Intellectual

Property
-those property rights which results from the physical manifestation of an original
thought.
(Ballantines Law Dictionary)

COVERAGE Intellectual property rights consists of:
a) Copyrights and related rights;
b) Trademarks and service marks;
c) Geographic indications;
d) Industrial designs;
e) Patents;
f) Layout-designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits; and
g) Protection of Undisclosed Information. (Sec. 4)

STATE POLICY IN RESPECT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)
-There is a declaration of State Policy that, among others, the State recognizes that
an effective intellectual and industrial property system is vital to the development of
domestic and creative activity, facilitates transfer of technology, attracts foreign
investments and ensures market access for our products, hence it shall protect and
secure exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to
their intellectual property and creations. (Sec. 2)

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AND RECIPROTICY
Any person who is a national or who is domiciled or has a real and effective
industrial establishment in a country which
1) is a party to any convention, treaty, or agreement relating to intellectual property
rights or the repression of unfair competition to which the Philippines is also a
party, or
2) extends reciprocal rights to nationals of the Philippines by law, shall be entitled
to benefits to the extent necessary to give effect to any provision of such convention,
treaty, or reciprocal law, in addition to the rights to which any owner of an
intellectual property rights is otherwise provided by law. (Sec. 3)

REVERSE RECIPROCITY OF FOREIGN LAWS
Section 231 making enforceable on nationals of a foreign state all conditions,
restrictions, limitations, diminutions, requirements or penalties that may be
imposed by such foreign state on a Filipino national seeking intellectual property
protection.

v Reciprocal application is not automatic
Rather, the Phils. may apply to the foreign national those restrictions that his
country imposes on Filipino applicants

What are TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ARRANGEMENTS?
-contracts or agreements involving the transfer of systematic knowledge for the
manufacture of a product, the application of a process, or rendering of a service

including management contracts; and the transfer, assignment or licensing of all

forms of intellectual property rights, including licensing of computer software
except computer software developed for mass market. (Sec. 4)




PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD OF ACTIONS FOR DAMAGES UNDER THE IPC
-No damages may be recovered after four (4) years from the time the cause of action
arose (Sec. 226)

JURISDICTION OVER DISPUTES UNDER IPC
A. Original Jurisdiction
1) Director General (IPO)
-has original jurisdiction to resolve disputes relating to the terms of a license
involving the authors right to public performance or other communication of his
work.

2) Bureau of Legal Affairs
-has jurisdiction over the ff:
i. Opposition to applications for registration of marks;
ii. Cancellation of trademarks;
iii. Cancellation of patents, utility models and industrial designs;
iv. Petition for compulsory licensing of patents;
v. Administrative Complaints for violations of laws involving IPR where the total
damages claimed is not less than P200,000.00

3) Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau
-has jurisdiction to settle disputes involving technology transfer payments

B. Appellate Jurisdiction
1) Director General
-over all decisions rendered by the ff:
Dir. of Legal Affairs
Dir. of Patents
Dir. of Trademarks
Dir. of the Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer

2) Court of Appeals
-over decisions of the Director General in the exercise of his appellate jurisdiction
over the decisions of the:
Dir. of Legal Affairs
Dir. of Patents
Dir. of Trademarks

3) Secretary of Trade and Industry

-over decisions of the Director General on the exercise of his appellate jurisdiction of
the Director of Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer; AND
-over decisions of the Director General in the exercise of his original jurisdiction
relating to the terms of license involving the authors right.

ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES IMPOSED FOR VIOLATIONS OF LAWS INVOLVING
IPR
-The Director for Legal Affairs may impose the ff:
a) Issuance of a cease and desist order (CDO);
b) Acceptance of voluntary assurance compliance (VAC) or voluntary assurance of
discontinuance (VAD);
c) Condemnation or seizure of products subject of the offense;
d) Forfeiture of properties used in the commission of the offense;
e) Imposition of administrative fines;
f) Cancellation of permit, license, authority or registration;
g) Withholding of permit, license, authority or registration;
h) Assessment of damages;
i) Censure;
j) Analogous penalties or sanctions (Sec. 10.2 [b])


LAW ON PATENTS

PATENT an exclusive right acquired over an invention, to sell, use, and make the
same whether for commerce or industry.

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS
-any technical solution of a problem in any field of human activity which is NEW,
involves an INVENTIVE STEP and is INDUSTRIALLY APPLICABLE shall be
patentable. The patentable invention may be, or may relate to, a product, or process,
or an improvement of any of the foregoing. (Sec. 21)

Requirements:
1) Technical solution of a problem in any field of human activity
2) Novelty that which does not form part of a prior art consists of:
a) that which has been made available to the public anywhere in the world before
the filing date or the priority date of the application
b) that which forms part of an application whether for patent, utility or industrial
design, effective in the Philippines, provided that:
i. the inventors or applicants are not the same
ii. the contents of the application are published in accordance with the requirements
of patent application rules.
iii. the filing date of the prior art is earlier.

3) Inventiveness/Inventive Step
-an invention involves an inventive step if, having regard to prior art, it is not
obvious to a person skilled in the art of the time of the filing date or priority date of
the application claiming the invention. (Sec. 26)

4) Industrial Applicability
-an invention that can be produced and used in any industry. (Sec. 27)

NON-PATENTABLE INVENTIONS
The following shall be excluded from patent protection:
a) Discoveries, Scientific Theories and Mathematical Methods;
b) Schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts, playing games or doing
business, and programs for computer;
c) Methods for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy and
diagnostic methods practiced on the human or animal body;
d) Plant varieties or animal breeds of essentially biological process for the
production of plants or animals;
e) Aesthetic creations;
f) Anything which is contrary to public order or morality (Sec. 22)



RIGHT TO A PATENT
The right to a patent belongs:
a) to the inventor, his heirs, or assigns
b) when 2 or more persons have made the invention separately and independently
to them jointly
c) if two (2) or more persons have made the invention separately and independently
of each other to the person who filed an application for such invention (FIRST TO
FILE RULE)
d) where 2 or more applications are filed for the same invention to the applicant
who has the earliest filing date or the earliest priority date (FIRST TO FILE RULE)
(Sec. 29)
e) in case of inventions created pursuant to a commission to the person who
commissions the work UNLESS agreed otherwise.
f) in case an employee made the invention in the course of his employment, the
patent shall belong to:
the employee if invention not part of his regular duties even if he uses the time,
facilities and materials of the employer; OR
the employer if the invention is the result of the performance of his regularly
assigned duties unless agreed otherwise.

RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY THE PATENTEE
The patentee acquires the following rights under his patent

a) Where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to restrain, prohibit and

prevent any unauthorized person or entity from making, using, offering for sale,
selling or importing that product;
b) Where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to restrain, prevent or prohibit
any unauthorized person or entity from using the process, and from manufacturing,
dealing in, using or offering for sale, or importing any product obtained directly or
indirectly from such process;
c) to assign, or transfer by succession the patent, and to conclude licensing contracts
for the same (Sec. 71)

CONTENTS OF PATENT APPLICATION
A patent application shall contain:
1) a request for the grant of patent;
2) a description of the invention;
-the disclosure of the invention must be in a manner sufficiently clear and complete
for it to be carried out by a skilled in the art.
3) Drawings necessary for the understanding of the invention;
4) One or more claims
5) An abstract (Sec. 32)

v must contain relevant information as to the identity of the person (no anonymous
person)
v if the applicant is not the inventor; he must show proof of authority to seek
application for registration

UNITY OF INVENTION
-every application for patent registration must contain an application over a simple
invention or several inventions but must form part of a single general inventive
concept

PROCEDURE FOR THE GRANT OF PARENT
a) According a filing date to the application (Sec. 41);
b) Examination of compliance by applicant with the formal requirements specified
in Sec. 32, i.e., contents of application (Sec. 42);
c) Classification of application and search for prior art (Sec. 43)
d) Publication of patent application in the IPO Gazette (Sec. 44);
e) Inspection of the application documents by any interested party and written
observations by any third party concerning the patentability of the invention (Secs.
44.2 and 47);
f) Written request by the applicant, within 6 months from the date of publication of
his patent application, for the substantive examination by the IPO of his application.
(Sec 48);
g) Grant of the patent (Sec. 50), or refusal of the examiner to grant the patent (Sec.
51); in the latter case, the refusal may be appealed to the Director of the Bureau of
Patents;
h) Publication of the grant of patent in the IPO Gazette (Sec. 52)


TERM OF A PATENT, UTILITY MODEL, INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
a) Patent 20 yrs from the filing date of application, without renewal
b) Utility model 7 yrs, w/out renewal
c) Industrial design 5 yrs, renewable twice

UTILITY MODELS
-models of implement or tools of any industrial product even if not possessed of the
quality of invention but which is of practical utility

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
-any composition of lines or colors or any three-dimensional form, whether or not
associated with lines or colors provided that such composition or form gives a
special appearance to and can serve as pattern for an industrial product or
handicraft.

CANCELLATION OF PATENTS
Who may file?
any person
IPO motu proprio

Grounds:
a) That the patent is invalid (Sec. 81);
b) That what is claimed as the invention is not new or patentable;
c) That the patent does not disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and
complete for it to be carried out by any person skilled in the art; or
d) That the patent is contrary to public order or morality. (Sec. 61)
e) failure to make payments of annual fees or dues

Where to file?
BLA if in violation of IPC (administrative)
RTC otherwise

INFRINGEMENT
-the making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing a patented product or a
product obtained directly or indirectly from a patented process or the use of a
patented process without the authorization of the patentee. (Sec. 76)

TEST OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT
1) Literal Infringement resort is had to the words of the claim.
2) Doctrine of Equivalents if two devices do the same work in substantially the
same way, the same result, and produce substantially the same result, they are the
same even though they differ in name, form, or shape.

REMEDIES IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT
A) File civil case for the following purposes:

1) To recover from the infringer such damages as the court may award considering
the circumstances of the case provided it shall not exceed 3 times the amount of the
actual damages sustained plus attorneys fees and other expenses of litigation;
2) To secure an injunction for the protection of his rights;
3) To receive a reasonable royalty, if the damages are inadequate or cannot be
readily ascertained with reasonable certainty;
4) To have the infringing goods, materials and implements predominantly used in
the infringement disposed of outside the channels of commerce, or destroyed
without compensation;
5) To hold the contributory infringer jointly and severally liable with the infringer.

B) File criminal case within 3 years from date of commission of the crime for
repetition of infringement (Sec. 84)


LAW ON TRADEMARKS

TRADEMARK anything which is adopted and used to identify the source of origin
of goods, and which is capable of distinguishing them from goods emanating from a
competitor

SERVICE MARK distinguishes the services of an enterprise from the service of
other enterprises. It performs for services what a trademark does for goods.

COLLECTIVE MARK - any visible sign designated as such in the application for
registration and capable of distinguishing the origin or any other common
characteristic, including the quality of goods and services of different enterprises
which use the sign under the control of the registered owner of the collective mark
(Sec. 121.2)

TRADE NAMES the person (whether natural or juridical) who does business and
produces the goods or the services is designated by a trade name.
-Under the law, there is no need to register trade names in order to secure
protection for them.

TRADE DRESS involves the total image of a product, including such features as
size, shape, color or color combinations, texture, and/or graphics.

HOW MARKS ARE ACQUIRED
-Under RA 8293, the rights in a mark shall be acquired through registration made
validly in accordance with its provisions. (Sec. 122)
-This proposition of law, however, may not be converted for it is not true that where
there is no registration, there is no protection.
Acquisition through use
-Whether or not a registered trademark is employed, when a person has identified
in the mind of the public the goods he manufactures or deals in his business or

services from those of others, such a person has a property right in the goodwill of
said goods or services which will be protected in the same manner as other property
rights (Sec. 168.1)

RIGHTS CONFERRED
-the owner of a registered mark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third
parties not having the owners consent from using in the course of trade identical or
similar signs or containers for goods or services which are identical or similar to
those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would result
in a likelihood of confusion. (Sec. 147)

DURATION
-the certificate of registration of a trademark shall be ten (10) years from the filing
date of application provided the registrant shall file a declaration of actual use
within a year from the 5th anniversary of registration date (Sec. 145)
-renewable for another 10 yrs. (Sec. 146)

NON-REGISTRABLE TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARK

A mark cannot be registered if it:
a) Consists of immoral, deceptive or scandalous matter, or matter which may
disparage or falsely suggest a connection with persons, living or dead, institutions,
beliefs, or national symbols, or bring them into contempt or disrepute;
b) Consists of the flag or coat of arms or other insignia of the Philippines or any of its
political subdivisions, or of any foreign nation, or any simulation thereof;
c) Consists of a name, portrait or signature identifying a particular living individual
except by his written consent, or the name, signature, or portrait of a deceased
President of the Philippines, during the life of his widow, if any, except by written
consent of the window;
d) Is identical with a registered mark belonging to a different proprietor or a mark
with an earlier filing or priority date, in respect of:
(i) The same gods or services, or
(ii) Closely related goods or services, or
(iii) If it nearly resembles such a mark as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion;
e) Is identical with, or confusingly similar to, or constitutes a translation of a mark
which is considered by the competent authority of the Philippines to be well-known
internationally and in the Philippines, whether or not it is registered here, as being
already the mark of a person other than the applicant for registration, and used for
identical or similar goods or services: provided, that in determining whether a mark
is well-known, account shall be taken of the knowledge of the relevant sector of the
public, rather than of the public at large, including knowledge in the Philippines
which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the mark;
f) Is identical with, or confusingly similar to, or constitutes a translation of a mark
considered well-known in accordance with the preceding paragraph, which is
registered in the Philippines with respect to goods or services which are not similar
to those with respect to which registration is applied for: provided, that use of the

mark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a connection between

those goods or services, and the owner of the registered trademark: Provided
further that the interests of the owner of the registered mark are likely to be
damaged by such use;
g) Is likely to mislead the public, particularly as to the nature, quality, characteristics
or geographical origin of the goods or services;
h) Consists exclusively of signs that are generic for the goods or services that they
seek to identify;
i) Consists exclusively of signs or of indications that have become customary or
usual to designate the goods or services in everyday language or in a bonafide and
established trade practice;
j) Consists exclusively of signs or indications that may serve in trade to designate
the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose, value, geographical origin, time or
production of the goods or rendering of the services, or other characteristics of the
goods or services;
k) Consists of shapes that may be necessitated by technical factors or by the nature
of the goods themselves or factors that affect their intrinsic value;
l) Consists of color alone, unless defined by a given form; or
m) Is contrary to public order or morality (Sec. 123)

FILING DATE OF AN APPLICATION
-The filing date of an application shall be the date on which the office received the
following indications and elements in English or Filipino:
a) An express or implicit indication that the registration of a mark is sought;
b) Indications sufficient to contact the applicant or his representative, if any;
c) Indications sufficient to contact the applicant or his representative, if any;
d) A reproduction of the mark where registration is sought; and
e) The list of the goods or services for which the registration is sought. (Sec. 127.1)

v NO filing date shall be accorded until the required fee is paid (Sec. 127.2)

PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION
a) Examination to determine whether the application satisfies the requirements for
the grant of a filing date.
b) Examination to determine whether the application meets the requirements of
Sec. 124 and the mark is registrable under Sec. 123.
c) Denial of the application or amendment thereof or publication of the application;
d) Opposition to the application; notice; hearing; decision by examiner; appeal to
the Director of Bureau of Trademarks; appeal to the IPO Director General; appeal to
the CA;
e) Issuance of Certificate of registration
f) Publication in the IPO Gazette of the fact of registration

CANCELLATION OF TRADEMARK OR TRADENAME
Who may file?

 any person who believes that he is and will be damaged by the registration of a
mark

Where to file?
BLA
Grounds:
a) Mark becomes generic for goods for which it is registered;
b) Abandonment of the mark;
c) Registration obtained fraudulently or contrary to provisions of RA 8293;
d) Mark used by, or with permission, or, registrant;
e) Failure to use the mark within the Philippines for 3 uninterrupted years or
longer.

EFFECTS OF NON-USE
may be excused if caused by circumstances arising independently of the will of the
trademark owner, such as military coup, or political changes that impede commerce
Registration is an administrative act declaratory of a pre-existing right that does
not, of itself, perfect a trademark, for what does is actual use
Non-use is a ground for removing a mark from the register

DOCTRINE OF SECONDARY MEANING
-While a generic, indicative or descriptive mark will, as a general rule, be denied
registration, there is a circumstance that will allow it to be registered. Under the
doctrine of secondary meaning, when a mark has become distinctive of the
applicants gods in commerce and, in the mind of the public, indicates a single
source of consumers, it may be registered.

WHAT CONSTITUTES AN INFRINGEMENT
-Under RA 8293, any person shall, without the consent of the owner of the
registered mark:
1) Use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a
registered mark or the same container or a dominant feature thereof in connection
with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, advertising any goods or services
including other preparatory steps necessary to carry out the sale of any goods or
services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to
cause mistake, or to deceive; or
2) Reproduce, counterfeit, copy or colorably imitate a registered mark or a
dominant feature thereof and apply such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or
colorable imitation to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles, or
advertisements intended to be used in commerce upon or in connection with the
sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of goods or services on, or in
connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or
to deceive, shall be liable for infringement. (Sec. 155)

TEST OF TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT

1) Dominancy Test consists in seeking out the main, essential or dominant

features of a mark.
2) Holistic Test takes stock of the other features of a mark, taking into
consideration the entirety of the marks.

DIFFERENTIATED FROM UNFAIR COMPETITION
1) Cause of action: in infringement, the cause of action is the unauthorized use of a
registered trademark; in unfair competition, it is the passing off of ones goods as
those of another merchant.
2) Fraudulent intent is not necessary in infringement, but necessary in UC.
3) Registration of trademarks: in infringement, it is a pre-requisite; in UC, it is not
required.
4) Class of goods involved: in infringement, the goods must be of similar class; in UC,
the goods need not be of the same class.

v infringement is a form of unfair competition


REMEDIES AVAILABLE IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT OF A REGISTERED MARK
a) Sue for damages (Sec. 156.1);
b) Have the infringing goods impounded (Sec. 156.2);
c) Ask for double damages (Sec. 156.3)
d) Ask for injunction (156.4)
e) Have the infringing goods disposed of outside the channels of commerce (Sec.
157.1)
f) Have the infringing goods destroyed (Sec. 157.1)
g) File criminal action (Sec. 170);
h) Administrative Sanctions

UNFAIR COMPETITION
-any person who shall employ deception or any other means contrary to good faith
by which he shall pass off the goods manufactured by him or in which he deals, or
his business, or services for those of the one having established such goodwill, or
who shall commit any acts calculated to produce said result, shall be guilty of unfair
competition.

How Committed
a) Making ones goods appear as the goods of another;
b) Use of artifice or device to induce the false belief that ones goods are those of
another;
c) False statements in the course of trade; or
d) Any act contrary to good faith calculated to discredit anothers goods

TEST OF UNFAIR COMPETITION
-The test is whether certain goods have been clothed with an appearance likely to
deceive the ordinary purchaser exercising ordinary care.


REMEDIES AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION
a) Damages which may either be:
reasonable profit which would have realized, or
actual profits collected by the defendant, or
a certain percentage over the gross sales of defendant in case of the measure of
damages cannot be readily ascertained;
b) Damages may be doubled in cases where actual intent to mislead the public or to
defraud the complaint is shown;
c) Impounding of sales invoices and other documents evidencing sales;
d) Injunction
e) Destruction of goods found to be infringing, and all paraphernalia.



LAW ON COPYRIGHT

COPYRIGHT system of legal protection an author enjoys in the form of expression
of ideas

BASIC PRINCIPLES
Works are protected by the sole fact of their creation, irrespective of their mode or
form of expression, as well as their content, quality or purpose (Sec. 172.2)
Protection extends only to the expression of the idea, not to the idea itself or to any
procedure, system, method or operation, concept or principle, discovery or mere
data.

CREATION OF A WORK
A copyright work is created when the two(2) requirements are met:
1) Originality does not mean novelty or ingenuity, neither uniqueness nor
creativity. It simply means that the work owes its origin to the author
2) Expression there must be fixation To be fixed, a work must be embodied in a
medium sufficiently:
permanent; or
stable
to permit it to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of
more than transitory duration.
-if it is not required that the medium be visible as long as there is a possibility of
retrieval, then there is fixation
-it is fixation that defines the time from when copyright subsists. Before fixation,
there can be no infringement.

WORKS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT
A. Original Work - Literary and artistic works are original intellectual creations in
the literary and artistic domain protected from the moment of their creation,

irrespective of their mode or form of expression, as well as of their content, quality

and purpose, and shall include in particular:
a) Books, pamphlets, articles and other writings
b) Periodicals and newspapers
c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations prepared for oral delivery, whether
or not reduced in writing or other material form
d) Letters
e) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; choreographic works or
entertainment in dumb shows
f) Musical compositions, with or without words
g) Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving, lithography or
other works of art; models or designs for works of art
h) Original ornamental designs or models for articles of manufacture, whether or
not registrable as an industrial design, and other works of applied art.
i) Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts and three-dimensional works relative
to geography, topography, architecture or science
j) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character
k) Photographic works including works produced by a process analogous to
photography; lantern slides
l) Audiovisual works and cinematographic or any process for making audio-visual
recordings
m) Pictorial illustrations and advertisements
n) Computer programs
o) Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works (Sec. 172)

B. Derivative Works the following derivative works shall also be protected:
a) Dramatizations, translations, adaptations, abridgments, arrangements, and other
alterations of literary works
b) Collections of literary, scholarly or artistic works, and compilations of data and
other materials which are original by reason of the selection or coordination or
arrangement of their contents. (Sec. 173)

WORKS NOT PROTECTED
-The following works are not protected:
1) Any idea, procedure, system, method or operation, concept, principle, discovery
or mere data as such, even if expressed, explained, illustrated, or embodied in a
work;
2) News of the day and other facts having the character of mere items of press
information;
3) Any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as well as any
official translation thereof. (Sec. 175)
4) Any work of the Government of the Philippines. (Sec. 176)
-however, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is
created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or
office, may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties
5) Pleadings;

6) Decisions of courts and tribunals.

-This pertains to the original decisions not to the SCRA published in volumes since
these are protected under derivative works.

RIGHTS OF AN AUTHOR
(Author a natural person who has created the work.)

A. Economic Rights (Sec. 177)
1) Right to reproduce;
2) Right to create derivative works;
3) Right to first public distribution or first sale;
4) Right to rent out the original or a cop of an audiovisual or cinematographic work;
5) Right to public performance;
6) Right to other communication of the work to the public.

B. Moral Rights (Sec. 193)
1) Right of attribution or paternity right;
2) Right of alteration or non-publication;
3) Right to preservation of integrity
4) Right not to be identified with work of others or with distorted work.
Term of moral right
-lifetime of the author and 50 years after his death
Waiver of moral right
1) by a written instrument (Sec. 195)
2) by contribution to a collective work unless expressly reserved (Sec. 196)

PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMATIC PROTECTION
Under the Berne Convention, the enjoyment and exercise of copyright, including
moral rights, shall not be the subject of any formality.

OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT
1. Single creator copyright belongs to the author of the work, his heirs or assigns.
2. Joint creation copyright belongs to the co-authors jointly as co-owners. But if the
work consists of identifiable parts, the author of each part owns the part that he has
created.
3. Employees creation copyright belongs to the employee if the creation is not
part of his regular duties even if he uses the time, facilities and materials of the
employer; otherwise it belongs to the employer
4. Commissioned work the work belongs to the person commissioning but the
copyright remains with the creator unless there is a written stipulation to the
contrary.
5. Cinematographic works the producer has copyright for purposes of exhibition;
for all other purposes, the producer, the author of the scenario, the composer, the
film director, the author of the work are the creators.
6. Anonymous and pseudonymous works the publishers shall be deemed the
representative of the author unless:

a. the contrary appears

b. the pseudonyms or adopted name leaves no doubt as to the authors identity or
c. if the author discloses his identity (Sec. 179).
7. Collective works the contributor is deemed to have waived his right unless he
expressly reserves it. (Sec. 196)
Collective work a work created by two or more persons at the initiative and under
the direction of another with the understanding that it will be disclosed by the latter
under his own name and that the contributions of natural persons will not be
identified. (Sec. 171.2)
8. In case of transfers, the transferee shall own one or more or all the economic
rights transferred provided:
a. the assignment, if inter vivos, be in writing (Sec. 180.2)
b. the assignment be filed with the National Library upon payment of the prescribed
fee. (Sec. 182)



DURATION OF COPYRIGHT
Literary artistic works and derivative works of a SINGLE CREATOR - lifetime of the
creator and for 50 years after his death
Joint creation lifetime of last surviving co-creator and for 50 years after his death.
Anonymous or a work under a pseudonym not identifiable with the true name of
the creator 50 years after the date of their first publication.
v Except where, before the expiration of said period, the author's identity is revealed
or is no longer in doubt, the rule for single and joint creation shall apply
Photographic works 50 years from the publication of the work, or from making
the same term is given to audiovisual works produced by photography or analogous
processes.
Work of Applied Art 25 years from the date of making
Newspaper Article lifetime of the author and 50 years after his death
v A pure news report will no longer find protection under he new law, BUT a column
or published comment will

The work of performers not incorporated in RECORDING, PRODUCTS OF SOUND
IMAGE RECORDINGS, and BROADCASTS, are protected for periods of 50 years, 50
years, and 20 years, respectively, counted from the end of the year of performance,
recording, or broadcasts, respectively.

The term of protection shall be counted from the first day of January of the year
following the death or of last publication (Sec. 214)

LIMITATIONS TO THE RIGHTS ON COPYRIGHT
1) Private performance, private and personal use applicable only when a work
has been lawfully made accessible to the public.

Personal Use

-making a single reproduction, adaptation, arrangement or other transformation of

anothers work exclusively for ones own individual use in such cases as personal
research, learning or amusement

Private Use
-making a reproduction, adaptation or other transformation of it, in a single person
as in the case of personal use but also for a common purpose by a specific circle of
persons only.

2) Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work
Fair Use - A privilege in persons other than the owner of the copyright to use the
copyrighted material in a reasonable manner without its consent, notwithstanding
the monopoly granted to the owner by the copyright.
-the doctrine of fair use is meant to balance the monopolies enjoyed by the
copyright owner with interests of the public and of society.

CRITERIA TO DETERMINE WHETHER USE IS FAIR OR NOT:
a) Purpose and the character of the use
b) Nature of the copyrighted work
c) Amount and substantially of the portions used
d) Effect of the use upon the potential market of the copyrighted work (Sec. 185)

THE FAIR-USES OF PROTECTED MATERIAL ARE:
a) Criticizing, commenting, and news reporting;
b) Using for instructional purposes including producing multiple copies of
classroom use, for scholarship, research and similar purposes (Sec. 185)

3) WORKING OF ARCHITECTURE (Sec. 186)
-include the right to control the erection of any building which reproduces the
whole or a substantial part of the work either in its original or in any form
recognizably derived from the original; Provided, that the copyright in any such
work shall not include the right to control the reconstruction, or rehabilitation in the
same style as the original of a building to which that copyright relates

4) REPRODUCTION OF PUBLISHED WORK
-exclusively for research and private study.

5) REPROGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION BY LIBRARIES
-any library or archive whose activities are not for profit may, without the
authorization of the author of copyright owner, make a single copy of the work by
reprographic reproduction.

6) REPRODUCTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS
-allowed on the ff. conditions:
a) only one copy is made;
b) lawful owner made the copy;

c) purpose of which the reproduction is made is legal like:

use to which the program is made and for which it was purchased demand the
reproduction of a copy; or
the reproduction of a copy is necessary to guarantee against loss or destruction
(Sec. 189.1)

7) IMPORTATION FOR PERSONAL PURPOSES
-The importation of a copy of a work by an individual for his personal purposes shall
be permitted without the authorization of the author of, or other owner of copyright
in, the work under the following circumstances:
a) Copies of the work are not available in the Philippines and:
i. not more than one copy at one time is imported for strict individual use;
ii. importation is by authority and for the use of Philippine Government; or
iii. Religious, charitable, or educational society imported not more than 3 copies per
title provided they are not for sale.
b) Copies form part of libraries and personal baggage belonging to persons or
families arriving from foreign countries and are not intended for sale: Provided, that
such copies do not exceed three (3). (Sec. 190)

REMEDIES IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT:
1) Injunction to prevent infringement
2) Damages assessed on the basis of the proof alleged by the plaintiff of sales made
by the defendant of the infringing work minus whatever costs the defendant may be
able to prove and appreciated by the court.
3) Delivery under oath of all implements employed in the production of the
infringing products themselves and the infringing items, for impounding or
destruction as the court may order.
4) Payment of moral and exemplary damages in the discretion of court.
5) Criminal Action

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COPYRIGHT, PATENT AND TRADEMARK
1) Subject Matter of the Right:
Copyright literary, scientific or artistic work;
Patent new, useful, and industrially applicable inventions;
Trademark goods manufactured or produced

2) Where Right Registered:
Copyright National Library
Patent and Trademark IPO

3) Duration of Right:
Patent 20 years from filing or priority date
Trademark 10 yearsCopyright Generally up to 50 years after the death of the
author.