocities in the inlet and outlet flow
resemble those of the ones from before, as they should. Where the difference lies is again, in the Stenosis.
Since the velocity as a whole is travelling faster, and the radius of the Stenosis is increased, the radial
component of the final velocity will increase. The absolute value of the radial component of the velocity
approaches 8 cm/s and -8 cm/s at its maximum and minimum.
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Figure 71. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZX Axis-A08-Transient-T=0.02sec
4.5.4. Transient Flow Pressure; a = 0.8 and T = 0.02

The pressure differences, as shown in Figures 72 to 74, have increased. The initial pressure is above 12.2
kPa. As the velocity increases greatly in the Stenosis, the pressure decreases until it reaches 3.8 kPa. The
change in pressure here is about 0.7 kPa, where in a = 0.6, the change is less. This can be contributed
to the larger velocities in the middle of the Stenosis. The outlet pressures then decrease linearly, until
it reaches less than 0 kPa. The final larger velocities in the middle of the Stenosis are contributed to the
increase of the radius, creating a smaller entry way for blood to flow. The blood flow is constricted and
forced to accelerate. This results in a lower pressure, as can be modelled in the equation for flow pressure
in a cylinder.
Figure 72. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZY Axis-A08-Transient-T=0.02
Figure 73. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZY Axis-A08-Transient-T=0.02
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Figure 74. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZX Axis-A08-Transient-T=0.02
4.5.5. Transient Flow Shear Stress; a = 0.8 and T = 0.02

The transient flow shear stress in the project can be modelled in figures NUMBERS. The shear stress in the
inlet and outlet vessels is equal, as in the steady state velocity segment. The stress is at its highest around
the boundaries, because of the large gradient change of the velocity. The stress measured at the boundaries is close to 0.3 Pa. As the profile moves towards the center of the vessel, the stress can be assumed to
have reached zero.
Figure 75. Snmoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY Axis-A08-Transient-T=0.02
For the Stenosis, the stress remains zero through the middle of the artery. Along the boundaries the stress
raises considerably. At the inlet and the outlet branches of the Stenosis, along the boundaries, the stress
reaches 2.5 Pa. As the flow moves towards the center of the Stenosis, the stress reaches values as high
as 7.5 Pa. This can be credited to the high change in the profile of the Stenosis. The large change in the
Figure 76. Snmoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY Axis-A08-Transient-T=0.02
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Figure 77. Snmoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZX Axis-A08-Transient-T=0.02
radius creates larger changes in the radial and axial velocities, which results in larger shear stresses along
the Stenosis.
4.6 Case 5: Transient Flow, a = 0.6, T= 1 sec
Figure 78. Velocity Vector Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
Figure 79. Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=1.0sec

The following analysis will take place at the end of the transient cycle. As seen in the graph above and in
figure 8, the velocity at one second is close to zero cm/s. This is interesting because all of the other analysis were preformed on a segment with a velocity well over zero. Even though all of the flows were laminar,
it is hypothesized that these segments will not appear in the same fashion as the last studied. The final
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segments of the transient function occur just after a negative velocity segment, for about 0.5 seconds.
This also is different from the previous analysis where all of the flows were in one direction.
First off, these graphs are not at all similar to the steady flow rate. To begin with the axial velocity in
the inlet and exit flow, the flow can be broken down into four major streams that are symmetrical to the
centerline. The first flow, of course, will be the boundary layer. The flow along the boundary layer is zero
cm/s. As in every other result, this is due to the no slip condition. Working downwards towards the middle of the artery, the next stream is slightly faster. Reaching velocities up to 0.0825 cm/s, the flow moves
in the positive direction. This flow is surrounded by another layer that is zero velocity. The next layer
Figure 80. Y-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
is a stream that is just as fast as the previous layer, but it is moving in the opposite direction. As seen in
Figure 81. Y-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
Figure 82. Y-Velocity Band Plot - ZX Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
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Figures 80 to 82, this velocity is -0.09 cm/s. The next stream is running through the actual center of the
artery. This velocity is also negative, and it has the highest magnitude. Running at -0.3 cm/s, this is the
centerline velocity.
In the Stenosis, the boundary layer and the stream running in the positive direction remain the same. The
slower negative layer converges in the center of the Stenosis, and eliminates the faster negative stream,
meaning that the velocity at the middle of the Stenosis is -0.09 cm/sec.
Analysing Figure 78 and 79, which is the vector plot, the change in direction of the current can be modelled. The velocity along the boundary layer always runs in the positive direction. The next stream
though approaches the beginning of the Stenosis and then changes direction. It appears as though there
is a vorticity along the contour of the radius of the inlet and exit of the Stenosis. The positive velocity gets
turned around, and then it rejoins the negative velocity along the centerline, creating a larger velocity in
the negative direction. When the velocity reaches the beginning of the inlet vessel, it changes direction
yet again, and rejoins the layer near the boundary to move towards the positive direction. The same happens in the outlet velocity, except the vortices do not result with the positive velocity going to the outlet
right away, it rotates a few times, and then some joins the boundary layer towards the positive direction.
4.6.2. Transient Flow Radial Velocity; a = 0.6 and T = 1
The radial velocity has two major points that need to be analysed. First of all, unlike in any other situation yet, there is a radial component in the velocity in the inlet vessel. At the beginning of the inlet vessel,
there are two radial components seen in Figures 83 to 85. These can be seen in the earlier figures as a
mini vorticity. The velocity being returned from the Stenosis is being returned again towards the Stenosis.
Figure 83. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
Figure 84. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
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The magnitude of each of these components can be seen as approximately 0.05 cm/s. This is only apparent in the inlet vessel, no the outlet.
In the Stenosis there are again radial components of the velocities. These are not apparent for the same
reason as previous examples though. These created from the vortices as listed earlier, they are not from
the velocity changing direction to follow the contours of the Stenosis. The velocities are not symmetrical
about the centerline either. At the top left-hand corner of the Stenosis entry and at the bottom right-hand
corner, the velocities are -0.02 cm/s. At the remaining areas, the velocities are +0.02 cm/s. This is because
of the vortices that change the direction of the flow. The velocities that are negative mean that they are
Figure 85. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZX Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
being returned to where they came from, whereas the positive velocities are being also being returned, but
on a different side. Ideally, these represent changes in direction of fluid motion.
4.6.3. Transient Flow Pressure; a = 0.6 and T = 1
Even though the velocity profiles are not at all similar to any of the cases listed before, the pressure profiles are relatively the same. These profiles begin with a pressure at 5.95 Pa as presented in Figures 86
to 88. It decreases to 0 at the outlet flow, with the standard drop at the Stenosis. It is assumed that this
occurs because even though the velocity is changing directions a lot, the magnitude never changes. The
Figure 86. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
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Figure 87. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZY Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
Figure 88. Snmoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZX Axis-A06-Transient-T=1.0sec
same magnitude is present throughout the entire plot; it is just that portions of the curve have some redirections occurring. Since the pressure is mainly a function of the magnitude of the velocity changing, and
the change in radius, it can be accepted that the graph appears as each other scenario does.
4.6.4. Transient Flow Shear Stress; a = 0.6 and T = 1
The shear stress graph does not look anything at all like any other shear stress graph in the entire trial.
This graph can be seen in Figures 89 to 91. Wherever the axial velocity is not close to zero, the shear
stress is measured very close to zero. Where ever the axial velocity is zero, the shear stress is measured at
0.007 Pa. The highest shear stress is apparent within the vortices. Reaching values as high as 0.012 Pa,
the stress here is the highest.
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These values can be attributed to the velocity change. As stated earlier, the zero velocity sections are very
small compared to the larger velocity sections. This attributes to the shear stress because the change in
velocity occurs in such a small area, the velocity gradient in this area will be larger. This results in a larger
Figure 91. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZX Axis-A06-Transient-T=1sec
shear stress. As for the vortices, the velocity of these is constantly changing direction. They can attribute
by the fact that the vortices have the highest velocity gradients and therefore produce the largest shear
stresses.
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4.7
Case 6: Transient Flow, a = 0.8 and T = 1 sec
4.7.1. Transient Flow Axial Velocity; a = 0.8 and T = 1
The axial velocity in this case follows the same pattern as a = 0.6. By looking at Figures 94-96, the velocities of the streams are (from top to centerline): 0 cm/s (boundary layer), 0.07 cm/s, 0 cm/s, -0.12 cm/s,
-0.24 cm/s. They follow the same path as before, but the magnitudes are larger due to the larger radius of
the Stenosis.
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4.7.2. Transient Flow Radial Velocity; a = 0.8 and T = 1

Again, the radial velocities do the same as in a = 0.6, but they are faster, due to the constricted Stenosis.
From Figures 97 to 99, the top left-hand corner of the Stenosis entry and at the bottom right-hand corner,
the velocities are -0.04 cm/s. At the remaining areas, the velocities are +0.04 cm/s.
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Figure 99. Z-Velocity Band Plot - ZX Axis-A08-Transient-T=1.0sec
4.7.3. Transient Flow Pressure; a = 0.8 and T = 1

The pressure profiles are the same as in a = 0.6, but just with larger values. From Figures 100 to 101, the
6.3 Pa is the largest pressure, with zero as the smallest.
Figure 100. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZY Axis-A08-Transient-T=1.0sec
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Figure 101. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZY Axis-A08-Transient-T=1.0sec
Figure 102. Nodal Pressure Band Plot - ZX Axis-A08-Transient-T=1.0sec
4.7.4. Transient Flow Shear Stress; a = 0.8 and T = 1

Again, it is the same as before. In Figures 103 to 105, the shear stress at the zero velocity regions is 0.0095
Pa and at the vortices it is 0.014 Pa. This can be attributed to the larger Stenosis creating larger velocity
gradients.
Figure 103. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY Axis-A08-Transient-T=1.0sec
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Figure 104. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY Axis-A08-Transient-T=1.0sec
Figure 105. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZX Axis-A08-Transient-T=1.0sec
4.7.5. Transient Flow Separation

For the flow separation of the T = 0.02 seconds trials, the same assumptions can be made that were made
for the steady state analysis. During the inlet and outlet phases, there is minimal flow separation. The
pressure gradient is not changing to the point where there will be a noticeable difference within flow separation from the boundaries.
For the T = 1 second trials, there is more noticeable flow separation. The flow separation can be assumed
to be in two places. The first is where the velocities are equal to zero. There is a large velocity gradient
there, resulting in a large pressure change. Secondly, the flow separation can be assumed to be in the
vortices around the inlet vessel and the Stenosis. These, again, are credited to the large changes in the
velocity and pressure gradients.
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4.8 Assumptions of the Model

In order to perform the required analysis at this level of fluid design, and using this software, assumptions
are required. In addition to those already mentioned during the steady state and transient flow presentations, there are several others including:
a. Blood is incompressible
b. The flow is laminar
c. The vessel is symmetric
d. The vessel is rigid
e. The Stenosis is modelled after the radial equation (Equation 1)
f. The Stenosis is asymmetric
g. The velocity for the transient flow was modelled after equation 3
h. The inlet and outlet lengths were as long as they were
i. The vessel is shaped like a pipe
j. The fluid experienced viscous effects
Blood is assumed to be incompressible. This assumption is non-valid. At lower shear stresses that the
blood experiences in the lab, the approximation that the blood is Newtonian is acceptable. Since most of
the trials experienced shear stresses of a few Pascals, the fluid can be assumed to be Newtonian, but not
incompressible.
Laminar Flow. The laminar flow assumption can be considered to be generally valid. For most of the
trials the Reynolds Number did not approach 2300, but there were visible signs of vortices being formed.
These represent turbulent flow.
Vessel is symmetric and rigid. The assumption that the vessel is symmetric can be considered along with
the assumption that it is rigid. The walls of an artery are visco-elastic and change form with the pulsated
pressure. The walls here are assumed to be rigid. They clearly deform and that means that of they do not
deform the same way for each pulse, they may not be asymmetric as well. Both of these assumptions are
not valid.
Steady Flow. The flow cannot be assumed to be steady. The flow in human arteries is pulsated, consisting
of systolic and diastolic phases. The assumption cannot be valid in the artery.
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Pipe-like model. It was assumed that the artery is shaped like a pipe. This is a valid assumption for when
it is not deformed from pulsated pressure. Most arteries have a circular cross section, unlike most veins.
This assumption is valid.
Viscous Effects. The fluid will experience viscous effects. These effects are caused by friction against the
walls of the artery, and the change in velocities of the flowing blood. This assumption is valid.
Stenosis Model (Equation 1). The assumptions of the Stenosis are that the radius is modelled after equation 1, and that the model of the Stenosis is symmetrical. First of all, the assumptions of the radius, as
complicated as they may seem, cannot model the true form of a Stenosis. The Stenosis is a build up of
plaque in the artery, and has no true mathematical model. Secondly the Stenosis cannot be considered
symmetrical as it was above. The Stenosis may not be as large on one side as it was on the other, and it
may not be in the same position on one side as it is on the other. In fact, there may not even be a Stenosis
form one side of the artery at all (although this rarely occurs). Therefore the assumptions made about the
Stenosis cannot be considered truly valid, but can be considered acceptable in order to simplify a scenario
that is, in reality, not quantifiable.
Transient flow model (Equation 3). The flow of the transient model is the same as equation 3. In reality to
have an equation modelling flow in a non-controlled environment is very hard to do, especially when only
considering one variable (x). The final equation, to be more accurate needs to consider more parameters
such as the pulsated nature of the artery, the contractions and so forth. This assumption is not valid, but
it does simplify an otherwise extremely hard calculation.
Length of inlet and outlet. The inlet and exit lengths should be questioned. The lengths in a real artery
do not truncate at a finite spot. This assumption is generally valid for the steady state flows and the 0.02
second transient flows, but becomes problematic for the 1 second transient flows. The velocity changes direction at the inlet flow. In reality, it is not just going to hit a wall that will allow for a change in direction,
seeing as how most arteries are much longer than; or not as linear as previously depicted. This assumption is not valid.
4.9 Physiological Perspective
Some effects that Stenosis can have on blood flow are:
a. Creation of a flow jet;
b. Separated flow zones;
c. Flow reversal; and
d. The presence of turbulent flow.
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These can have negative repercussions since the flow is not natural anymore, and it is being corrupted
by the Stenosis. Under the steady state model, turbulence cannot be viewed in any of the levels that were
tested. Although change in flow direction are viewed, and these changes cause larger shear stresses along
the boundaries of the vessel. This can lead to rupture or failure of the vessel walls.
In the transient flow, turbulent flow can be seen at 60% area reduction. This is important, because the
flow in the body is pulsated and the transient case can be modelled more realistically than the steady state
case. Seeing as how it requires lower area reductions to cause flow problems, that can be dangerous for
a human patient. These larger turbulences cause more shear stress along the boundaries of the vessel,
which can again lead to failure of the vessel.
Conclusion
The blood flow through an Arterial Stenosis was analysed by attaining certain factors about the flow
throughout the length and the cross section of the artery. These factors included the velocity, pressure
and shear stress of the blood flow. A steady state trial was completed and compared at two different area
reductions, 40% and 60%. The trials were then completed assuming a transient flow rate at two different
area reductions, 60% and 80%.
The steady state reactions produced the same results, only the a = 0.6 yielded higher values than the a
= 0.4. The axial velocity was constricted through the Stenosis. The velocity formed radial components
as it traversed the sides of the Stenosis. This led to higher pressure readings and ultimately higher shear
stresses.
For the transient response at T = 0.02 seconds, the response yielded the similar responses to the steady
state trials.
Finally, the transient response at T = 1 second yielded different responses. The first is that the velocity
field was split into jets. The flow was reversed in some areas. Instead of the flow being at its fastest in the
center of the Stenosis, it was the fastest at the entrance and exit of the Stenosis. The flow did not follow
the contours of the Stenosis; it only formed vortices at the ends, changing flow direction. Ultimately the
shear stress is increased due to all of the velocity gradient changes. The fact of the increase of the area
reduction only amplified the results.
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Brief Overview of Arterial Stenosis

Model of Arterial Stenosis Blood Flow

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Length along artery [cm]

Figure 2. Stenosis Model

The radius of the Stenosis can be modelled as:

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Table 1 - Matlab Code Snippet Stenosis Radius

%% Radius of stenosis definition 1 a= 0.4

title(Stenosis Radius); xlabel(Length along artery [cm]); ylabel(Radius[cm]);

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Stenosis Radius a=0.4

Length along artery [cm]

Figure 3. Stenosis Defined by a=0.4

Stenosis Radius a=0.6

Length along artery [cm]

Figure 4. Stenosis Defined by a=0.6

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Stenosis Radius a=0.8

Length along artery [cm]

Figure 5. Stenosis Defined by a=0.8

Figure 6. Stenosis Radii

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

3.2 Fluid Velocity

% Velocity for Steady State case. cm/s

% Scaling factor to set transient velocity max

% Velocity for Transient condition.

equal to steady state velocity

% Double check Vtr(max) = Vss

plot (t, Vtr, color, red);

title(Velocity Profile); xlabel(Time [sec]); ylabel(Velocity [cm/s]);

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Figure 7. Velocity Profiles

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Six different scenarios will be discussed in turn:

Figure 8. Comparison of multiple time iterations. Y-Velocity. T=0.02sec

Figure 9. Comparison of multiple time iterations. Y-Velocity. T=4.1sec

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Case 1: Steady State Flow - a = 0.4

Figure 10. Mesh with a=0.4 for Steady State Flow

Figure 11. Mesh with a=0.4 for Steady State Flow

Figure 12. Mesh with a=0.4 for Steady State Flow

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

4.1.2. Axial Velocity

Figure 13. Velocity Vector Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS

Figure 14. Velocity Vector Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS

Figure 15. Y-Velocity Band Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Figure 16. Y-Velocity Band Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS

Figure 17. Y-Velocity Band Plot-ZX Plane-A04-SS

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4.1.3. Steady State Radial Velocity; a = 0.4

Figure 18. Z-Velocity Band Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS

Figure 19. Z-Velocity Band Plot-ZY Plane-A04-SS

Figure 20. Z-Velocity Band Plot-ZX Plane-A04-SS

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

4.1.4. Steady State Pressure; a = 0.4

Figure 21. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZY Axis-A04-SS

Figure 22. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZY Axis-SS-A04

Handwork McAllister Shaheen

Figure 23. Nodal Pressure Band Plot-ZX Axis-SS-A04

4.1.5. Steady State Shear Stress; a = 0.4

Figure 24. Smoothed Shear Stress Band Plot-ZY- Axis-A04-SS