Lamar University

MEEN-4350/5350

The Map Where are we now?

Fan; Pump;
Compressor

Turbines
Turbomachinery
Efficiency
Energy Transfer Rate
Pressure Rise

Axial-Flow Turbines
Blade
Design

Xianchang Li
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Lamar University

Spring 2015

Mean-Line Analysis on Axial Turbines

Simplified Blade Model

Cascade Test/Analysis
Correlations

Efficiency
Prediction

Performance
Analysis

STAGE Model
Fluid/Thermo Analysis
Correlations

3D Model;
System Level Analysis
Efficiency Calculation

Axial-Flow Turbines

Objectives:
1.
2.

Introduce 2D axial turbine STAGE efficiency and analysis

Study the correlations for 2D axial turbine stages

Assignments/Notice:
Reading:

Chapter 4

Humpback Whale Wavy Blade Better for Stall or Noise

Axial-Flow Turbine Stage

Turbine Stage Velocity Vector

Stator
Nozzle

Vane

Turbine stage:
Stator Rotor
Compressor stage:
Rotor Stator

Where are the stators?

Rotor

For rotors

Blade

Relative flow (w2, b2, w3, b3)

Bucket

Absolute flow(c2, a2, c3, a3)

How many stages in total?

Basic Relationship in Turbine Stage

Basic Relationship in Turbine Stage (2)

Turbine Stage Design Parameters

Turbine Stage Design Parameters (2)

For Stator
For Rotor

Repeating or normal stage

Flow coefficient

a1= a3

Higher flow coefficient Relative

velocity closer to the axial direction

Stage loading coefficient

Higher stage loading larger flow
turning more work extraction

For a repeating or normal stage

Stage reaction
For Stator

R value is important to the shape

of the velocity triangle and thus
the shape of the rotor and stator

Turbine Stage Design Parameters (3)

More relationships among the design parameters

Turbine Stage Design Parameters (4)

For the velocity triangle of a normal stage, how many
parameters do we have?
Relative flow (w2, b2, w3, b3)
Absolute flow(c2, a2, c3, a3)
Rotation speed (U)

a1= a3

How many parameters do we need to fix the velocity triangle of a

normal stage?

How many parameters do we need to fix the shape of the normalstage velocity triangle?
Only velocity ratio is needed

The design parameters (R, j, y) can be used to fix the velocity triangle.

Turbine Stage Design Parameters (5)

Example #1 solution:

Example #1:
Given: c2= 160 m/s, U=100 m/s , a2

=60o

Find:

and a3

=30o

c3, w2, b2, w3, b3, R, j, and y

c3cosa3 =c2cosa2 =cx

c3=

U=c2sina2-cxtanb2

b2 = 25.7o

w2 =cx/cosb2=88.8

U=-c3sina3+cxtanb3

b3 = 61.3o

w3 =cx/cosb3=166.6

92.4

cx=80

j = cx/U = 80/100 =0.8

Example #2:

R= 1+ j /2(tana1 - tana2) = 0.54

Given: R= 0.6, j =0.5 , y= 1.5

Find:

Turbine Stage Design Parameters (6)

y = 2(1-R+ j tana1) =1.85

c2/U, a2, a3,

and then c3 /U, w2 /U, b2, w3 /U, b 3

Example #2 solution:
y = 2(1-R+ j tana1) a1 = a3 = 35.0o

R= 1+ j /2(tana1 - tana2) a2 =66.5o

j = cx/U = c2cosa2/U c2/U = 1.25

Stage Efficiency (2)

Stage Efficiency

Normal Stage:

a1= a3

Repeating stage

Note the definition of loss coefficient

is different from that in Chapter 3.
Use Soderbergs correlation
for approximation

Assume:

Use b2, b3 for the rotor

Why this?
Try to relate the efficiency to the loss of individual blade
(supported by cascade test)

Stage Efficiency (3)

Stage Efficiency (4)

Example #3: (Continued from Example #2)

Assuming T3/T2=1.

Given: R= 0.6, j =0.5 , y= 1.5

Find:

htt and hts

h1-h3=DW= yU2.
Given by STAGE inlet and outlet parameters as well as
the loss coefficient for both stator and rotor.

Stage Efficiency (5)

Stage Efficiency (6)

Example #3: (Solution)

R= 0.6, j =0.5 , y= 1.5 a1 = a3 = 35.0o, a2 =66.5o , c2/U = 1.25
c3cosa3 =c2cosa2 =cx

c3 /U =0.61

cx /U = j = 0.5

U=c2sina2-cxtanb2

b2 = 16.3o

w2 /U =cx/U/cosb2=0.52

U=-c3sina3+cxtanb3

b3 = 69.7o

w3 /U =cx/U/cosb3=1.44

Sample calculation
with the parameters
shown in the figure
Given:
DW/U2
cy2/U
and cx/U

zN = 0.04+0.06[(66.5+35.0)/100]^2 = 0.102
zR = 0.04+0.06[(16.3+69.7)/100]^2 = 0.084
h1-h3=DW= yU2.
htt = [1+(0.084*1.44^2+0.102*1.25^2)/2/1.5]^(-1) = 90.0%
hts = [1+(0.084*1.44^2+0.102*1.25^2+0.61^2)/2/1.5]^(-1) = 81.0%

Axial Turbine Design

Material Stress Limit U (Rotation speed) and d

DW (Power) H A cx
After selecting the angles and other geometry, we can
estimate the efficiency
The process needs many iterations to achieve the best
performance

The End

Questions and comments ?