Active Volcano Found Under Antarctic Ice: Eruption Could Raise Sea Levels

by Ker Than
A newly discovered volcano found buried beneath a thick layer of ice in
Antarctica could speed up ice loss and raise global sea levels when it erupts,
scientists say.
The finding, detailed in the current issue of Nature Geoscience, marks the
first time that an active volcano has been discovered under the ice of the frozen
continent.
When it eruptswhich no one can predictthe volcano "will create millions of
gallons of water beneath the icemany lakes full," study leader Doug Wiens,
professor of earth and planetary science at Washington University in St. Louis, said
in a statement.
This water will rush beneath the ice toward the sea and feed into one of the
major ice streams that drain ice from Antarctica into the Ross Ice Shelf, Wiens
explained.
What's new?
The new volcano's discovery was accidental. In January 2010, scientists set
up a series of seismometers, or earthquake detectors, on Marie Byrd Land, a
highland region of West Antarctica.
The instruments array detected two swarms of earthquakes about one year
apart, in 2010 and 2011. The earthquakes were small, with magnitudes of between
0.8 and 2.1.
The tremors occurred at depths of about 15 to 25 miles (25 to 40 kilometers),
close to the boundary between the crust and the mantle, and much deeper than
normal crustal earthquakes.
The depth at which the quakes occurred, as well as their low frequency,
suggests they might be so-called Deep Long Period earthquakes, or DPLs, which
occur in volcanic areas.
"People aren't really sure what causes DPLs," said Amanda Lough, a
postdoctoral student in Wiens's lab and the first author of the study, said in a
statement.
"It seems to vary by volcanic complex, but most people think it's the
movement of magma and other fluids that leads to pressure-induced vibrations in
cracks within volcanic and hydrothermal systems."
Why is the discovery important?
Lough and her team say it's not a matter of if the newly discovered volcano
will erupt, but when. "It most likely has erupted before," Lough said. (Watch video:
Volcanoes 101.)

That's because the volcano sits atop a raised portion of land that the team
believes is composed of previously erupted material.
What would happen in an eruption?
The volcano is covered by more than half a mile (one kilometer) of ice, so it
would have to be an extraordinarily powerful eruption to breach the surface.
However, the heat from the volcano could increase melting at the base of the
glacier and meltwater could act like a lubricant that makes the overlying ice flow
out to sea faster. Global sea levels could rise by a small amount as a result.
"We're not talking about an eruption causing the ice sheet to melt and cause
catastrophic sea-level rise," Lough told National Geographic.
"This volcanic complex has been operating for millions of years ... There have
been past eruptions of this system and the ice has survived for millions of years,
[so] future eruptions alone will not cause the ice sheet to fail."
What's next?
Most of the seismometers used to discover the volcano have been removed
and installed in other areas in Antarctica, so further study of its seismic activity is no
longer possible.
But Lough said she hopes scientists will continue to study the volcano using
other instruments.
"I'm really excited because this paper has stirred up a lot of interest in the
glaciology community," she said, "and hopefully someone there will take up the
challenge to answer the questions of what are the possible outcomes."
Than, K. (2103, November). Active Volcano Found Under Antarctic Ice: Eruption
Could Raise Sea Levels. Retrieved from
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/131118-antarcticavolcano-earthquakes-erupt-sea-level-rise-science/