Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 3
8e
CONTENT CHAPTER 3
SUBSECTION
Concept problems
Kinetic and potential energy
Force displacement work
Boundary work
Heat transfer
Properties (u, h) from general tables
Problem analysis
Simple processes
Specific heats: solids and liquids
Properties (u, h, Cv, Cp), Ideal gas
Specific heats ideal gas
Polytropic process
Multistep process: all subtances
Energy equation rate form
General work
More complex devices
Review problems
PROB NO.
1-27
28-36
37-44
45-57
58-69
70-81
82-88
89-115
116-126
127-138
139-151
152-168
169-184
185-199
200-209
210-217
218-241
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AA
3.d
A constant mass goes through a process where 100 J of heat transfer comes in and
100 J of work leaves. Does the mass change state?
Yes it does.
As work leaves a control mass its volume must go up, v increases
As heat transfer comes in an amount equal to the work out means u is
constant if there are no changes in kinetic or potential energy.
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min
s
1 kW- hour = 1000 W 60 hour hour 60 min = 3 600 000 Ws
A
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W = P
dV
AE
P = CV
as n = 1.667 the curve drops as V goes up we see
V2 > V1 giving dV > 0
E
A
E
P
1
2
W
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n=1
2
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A
E
Yes it does. Both 1Q2 and 1W2 are process dependent. We can illustrate
the work term in a P-v diagram.
A
A
E
P
Cr.P.
S
1000
100
20
200
a
1000
100 1
1553 kPa
1000
200
200 C
20 C
C.P.
180 C
20
2
a
b
100
1
v
In one case the process proceeds from 1 to state a along constant T then
from a to state 2 along constant P.
The other case proceeds from 1 to state b along constant P and then
from b to state 2 along constant T.
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Continuity eq.:
m2 m1A m1B = 0
Energy eq.:
Process:
Insulated: 1Q2 = 0,
m2 = m1A + m1B
A
E
Rigid: V2 = C = VA + VB
A
1W2
=0
m1A
m1B
From continuity eq. and process: v2 = V2/m2 = m v1A + m v1B
2
2
A
m1A
m1B
u2 = m u1A + m u1B
2
2
Final state 2: (v2, u2) both are the mass weighted average of the initial values.
A
A
E
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3.m
To determine v or u for an ideal gas, is it more important that I know P or T?
For v they are equally important ( v = RT/P), but for u only T is important. For an
ideal gas u is a function of T only (independent of P).
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Heating at constant pressure gives (recall the analysis in Section 3.9, page 109)
1Q2 = H2 H1 = m(h2 h1) m Cp (T2 T1)
A
A
E
A
E
C = 4.18 kJ/kg-K,
C = 0.46 kJ/kg-K
so A.5:
Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg-K
so A.3:
C = 2.04 kJ/kg-K
1Q2
A
1Q2
= 4.18 kJ
1Q2
= 0.46 kJ
1Q2
A
= 1.004 kJ
= 2.04 kJ
Comment: For liquid water we could have interpolated h2 h1 from Table B.1.1
and for ice we could have used Table B.1.5. For air we could have used Table
A.7. If the temperature is very different from those given the tables will provide a
more accurate answer.
A
A
E
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Concept Problems
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This was historically defined as the heat transfer needed to bring 1 g of liquid water
from 14.5oC to 15.5oC, notice the value of the heat capacity of water in Table A.4
E
1 N-m = 1 J
or
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A
E
1Q2
A
A
E
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A
E
A
E
No.
The net balance of the heat transfer and work terms from the energy equation is
E2 E1 = 1Q2 1W2 > 0
A
A
E
but that does not separate the effect of the two terms.
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Po
mp
mA
CV A:
CV B:
= P dV = P(V2 V1)
1WA2
A
1WB2
A
= 1Q2 1WB2
A
A
E
= Po dV = Po(V2 V1)
A
A
E
Notice how the P inside CV A is P = Po + mpistg /Acyl i.e. the first work term is
larger than the second. The difference between the work terms is exactly equal to the
potential energy of the piston sitting on the left hand side in the CV B energy Eq. The
two equations are mathematically identical.
1WA2 = P(V2 V1) = [Po + mpistg /Acyl ] (V2 V1)
A
A
E
A
E
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Wire
Room air
Tot room
Storage
0W
500 W
500 W
Work
-500 W
0W
-500 W
Heat transfer
-500 W
500 W
0W
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x2 = 3 x1
A
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A
E
A
E
F = PAcyl = P D2/4
E
F1 = PAcyl 1 = P D1/4
A
F
2
2
1
cb
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Po
mp
Solution:
Process: P = Po + mpg/Acyl = C
Heat in so T increases, v increases and Q is positive.
As the volume increases the work is positive. 1W2 =
P dV
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Solution:
Fd = 0.225 A V2
A
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c)
b)
Po
mp
R4
1
0
A
P
1
1
P
1
1
V
V
Vstop
V1
P
1
V
V1
Vstop
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a)
1W2
b)
= P1(V2 V1)
P = A + BV;
[ P1 = Pfloat ]
1W2
P = P1 and V Vstop
c)
1W2
a)
= P1(V2 V1)
V = Vstop and P P1
or
V = Vstop and P P1
or
[ P1 = Pfloat ]
b)
c)
Po
mp
R-410A
P
1
1
P
1
1
V
V
Vstop
V1
P
1
V
V1
Vstop
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Solution:
work term is formula c, the
area under the process curve
in a P-v diagram.
P2
1
2 (P1
A
+ P 2)
2
1
v
v1
v2
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b)
c)
Po
mp
R4
0
A
Solution:
P
1
v
v stop
v
v1
vstop
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multiple glazings
low-E coating
Gas filled space
Spacer and sealer
Window structural frame
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.
The heat transfer is Q = CA T where the details of the heat transfer is in the
factor C. Assuming those details are the same then it is the temperature difference
that changes the heat transfer so
.
kW
Q = CA T = 6 kW = CA (20 10) K => CA = 0.6 K
Then
.
kW
Q = CA T = 0.6 K (20 30) K = 6 kW (it goes in)
A
EA
EA
EA
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Units:
This is like a potential energy associated with the surface. For water in small
pores it tends to keep the water in the pores rather than in a drop on the surface.
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A
E
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The absolute value of u and h are arbitrary. A constant can be added to all u and h
values and the table is still valid. It is customary to select the reference such that u
for saturated liquid water at the triple point is zero. The standard for refrigerants
like R-410A is that h is set to zero as saturated liquid at -40oC, other substances as
cryogenic substances like nitrogen, methane etc. may have different states at
which h is set to zero. The ideal gas tables use a zero point for h as 25oC or at
absolute zero, 0 K.
E
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= P dV = (A + BV) dV
2
A
E
A
E
A
E
Notice the last expression directly gives the area below the curve in the P-V
diagram.
P
2
P2
P
1
V
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Energy Eq.:
since u2 = u1 (isothermal)
A
E
Then
1W2
A
A
E
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A
E
= h2 h1 Cp T
A
A
E
The one with the highest specific heat is hydrogen, H2. The hydrogen has
the smallest mass, but the same kinetic energy per mol as other molecules and
thus the most energy per unit mass is needed to increase the temperature.
A
A
E
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The process will take place at constant pressure (atmospheric) and you can
assume there will be minimal heat transfer if the process is reasonably fast. The
energy equation then becomes
U2 U1 = 0 1W2 = P(V2 V1)
A
You need the amount of mass at each temperature m1 20C and m1 50C.
A
A
E
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A
E
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A
E
km2
= 0.5 1200 kg [502 302] h
1000 m2
= 600 kg [ 2500 900 ] 3600 s = 74 074 J = 74.1 kJ
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V2 = 0,
A
V1 = 90
A
E
km 90 1000 -1
=
ms = 25 ms-1
h
3600
E
0.5 V1
0.5252 m2/s2
L = 0.006 g =
= 5311 m
0.0069.807 m/s2
A
EA
EA
EA
AE
Remark: Over 5 km! The air resistance is much higher than the rolling
resistance so this is not a realistic number by itself.
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W=
F dx
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KE = m (V2 - V1)
A
V2 = 100 km/h =
A
A
E
100 1000
m/s
3600
A
= 27.78 m/s
= 117.7 kJ
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A
E
V =
A
A
E
E2 E1
30891 J
3
=
P
800 1000 Pa = 0.0386 m
A
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A
E
W 2362.5 kJ
=
= 1.89 m3
Pavg 1250 kPa
A
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E2 E1 = m (1/2) (V22 - 0)
A
A
E
A
E
100
2
V
W = P dV = (1/2)(Pbeg + Pend) V
W
2362.5 kJ
V = P = 1/2(1000 + 100) kPa = 4.29 m3
avg
A
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A
E
E2 = mu2 + mgZ2 + 0
A
We assume the steel ball does not change temperature (u2 = u1) so then the energy
equation gives
A
A
E
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3.37
A hydraulic cylinder of area 0.01 m2 must push a 1000 kg arm and shovel 0.5 m
straight up. What pressure is needed and how much work is done?
E
AE
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F dx
PA dx = PA x
Units:
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W
xmaster = PA =
A
25
J
= 0.05 m
-4
1000 5 10 kPa m2
Master
Slave
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The formula involves density and velocity and work involves distance so:
1 P
100
kg
= v = RT =
= 1.2015 3
0.287 290
m
km
1000 m
V = 90 h = 90 3600 s = 25 m/s
A
EA
AE
2
kg
2m
25
s2
m3
A
EA
= 675.8 m2
E
AE
EA
AE
kg m2
= 676 N
m 3 s2
A
EA
AE
EA
AE
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Solution:
W = F dx = P dV = PA dx = PA* H = PV
W
1 kJ
V = P = 1200 kPa = 0.000 833 m3
E
F
2
2
1
cb
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until it is 100 mm longer. Find the required force and work input.
Solution:
F = ks(x - x0) = 500 0.1 = 50 N
A
EA
N
= 500 m (0.12/2) m2 = 2.5 J
E
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C.V. Piston
2
A
E
A
E
A
E
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Boundary work
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A
E
(remark Vatm = Vgas so the two work terms are of opposite sign)
9.038
kJ
Vgas = 600 100 kPa = 0.018 m3
A
V
P
Po
g
Pavg
2
V
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If the volume is reduced the piston must drop and thus float with P = 400 kPa.
The process therefore follows a process curve shown in the P-V diagram.
v1 = 0.03320 m3/kg
Table B.4.2:
1W2
A
= PdV
= area
P
1
AE
A
E
1
2
400
v
v stop
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Solution:
Take C.V. as all the argon in both A and B. Boundary movement work done in
cylinder B against constant external pressure of 150 kPa. Argon is an ideal gas, so
write out that the mass and temperature at state 1 and 2 are the same
PA1VA = mARTA1 = mART2 = P2( VA + VB2)
A
250 0.4
- 0.4 = 0.2667 m3
150
A
3
1W2 =
PextdV = Pext(VB2 - VB1) = 150 kPa (0.2667 - 0) m = 40 kJ
E
EA
Po
Argon
A
P
1
B
2
B
V
Notice there is a pressure loss in the valve so the pressure in B is always 150 kPa
while the piston floats.
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State 2: v2 = V2/m = 0.1/2 = 0.05 m3/kg and P = 3000 kPa from B.1.2
E
=> Two-phase:
T2 = 233.9oC
A
E
P C.P.
2
1
300
C.P.
2
T
20
v
300 kPa
1
v
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A
E
Process: P = A + BV
linear in V
P1 + P2
W
=
PdV
=
(V2 - V1)
1 2
2
2
EA
1
= 2 (150 + 800) kPa (1.5 - 1) L 0.001 m3/L
A
= 0.2375 kJ
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Work is done against the atmosphere due to volume change in the process. The
pressure is 101 kPa so we approximate the states as saturated
State 1: Compressed solid, B.1.5,
v1 = 0.0010891 m3/kg
v2 = 0.001000 m3/kg
W2 =
PdV = Po (V2 V1) = Po m (v2 v1)
AE
A
E
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1W2
A
= P dV = P (V2-V1) = mP (v2-v1)
A
A
E
P C.P.
C.P.
P = 1000 kPa
2
1000
140
39
2
cb
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Solution
1: v1 = V/m = 0.1 m3/2 kg = 0.05 m3/kg (two-phase state)
E
v2 = vg = v1
2: Constant volume:
V2 = V1 = 0.1 m3
A
1W2
A
= P dV = 0
State 2: (v2, x2 = 1)
A
0.05 - 0.05013
T2 = Tsat = 250 + 5 0.04598 - 0.05013 = 250.2C
A
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Polytropic process
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AE
EA
so the sign depends on the sign for dV (or dv). The process looks like the following
P = C v -1.3
P
The actual
process is on a
steeper curve
than n = 1.
T = C v-0.3
2
T2
2
1
T
1
v
1
v
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Solution:
n
Process equation:
V2 = V1 (P1/P2)
A
1250.6
= 0.25 100
= 0.2852 m3
E
EA
P
The actual process is
on a steeper curve than
n = 1.
1
2
W
n=1
V
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Process:
Ideal gas
Pv = RT so
RT 0.287 325
v1 = P =
= 0.7462 m3/kg
125
E
RT 0.287 500
=
= 0.47833 m3/kg
P
300
From the process equation
v2 =
A
A
E
1w2 =
A
= 51.8 kJ/kg
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1W2 = P dV =
A
P2V2 - P1V1
1-n
A
158.74 4 - 100 1
kPa-m3 = 401.2 kJ
1 - (-1/3)
P2V2
158.74 4 kPa-m3
m2 = RT =
= 7.424 kg
0.287 298 kJ/kg
2
=
2
1
W
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Process:
Pv
= constant
(1/1.5)
m2 = m1 = m
A
A
2/3
Process gives P = C v
1W2
A
m
= P dV = 1 - 1.5 (P2v2 - P1v1)
A
-1.5
A
E
2
kg (500 0.05416 - 201.7 0.09921) kPa-m3/kg
- 0.5
= -7.07 kJ
=
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Solution :
Convection heat transfer, Eq.3.24
.
.
Q
Q = hA = hA
A
EA
75 W
= 75 C
2
10 Wm K-1 0.1 m2
= 20 + 75 = 95C
T = ( BRAKE 20 ) =
TBRAKE
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Solution :
Steady state conduction through a single layer
board, Eq.3.23.
.
.
T
x = k /Q
Q cond = k A
x
A
EA
x = 0.08
W
75 18 K
3 m2
mK
200 W
E
= 0.068 m
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. .
T
W
20 K
q = Q/A = k
= 0.16 m K 0.015 m = 213 W/m2
x
A
EA
EA
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Solution:
Convection heat transfer, Eq.3.24
.
Q = h A T = 125 W/m2K 2 m2 (15 2) K = 3250 W
E
EA
2oC
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Solution :
.
Q tot = 25 + 50 = 75 W to go out
Convection heat transfer, Eq.3.24
.
Q = hA T = 15 1 T = 75 W
.
Q
75 W
T = hA =
= 5 C
15 W/(m2K) 1 m2
so T must be at least 25 C
A
EA
EA
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EA
EA
Condensing
Sea
water
water
cb
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Solution :
Convection heat transfer, Eq.3.24
.
.
Q = hA T; Q = Q t = hA T t
A
EA
EA
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3.65
A pot of steel, conductivity 50 W/m K, with a 5 mm thick bottom is filled with
15C liquid water. The pot has a diameter of 20 cm and is now placed on an
electric stove that delivers 500 W as heat transfer. Find the temperature on the
outer pot bottom surface assuming the inner surface is at 15C.
Solution :
Steady conduction, Eq.3.23, through the bottom of the steel pot. Assume
the inside surface is at the liquid water temperature.
.
.
T
= Q x / k
Q=k A
x
A
EA
EA
T = 15 + 1.59 16.6C
cb
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EA
= 15 505 W/m2
= 15.5 kW/m2
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EA
.
a) Q/A = 0.7 5.67 10-8 W/m2K4 ( 273.15 + 30)4 K4 = 335 W/m2
E
EA
.
b) Q/A = 0.9 5.67 10-8 W/m2K4 288.154 K4 = 352 W/m2
E
EA
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.
T4 = Qel / A
A
= 9.9803 10 K
T 1000 K OR 725 C
11
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EA
= 0.0055 m2
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b. Table B.6.1:
A
E
c. Ideal gas,
P C.P.
C.P.
T b,d
c
v
b,d
c
P = const.
a
v
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c.
5000 kPa, v = 0.06 m3/kg
Solution:
a) Look in Table B.1.2 at 500 kPa
E
=>
b.
d.
-6oC, v = 1 m3/kg
E
compressed liquid
b)
=>
compressed liquid
Table B.1.4:
800 - 759.62
T = 180 + (200 - 180) 848.08 - 759.62 = 180 + 200.4567 = 189.1oC
E
c)
=>
superheated vapor
Table B.1.3:
0.06 - 0.05781
T = 400 + 50 0.0633 - 0.05781 = 400 + 500.3989 = 419.95oC
A
B.1.5:
C.P.
P = const.
c
b
a
c
b
a
v
d
v
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u=? v=?
Solution:
a) Table B.2.1 P < Psat
b) Table B.2.1: P < Psat => x = undefined, superheated vapor, from B.2.2:
v = 1.4153 m3/kg ;
E
u = 1374.5 kJ/kg
u = 1383 kJ/kg
P C.P.
T
c
C.P.
c
1200 kPa
600 kPa
a
T
b
v
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b
v
Solution:
a)
b)
Table B.6.1: T > Tsat (200 kPa) so superheated vapor in Table B.6.2
A
x = undefined
v = 0.5(0.35546 + 0.38535) = 0.3704 m3/kg,
u = 0.5(177.23 + 192.14) = 184.7 kJ/kg
P C.P.
a
b
C.P.
P = const.
b
T
v
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P=? u=?
T = ?, u = ?
P=? u=?
T=? v=?
a) Enter Table B.1.1 with T and we see at 20C, v < vf so compressed liquid and
Table B.1.4:
P = 5000 kPa and u = 83.64 kJ/kg.
b) Table B.4.2:
d) Table B.6.1 shows that at 101.3 kPa, hf < h < hg = 76.69 kJ/kg,
so saturated two-phase T = 77.3 K
x = (h hf ) / hfg = (60 + 122.15)/198.84 = 0.916
v = vf + x vfg = 0.001240 + 0.916 0.21515 = 0.1983 m3/kg
P C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
b
a
c,d
c,d
v
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H2O
b.
H2O
T = 100C, P = 10 MPa
c.
N2
T = 100 K, x = 0.75
d.
N2
e.
NH3
A
E
A
E
Solution:
a) Table B.1.1: vf < v < vg => L+V mixture, P = 198.5 kPa,
x = (0.5 - 0.00106)/0.8908 = 0.56,
u = 503.48 + 0.56 2025.76 = 1637.9 kJ/kg
A
0.1 - 0.10539
= 1694 kPa
0.08248-0.10539
A
P C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
e
a
T
c
c
v
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so,
P = 190.2 kPa,
v vf 0.35 - 0.001504
x= v =
= 0.56043,
0.62184
fg
A
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A
E
a) 20oC, 2 MPa
v = ? and h = ?
b) 10oC, x = 0.5
P = ?, u = ?
Solution:
a) Table B.3.1
Table B.3.2:
b) Table B.3.1
c) Table B.3.1
Table B.3.2:
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R-410A
c.
R-134a
T = 40oC, h = 400 kJ/kg
Solution:
a) Table B.4.1: h > hg = > superheated vapor, look in section 500 kPa and
interpolate
300 287.84
T = 0 + 20
= 20 0.66303 = 13.26C,
306.18 287.84
E
b) Table B.4.1: u < ug = 255.9 kJ/kg => L+V mixture, P = 1085.7 kPa
A
u - uf 200 - 72.24
x = u = 183.66 = 0.6956,
fg
A
h - hf 400 256.5
x= h =
= 0.87875,
163.3
fg
A
P C.P.
C.P.
P=C
a
b, c
a
b, c
T
v
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Solution:
State 1 is located in Table B.1.1 and the states a-c are from Table B.1.4
State
1
a
b
u [kJ/kg]
u = u - u1
h [kJ/kg]
83.94
83.91
83.82
83.94
84.41
85.82
h = h - h1
(Pv)
-0.03
-0.12
0.47
1.88
0.5
2
For these states u stays nearly constant, dropping slightly as P goes up.
h varies with Pv changes.
b
a
1
b,a,1
T = 20oC
v
P
L
C.P.
b
a
T
S
cb
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c. B.2.1 at 20C:
so,
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Energy:
Process:
1W2 = 0
1Q2 = 0
Room insulated
We do not know one state 2 property and the total room volume
Energy equation then gives
u2 = u1 (a state 2 property)
A
State 2: P2, u2 v2
Now we have the room volume as
Continuity Eq.: m2 = V/v2 = m1
A
so
V = m1 v2
A
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Process:
A
E
State 1:
Table B.3.1,
A
E
v1 = vf + x vfg = .
A
State 2:
6000 kPa, v1 = v2 = ..
T2 = , u2 =
A
1q2
= (u2 - u1) =
A
A
E
P
State 2 could also be in the
two-phase region if
v1 = v2 < vg at 6 MPa
2
6000
T
1970
1
v
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Process: P = C;
1w2
A
A
E
State 1:
State 2:
v2 = 2v1 = & P2 = P1
Compare v2 to vg to determine if sup. vapor or not.
gives T1, u1
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
P C.P.
C.P.
200 kPa
2
200
1
120
1
v
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State 2: V2 = Vstop
v2 = 2 v1 = v3 and P2= P1 T2 =
State 3: Table B.4.2 (P,T) v3 = 0.02249 m3/kg, u3 = 287.91 kJ/kg
A
A
E
P
3
Po
cb
R-410A
2
v
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A
E
Continuity Eq.:
m2 mA1 mB1 = 0 ;
A
Energy Eq.:
dV = (1/v) dV =
u dV = (u/v) dV =
(uA1/vA1)VA + (uB1/vB1)VB
A
= mA1uA1 + mB1uB1
A
etc.
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A
E
Energy Eq.:
Process Eq.:
V = constant 1W2 = 0;
VA = mARTA1/PA1 = ..
A
E
Insulated 1Q2 = 0
A
A
E
A
E
VB = mBRTB1/ PB1 = .
A
A
E
A
E
State 2:
m2 = mA + mB ; => v2 = V/ m2 = ..
mAuA1 + mBuB1
u2 =
= ..
=> Table A.7.1: T2
m2
A
Energy Eq.:
A
E
P2 = m2 RT2 /V = ..
A
A
E
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3.88
Look at problem 3.183 and plot the P-v diagram for the process. Only T2 is given,
how do you determine the 2nd property of the final state? What do you need to
check and does it have an influence on the work term?
A
A
E
Process:
P = constant = F/A = P1
A
if V > Vmin
A
E
if P < P1
A
State 1: (P, T)
The only possible P-V combinations for this system are shown in the diagram so
both state 1 and 2 must be on the two lines. For state 2 we need to know if it is on
the horizontal P line segment or the vertical V segment. Let us check state 1a:
V1a
State 1a:
P1a = P1, V1a = Vmin , Ideal gas so T1a = T1 V
1
A
We see if T2 < T1a then state 2 must have V2 = V1a = Vmin = 0.03 m3. So state 2
T2 V1
is known by (T2, v2) and P2 = P1 T V
1
2
E
A
E
A
E
T2
V2 = V1 T
A
The work is the area under the process curve in the P-V diagram and so it does
make a difference where state 2 is relative to state 1a. For the part of the process
that proceeds along the constant volume Vmin the work is zero, there is only work
when the volume changes.
A
1W2
A
2
=
1 P dV = P1 (V1a V1)
A
EA
A
E
T
1a
P
P
T1
T1a
T
2
2
V
1a
2
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A
E
Energy Eq.3.5:
=>
W2 = 0/
A
0.09 0.1425
= 70.0 kJ/kg,
0.0681 0.1425
A
1 2
A
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Process: P = C;
1W2
A
Table B.1.2
State 1:
State 2:
A
E
E
A
= 18.5 kJ
From the energy equation
Q = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = 0.2 (1576.58 2553.55) 18.5
1 2
A
A
E
= 213.9 kJ
P C.P.
C.P.
P = 400 kPa
2
400
1
144
2
cb
1
v
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Solution:
C.V.: R-410A in tank.
m2 = m1 ;
A
Energy Eq.3.5:
=>
w = 0/
1 2
A
A
E
A
E
1
2
V
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P
2
1
V
m 2 = m1 = m ;
Continuity Eq.:
Energy Eq.3.5:
v2 = v1 &
A
W2 = 0
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A
E
v1 = 0.04656 m3/kg,
State 1:
u1 = 407.44 kJ/kg
A
EA
A
E
12.5 C
450
134
2
A
E
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Energy Eq.:
Process:
P=C
State 1 : P1 , T1,V1
A
1W2
so
A
= P dV = P(V2 V1)
A
A
E
State 2 : P1 = P2 , ?
A
P2V2
0.10
T2 = P2V2 / mR = P V T1 =
290 K = 2900 K
0.01
1 1
Energy equation with us from table A.7.1
1Q2 = m (u2 u1 ) + 1W2
A
EA
AE
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Solution:
C.V. Water. This is a control mass
Energy Eq.: m (u2 u1 ) = 1Q2 1W2
A
Process :
V = constant
P dV = 0
1W2 =
A
State 1:
A
E
State 2:
so two-phase
A
E
A
E
P C.P.
361.3
198.5
C.P.
140 C
120 C
140
120
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Solution:
C.V.: R-134a
m2 = m1 = m;
A
AE
T
1
1
2
V
V
State 1: Table B.5.2
kPa)
Q = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = m(u2 - u1) + Pm(v2 - v1) = m(h2 - h1)
1 2
A
1 2
A
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P C.P.
Take as CV the 1.5 kg of water.
m2 = m1 = m ;
A
Process Eq.:
600
A
E
P = A + BV (linearly in V)
200
A
E
V2 = mv2 = 0.7114 m3
A
1.5
= 2 kg (200 + 600) kPa (0.47424 0.95964) m3/kg = 291.24 kJ
Notice volume is reduced so work is negative.
E
Energy Eq.:
1Q2
A
A
E
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Energy Eq.3.5:
v1 vf
0.002 0.001061
=
= 0.001061
vfg
0.88467
x1 =
A
v2 vf
0.01 0.001061
=
= 0.01010
vfg
0.88467
x2 =
A
1 2
A
[ Notice that
0.1
0.5
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Solution:
Take CV as the Ammonia, constant mass.
Continuity Eq.:
m2 = m1 = m ;
Process:
P = A + BV
(linear in V)
3
State 1: Superheated vapor v1 = 0.6193 m /kg, u1 = 1316.7 kJ/kg
E
A
E
m3/kg,
u2 = 1542.0 kJ/kg
A
E
A
E
1Q2
A
A
E
P2
P
1
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Solution:
C.V. Water. This is a control mass
Energy Eq.: m (u2 u1 ) = 1Q2 1W2
A
Process :
V = constant 1W2 = 0
State 1:
A
E
v1 - vf 0.1-0.001002
x1 = v
=
= 0.0017131
57.7887
fg
A
State 2:
A
E
v2 = v1 = 0.1 & x2 =1
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
T
2
1
V
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Energy:
State 2:
1
1
2
2
200
200 kPa
u = const
C.P.
1
L
200 kPa
2
v
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EA
Energy Eq.:
A
E
v1 = 0.03787 m3/kg,
State 1:
u1 = 1338.9 kJ/kg
A
70 C
A
E
1
3312
858
2
1Q2
A
A
E
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m2 = m1 ;
A
Energy Eq.3.5:
State 2: T2, v2 = v1
A
=> x2 = 0.003224
u2 = -354.09 + 0.003224 2715.5 = -345.34 kJ/kg
A
1 2
A
P C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
1
1
T
C.P.
1
L
T
V
S
L+V
2
S+ V
v
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3.104
A 25 kg mass moves with 25 m/s. Now a brake system brings the mass to a
complete stop with a constant deceleration over a period of 5 seconds. The brake
energy is absorbed by 0.5 kg water initially at 20oC, 100 kPa. Assume the mass is
at constant P and T. Find the energy the brake removes from the mass and the
temperature increase of the water, assuming P = C.
E
Solution:
C.V. The mass in motion.
2
A
E
Assume u2 = uf
A
T2 23.7oC, T = 3.7oC
E
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Energy Eq.3.5:
A
E
u1 = 2529.2 kJ/kg
Process:
ksm
P2 = P1 +
A
A
E
15 0.5
(v - 0.89186)
(0.05)2 2
A
Ap
P2 = 500 kPa and on the process curve (see above equation).
E
State 2:
A
E
=>
=>
T2 = 803C;
A
A
E
u2 = 3668 kJ/kg
A
A
E
m(v2 - v1)
PdV
W
=
=
1 2
2
198.5 + 500
=
kPa 0.5 kg (0.9924 - 0.89186) m3/kg = 17.56 kJ
2
Substitute the work into the energy equation and solve for the heat transfer
A
AE
A
E
1Q2
A
A
E
P
2
1
ksm
A2p
1
v
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P
2
P2
1
P
R-134a
1
cb
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mpg
PA2 = P0 + A = 120.8 kPa ; vA2 = Vtot/ mA= 0.5 m3/kg
State 2A:
A
A
E
mA2 = mA1
Continuity eq. in A:
A
E
1
= 2(218.5 + 120.82) kPa (1 - 0.002) m3
1W2 = PdV
A
AE
W
E
cb
= 169.32 kJ
1Q2
A
A
E
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Energy:
A
E
A
E
Note that in the vicinity of v = 0.1823 m3/kg crossing the saturated vapor line
the internal energy is about 2585 kJ/kg. However, at the actual state 2, u =
1702.8 kJ/kg. Therefore state 2 must be in the two-phase region.
E
T
Trial & error v = vf + xvfg ; u = uf + xufg
A
1060 kPa
v2 - vf
u2 = 1702.8 = uf + v
ufg
fg
Compute RHS for a guessed pressure P2:
A
1060 kPa
u=2585
A
E
sat vap
0.184
0.1823-0.001101
1897.52 = 1762.9
0.31457
0.1823-0.001097
P2 = 550 kPa: RHS = 655.30 +
1909.17 = 1668.1
0.34159
P2 = 600 kPa: RHS = 669.88 +
A
too large
too small
P2 568.5 kPa
A
A
E
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
P = A + BV
=>
1W2
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
P = 1969.6 kPa
A
E
v2 = 0.01512 m3/kg,
u2 = 310.21 kJ/kg,
A
A
E
= (P1 + P2 )( v2 - v1)
A
A
E
A
E
P
2
1
v
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Energy Eq.:
Process:
V=C
so
1W2
A
A
E
A
E
=0
A
E
A
E
1653.6 kPa
A
E
= 0.28758
u1 = uf + x1 ufg = 57.07 + x1 195.95
A
2
25
1
A
E
= 113.42 kJ/kg
State 2: ( T, v ) => sup-vapor (straight up in T-v diagram from state 1)
B.4.1 at 25C, vf = 0.000944 m3/kg, vg = 0.01514 m3/kg, vf < v < vg : saturated.
v vf 0.01 0.000944
P = 1653.6 kPa,
x= v
=
= 0.63775,
0.01420
fg
A
A
E
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mp
Water
Energy Eq.:
Process Eq:
P = C if v > vstop;
A
V=C
A
E
if P < Pfloat
A
State 1:
500 C
and v2 = va
A
1000
3.17
= 0.0040604
A
E
1W2
A
= m P dv = m P1 (v2 v1)
A
A
E
= 318.72 kJ
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3.112
A spring loaded piston/cylinder assembly contains 1 kg water at 500oC, 3 MPa.
The setup is such that the pressure is proportional to volume, P = CV. It is now
cooled until the water becomes saturated vapor. Sketch the P-v diagram and find
the final state, the work and heat transfer in the process.
E
Solution :
v1 = 0.11619 m3/kg, u1 = 3107.92 kJ/kg
P = C0V = C0m v = C v
P = Cv
A
E
A
E
A
E
= 1250.85 kJ
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Energy Eq.3.5:
P C.P.
A
E
600
Process Eq.:
P = A + BV (linearly in V)
State 1: (P, T) => v1 = 0.47424 m3/kg,
200
u1 = 2881.12 kJ/kg
A
A
E
1W2 =
A
A
E
1.5
kg (200 + 600) kPa (0.95964 0.47424) m3/kg
2
= 291.24 kJ
1Q2 = m(u2 u1) + 1W2
=
A
E
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process: P = constant
W2 = PdV
= Pm(v2 - v1)
V1 = 0.0327 m3
T
1
2
1
V
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For the solid masses we will use the specific heats, Table A.3, and they all have
the same temperature so
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kJ
kJ
Cv met = 0.42 kg K, Cv oil = 1.8 kg K
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State 2:
u2 = 418.91 kJ/kg
1Q2
kJ
= 1 kg 0.46 kg K (100 15) K + 1 kg (418.91 62.98) kJ/kg
= 39.1 + 355.93 = 395 kJ
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T2 = 22.5oC
0.5 m V2 = 1W2
V2 =
20 000 J
= 1019 m
2 kg 9.807 m/s2
Comment: Notice how fast (500 km/h) and how high it should be to have the
same energy as raising the temperature just 2 degrees. I.e. in most
applications we can disregard the kinetic and potential energies
unless we have very high V or Z.
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157.5
= 1.076 kg
4.18 35
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The brake system mass is two different kinds so split it, also use Cv from
Table A.3 since we do not have a u table for steel or brake pad material.
2
1000
msteel Cv T + mpad Cv T = mcar 0.5 (602 202) 3600 m2/s2
kJ
(4 0.46 + 0.5 1.1) K T = 1275 kg 0.5 (3200 0.077 16) m2/s2
= 157 406 J = 157.4 kJ
=> T = 65.9 C
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Steel: A.3,
Process: P = C for the R134a and constant volume for the steel
1W2
=>
1Q2
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Use Eq.3.33 and values from A.3 and A.4 to evaluate changes in u
1Q2
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Process: The steel does not change volume and the change for the liquid is
minimal, so 1W2 0.
So sum over the various parts of the left hand side in the energy equation
mFe (u2 u1) + mAl (u2 u1)Al + mst (u u1)st
+ moil (u2 u1)oil + mgly (u2 u1)gly = 1Q2
Table A.3 : CFe = 0.42 , CAl = 0.9, Cst = 0.46 all units of kJ/kg K
Table A.4 : Coil = 1.9 , Cgly = 2.42 all units of kJ/kg K
So now we factor out T2 T1 as u2 u1 = C(T2 T1) for each term
[ mFeCFe + mAlCAl + mstCst+ moilCoil + mglyCgly ] (T2 T1) = 1Q2
T2 T1 = 1Q2 / mi Ci
7000
kJ
100 0.42 + 20 0.9 + 20 0.46 + 5 1.9 + 6 2.42 kJ/K
7000
= 93.22 K = 75 K
=
T2 = T1 + 75oC = 5 + 75 = 80oC
Air intake filter
Shaft
power
Exhaust flow
Fan Radiator
Atm.
air
Coolant flow
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h = CP0(T2-T1)
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Cp 300
T
300
1000 1500
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h
521.98 - 511.95
=
= 1.003 kJ/kg K
130 - 120
T
u 489.36 - 480.16
=
= 0.920 kJ/kg K
130 - 120
T
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b)
1
Tavg = 2 (1200 + 600) = 900,
T
900
= 1000 = 1000 = 0.9
Cpo = 0.45 + 1.67 0.9 - 1.27 0.92 + 0.39 0.93 = 1.2086 kJ/kg K
Cvo = Cpo R = 1.2086 0.1889 = 1.0197 kJ/kg K
u = 1.0197 (1200 600) = 611.8 kJ/kg
c)
1200
600
300
600
1200
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B.6.2
A.8
A.5
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b)
1
Tavg = 2 (1200 + 600) = 900 K,
T
900
= 1000 = 1000 = 0.9
Cpo = 0.88 0.0001 0.9 + 0.54 0.92 0.33 0.93 = 1.0767 kJ/kgK
Cvo = Cpo R = 1.0767 0.2598 = 0.8169 kJ/kg-K
u = 0.8169 (1200 600) = 490.1 kJ/kg
c)
u
u1200
u600
T
300
600
1200
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u2 = 4467.23 kJ/kg
u1 = 591.41 kJ/kg
u2 = 2474.25 kJ/kg
Table A.5 :
u
1200
Slope at
25 C
150
25
150
1200
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= T/1000 = 1.0382
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u1 uf = 83.95 kJ/kg
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1W2 =
u2 u1 = 1q2 0 1q2 = u2 u1
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V = 0 1W2 = 0
a) For constant heat capacity we have: u2- u1 = Cvo (T2- T1) so
Process:
1Q2
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V = 0 1W2 = 0
a) For constant heat capacity we have: u2- u1 = Cvo (T2 - T1) so
Process:
1Q2
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
State 1:
T1, P1
ideal gas so
P1V1 = mRT1
P2V2 = mRT2
3
=
PdV = P (V2 - V1) = 300 kPa(1.435 0.86143) m = 172.1 kJ
W2
300
T
2
1
T
500
300 kPa
T
2
300
1
v
1
v
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For the liquid and the metal masses we will use the specific heats (Tbl A.3, A.4)
so
miCv i = 1.5 4.18 + 1 0.46 + 0.5 0.96 + 0.1 0.717 = 7.282 kJ/K
The T for air must be converted to oC like the others.
Energy Eq.: T2 miCv i = miCv iT1 i
7.282 T2 = 1.5 4.18 55 + (1 0.46 + 0.5 0.96) 20
+ 0.1 0.717 (400-273.15) = 372.745 kJ
T2 = 51.2oC
The volume of the air is constant so from PV = mRT it follows that P varies with T
P2 = P1 T2/T1 air = 100 kPa 324.34 K/ 400 K = 81 kPa
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
V = 0 1W2 = 0
1500 0.25
kPa m3
= 1.447 kg
0.5183 500 (kJ/kg-K) K
For constant heat capacity A.5, we have: u2- u1 = Cvo (T2 - T1) so
u2 - u1 = Cv (T2 T1) = 1.736 kJ/kg-K (300 500) K = 347.2 kJ/kg
1Q2
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P1
1
2
P0
cb
air
V1
Vmax
The water on top is compressed liquid and has volume and mass
VH2O = Vtot - Vair = 10 0.1 - 0.3 = 0.7 m3
mH2O = VH2O/vf = 0.7 m3/ 0.001002 m3/kg = 698.6 kg
The initial air pressure is then
P1 = P0 + mH2Og/A = 101.325 +
and then
698.6 9.807
0.1 1000 = 169.84 kPa
169.84 0.3
kPa m3
mair = PV/RT = 0.287 300 (kJ/kg-K) K = 0.592 kg
T1P2V2 300101.3251
T2 = P V = 169.840.3 = 596.59 K
1 1
1W2 = PdV
The energy equation solved for the heat transfer becomes
1Q2
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Process Eq.:
P = A + BV (linear spring)
1W2
Equation of state:
= PdV
= 2(P1 + P2)(V2 - V1)
State 1:
State 2:
CO 2
Remark: We could also have used the ideal gas table in A.8 to get u2 - u1.
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u2 - u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
P = constant
=>
1w2
= P ( v2 - v1 )
= h2 - h1
Table B.1:
h1 2675.46 +
126.85 - 99.62
150 - 99.62
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Process:
miCv i = 1.5 4.18 + 1 0.46 + 0.5 0.96 + 0.1 1.004 = 7.3104 kJ/K
Energy Eq.: 7.3104 T2 = 1.5 4.18 55 + (1 0.46 + 0.5 0.96) 20
+ 0.1 1.004 (400 - 273.15) = 376.386 kJ
T2 = 51.48oC
V1 = mRT1/P1 = 0.1 kg 0.287 kJ/kgK 400 K /100 kPa = 0.1148 m3
V2 = V1 T2/T1air = 0.1148 324.63 / 400 = 0.09317 m3
1W2
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1
W
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Process: P = C =>
1Q2
Use A.3:
(u2 u1)st = C (T2 T1) = 0.46 kJ/kgK (1600 300) K = 598 kJ/kg
Use A.5:
(h2 h1)air = Cp(T2 T1) = 1.004 kJ/kgK (1600 300) K = 1305.2 kJ/kg
1Q2
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
State 1:
State 2:
1.50
Pv
= constant,
v2/v1 = 8
P1 = 7 MPa, T1 = 1800 K
(v2 = 8v1, ?) Must be on process curve so
P2 = P1 (v1/v2)n = 7000 (1/8)1.50 = 309.36 kPa
P2v2
T2 = T1 P v = T1(v1/v2)n - 1 = 1800 (1/8)0.5 = 636.4 K
1 1
T
)
=
Pdv =
1w2 =
2
1
1n
1 - 1.5
1n
= 667.9 kJ/kg
Heat transfer from the energy equation
1q2 = (u2 - u1) + 1w2 = 0.717 (636.4 1800) + 667.9 = 166.4 kJ/kg
P
Notice:
n = 1.5, k = 1.4
2
v
n>k
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v2/v1 = 8
Pv1.50 = constant,
P1 = 7 MPa, T1 = 1800 K
(v2 = 8v1, ?) Must be on process curve so
P2 = P1 (v1/v2)n = 7000 (1/8)1.50 = 309.36 kPa
P2v2
T2 = T1 P v = T1(v1/v2)n - 1 = 1800 (1/8)0.5 = 636.4 K
1 1
Table A.7:
w
=
Pdv
=
=
T1) =
1 2
1n
1 - 1.5
1 n (T2
= 667.9 kJ/kg
Heat transfer from the energy equation
1q2 = (u2 - u1) + 1w2 = (463.06 1486.33) + 667.9 = 355.4 kJ/kg
P
Notice:
n = 1.5, k = 1.4
2
v
n>k
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Process equation:
m = PV/RT =
125 0.25
= 0.043 kg
2.0771 350
V2 = V1 (P1/P2)
1W2
EA
Use specific heat from Table A.5 to evaluate u2 u1, Cv = 3.116 kJ/kg K
A
1Q2
A
A
E
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PV = mRT = constant
PdV
=
V
1 2
V1
P2
EA
since T1 = T2
A
u2 = u1
P = C v -1
A
E
T
T=C
2
2
1
v
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m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5
A
E
Process Eq.:
Pv = Constant
(polytropic)
From the ideal gas law and the process equation we can get:
-n
-1.5
= 126.5 kPa
State 2:
P2 = P1 (v2 / v1) = 4000 10
E
126.5 10
= 569.3 K
4000
m
mR
1W2 = P dV = 1n (P2v2 P1v1) = 1n (T2 T1)
A
E
0.1 0.287
1 - 1.5 (569.3 1800) = 70.64 kJ
A
1Q2
A
P = C v -1.5
P = C T3
1
T = C v-0.5
1
T1
1
2
T2
v
2
v
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m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5
Process Eq.:
Pvn = Constant
(polytropic)
From the ideal gas law and the process equation we can get:
-n
-1.5
= 126.5 kPa
State 2:
P2 = P1 (v2 / v1) = 4000 10
126.5 10
4000 = 569.3 K
mR
m
1W2 = P dV = 1n (P2v2 P1v1) = 1n (T2 T1)
=
1Q2
0.1 0.287
1 - 1.5 (569.3 1800) = 70.64 kJ
The only place where Table A.7 comes in is for values of u1 and u2
P = C v -1.5
P = C T3
1
T = C v-0.5
1
T1
1
2
T2
v
2
v
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u2 u1 = 1q2 1w2
n
Process:
Ideal gas
Pv = RT so
RT 0.287 325
v1 = P =
= 0.7462 m3/kg
125
RT 0.287 500
= 0.47833 m3/kg
v2 = P =
300
From the process equation
n
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Process:
Substance ideal gas:
Pvn = constant
Pv = RT
0.2
n-1
)n
750 1.2
T2 = T1 (P2/P1
= 750 1500 = 750 0.8909 = 668 K
1w2 = Pdv
0.2968
= 1 - 1.2 kJ/kg-K (668 - 750) K = 121.7 kJ/kg
The energy equation with values of u from Table A.8 is
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = 502.8 - 568.45 + 121.7 = 56.0 kJ/kg
If constant specific heat is used from Table A.5
1q2 = Cv(T2 - T1) + 1w2 = 0.745(668 750) + 121.7 = 60.6 kJ/kg
P
P1
1
2
750
n=1
v
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Process:
PV-2 = constant,
polytropic n = -2
W
=
PdV
=
=
1 2
1-n
1-n
1
=
The energy equation with specific heat from Table A.5 becomes
1Q2 = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = mCv(T2 - T1) + 1W2
= 1 kg 1.490 kJ/kg- (700 - 40) K + 41.48 kJ
= 1024.9 kJ
P
P= C V
T =CV
2
1
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0.025
m
ln
1 2
1 1
v
0.19405 = 40.37 kJ
State 2:
P2, v2
1 2
P = C v -1
T=C
2
v
2
v
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u2 u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
n
Pv = C;
1.25
= 1138.6 kPa
n-1
1
R
Polytropic work Eq. 3.21: 1w2 = 1-n (P2v2 P1v1) = 1-n (T2 T1)
1w2
1q2
0.2598 kJ
= 1 - 1.25 kg K (476.8 293.2) K = 190.88 kJ/kg
P
P2
100
2
1
w
n=1
v
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Process:
Pvn = const.
P1v1n = P2v2n P2 = P1(v1/v2)n = 90 kPa 61.25 = 845.15 kPa
Substance ideal gas: Pv = RT
T2 = T1(P2v2/P1v1) = 293.15 K (845.15/90 6) = 458.8 K
P
2
-1.25
T
-0.25
P= C v
T =Cv
1
v
PV 90 0.210-3
-4
m = RT =
0.287 293.15 = 2.1410 kg
The work is integrated as in Eq.3.21
R
1
= 1 - n (P2v2 - P1v1) = 1 - n (T2 - T1)
1w2 = Pdv
0.287
= 1 - 1.25 kJ/kg-K (458.8 - 293.15) K = -190.17 kJ/kg
The energy equation with values of u from Table A.7 is
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = 329.4 - 208.03 190.17 = -68.8 kJ/kg
1Q2
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W
=
=
dV = P1V1 ln (V2/V1) = 2.303 J
1 2
V
W
= P (V - V ) = 101 (10 1) 10-6 kJ = 0.909 J
1
2,ATM
1
Wbullet = 1W2 - 1W2,ATM = 1.394 J = 2 mbullet(Vexit)2
Vexit = (2Wbullet/mB)1/2 = (2 1.394/0.015)1/2 = 13.63 m/s
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m2 = m1 = m;
Energy Eq.3.5
Process Eq.:
Pvn = Constant
(polytropic)
From the ideal gas law and the process equation we can get:
-1/n
1-n
and Pv = RT => T2/T1 = (v2 / v1)
State 2: (v2/v1) = (P2/P1)
-1/n
-1/1.3
(v2/v1) = (P2/P1)
= (2200 / 200)
= 0.1581
(n-1)/n
2200 0.3/1.3
T2 = T1 (P2/P1)
= 300 ( 200 )
= 521.7 K
From process eq.:
1w2 =
0.287
kJ/kg-K (521.7 - 300) K = 212.09 kJ/kg
11.3
From the energy equation and constant specific heat from Table A.5
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = Cv (T2 T1) + 1w2
=
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m2 = m1 = m;
Energy Eq.3.5
Process Eq.:
Pvn = Constant
(polytropic)
From the ideal gas law and the process equation we can get:
-n
1-n
State 2: P2 = P1 (v2 / v1)
and Pv = RT => T2/T1 = (v2 / v1)
P2 = P1 ( T2 / T1)
n/(n-1)
800 1.3/0.3
= 600 (600)
= 2087 kPa
0.2968
(800 - 600) = 197.9 kJ/kg
11.3
From the energy equation and Table A.8
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = (609.41 449.16 197.9) kJ/kg = -37.65 kJ/kg
=
From the energy equation and constant specific heat from Table A.5
1q2 = u2 - u1 + 1w2 = Cv (T2 T1) + 1w2
= 0.745 kJ/kg-K (800 600) K 197.9 kJ/kg = -48.9 kJ/kg
P = C T4.33
2
P
1
P = C v -1.3
T = C v-0.3
2
T2
2
T1
v
1
v
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u2 u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
n
n/(n-1)
P2 = P1(v1/v2) = P1(T2/T1)
= 600(7/5) = 3227 kPa
1
R
Reversible work Eq. 3.21: 1w2 = 1-n (P2v2 P1v1) = 1-n (T2 T1)
1w2
1q2
0.2598 kJ
= 1 - 1.25 kg K (700 500) K = 207.84 kJ/kg
P
P2
100
2
1
w
n=1
v
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u1 = 372.27 kJ/kg
2: (P, process)
v2 = v1 (P1/P2) (1/1.5) = 0.09921 (201.7/500)0.667 = 0.05416 m3/kg
=> Table B.5.2 superheated vapor, T2 = 79C, V2 = mv2 = 0.027 m3
u2 = 440.9 kJ/kg
Process gives P = C v (-1.5) , which is integrated for the work term, Eq.3.21
1W2
= P dV = m(P2v2 - P1v1)/(1-1.5)
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Po
F = F = P A = PairA + Fstop
R-410A
u2 = uf = 27.92 kJ/kg
= PdV
= Plift(V2 - V1) = 450 kPa (0.01787 - 0.5) m3 = -217.0 kJ ;
Energy eq.
1Q2 = 22.252 kg (27.92 373.49) kJ/kg 217.9 kJ = -7906.6 kJ
2 MPa
T
150
32.3
P = 2 MPa
1
T = -20
P = 450 kPa
v
450 kPa
-16.8
-20
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cb
2000
1555
40 oC
857
180 o C
20o C
v
v1 = 0.10571 m3/kg
u1 = 1630.6 kJ/kg
State 2: (T, x) Table B.2.1 sat. vap.
P2 = 1555 kPa,
v2 = 0.08313 m3/kg
u2 = 1341.0 kJ/kg
PdV (
1W3 =
1
P2 + P3
P1 + P2
)
m(v
v
)
+
(
) m(v3 - v2)
2
1
2
2
2000 + 1555
kPa 1 kg (0.08313 0.10571) m3/kg
2
1555 + 857
kPa 1 kg (0.07543 - 0.08313) m3/kg
+
2
= -49.4 kJ
From the energy equation
1Q3 = m(u3 u1) + 1W3 = 1 kg (802.55 1630.6) kJ/kg 49.4 kJ
=
= 877.5 kJ
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Process:
From the process equation (see P-V diagram) we get the work as
3
1W2 = Plift(V2 V1) = 200 kPa 10 kg (2.5425 0.8475) m /kg = 3390 kJ
From the energy equation we solve for the heat transfer
1Q2 = m(u2 u1) + 1W2 = 10 kg (3718.76 1461.7) kJ/kg + 3390 kJ
= 25 961 kJ
Po
2
P2
cb
H2O
P1
V
cb
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P
The two processes are:
1 -> 2: Constant volume V2 = V1
2 -> 3:
P
2
Constant pressure P3 = P2
=> P2 = P1 (T2/T1)
=> V3 = 3V2; T3 = T2 v3/v2 = 500 3 = 1500 K
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Po
cb
R-410A
2
v
x1 = 0.4514
this is still 2-phase.
We get the work from the process equation (see P-V diagram)
2
= 61.1 kJ
The heat transfer from the energy equation becomes
Q = m(u3-u1) + 1W3 = 5 kg (287.91 155.14) kJ/kg + 61.1 kJ
1 3
= 725.0 kJ
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Process:
P
2
Po
cb
H2O
P2
P1
V
cb
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P = Pfloat
1000
2
or v = C = v1,
400
v1 = 0.0332 m3/kg,
T
v
u1 = 292.695 kJ/kg
State 2: (P, v) => v2 = v1/2 = 0.0166 m3/kg < vg, so it is two-phase.
x2 = (v2 vf ) /vfg = (0.0166 0.000803)/0.064 = 0.2468
u2 = uf + x2 ufg = 27.92 + x2 218.07 = 81.746 kJ/kg
From process eq.:
From energy eq.:
1W2 =
P dV = area =
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= 0.30 kJ
The heat transfer is from the energy equation
Q = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = 1 kg (675.3 83.94) kJ/kg + 0.30 kJ
1 2
= 591.7 kJ
P
Po
cb
H2O
V
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Po
2
143 C
cb
H2O
cb
100 C
v
= 254.1 kJ
Heat transfer is from the energy equation
1Q3 = 5 kg (2553.6 - 836.4) kJ/kg + 254.1 kJ = 8840 kJ
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P
1a
Plift
P1
1
cb
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P C.P.
m2 = m1 = m ;
or v = C = v1,
v1 = 0.06023 m3/kg,
400
2
201
u1 = 304.91 kJ/kg
T
v
1W2 =
P dV = area =
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P = Pfloat
or v = C = v1,
800
2
2 1
1W2
= 1aW2 =
P dV = P2 (V2 - V1)
Po
mp
1
2
Air
1a
V
V stop
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P = 857.5 kPa
Po
cb
NH 3
2
V
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u2 - u1 = 1q2 - 1w2 ;
P = constant =>
1w2
Table A.7
1q2
h3 = h1 = 607.3 kJ/kg
Process 23:
v3 = v2 = 2v1
2w3
= 0,
Po
200
P
1
T
2
1200
cb
100
600
Air
v
3
v
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Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
if P < P1
The only possible P-V combinations for this system is shown in the diagram so
both state 1 and 2 must be on the two lines. For state 2 we need to know if it is on
the horizontal P line segment or the vertical V segment. Let us check state 1a:
State 1a:
P1a = P1, V1a = Vmin
V1a
0.03
Ideal gas so T1a = T1 V = 1000 0.07175 = 418 K
1
We see that T2 < T1a and state 2 must have V2 = V1a = Vmin = 0.03 m3.
T2 V1
400 0.07175
P2 = P1 T V = 2000 1000 0.03 = 1913.3 kPa
1
2
The work is the area under the process curve in the P-V diagram
1W2
3
2
=
1 P dV = P1 (V1a V1) = 2000 kPa (0.03 0.07175) m = 83.5 kJ
Now the heat transfer is found from the energy equation, us from Table A.7.1,
1Q2
T
1a
P
P
T1
1
2
2
V
T
1a
T
2
1a
2
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m = P1V1 / RT1 =
=> u3 = u2 and
P3 = P2 V2 / V3 = 133.3 0.75 / 1.5 = 66.67 kPa
2W3
dT = 0
V3
3
=
2 P dV = P2V2 ln ( V2 ) = 133.3 0.75 ln(2) = 69.3 kJ
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3.186
A crane use 2 kW to raise a 100 kg box 20 m. How much time does it take?
.
L
Power = W = FV = mgV = mg t
mgL 100 kg 9.807 m/s2 20 m
t=
=
= 9.81 s
2000 W
.
W
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F dx
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.
.
mliq = -mvapor
.
.
.
.
.
Vtot = Vvapor + Vliq = mvaporvg + mliqvf
.
.
= mvapor (vg- vf ) = mvapor vfg
.
.
.
W = PV = P mvapor vfg
= 475.9 kPa 0.001 kg/s 0.39169 m3/kg = 0.1864 kW
= 186 W
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dQ
dm
=
h
fg
dt
dt
.
dm Q
325 W
=
=
dt hfg 2257 kJ/kg = 0.144 g/s
A
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dM
Continuity Eq: dt = 0
.
dE .
Energy Eq: dt = Qel - Qrad
.
Qrad
C.V.
.
W=0
.
KE = 0
.
PE = 0
EA
. .
.
.
.
.
E = U = Qel - Qrad = Qnet U2 - U1 = m(u2 - u1) = Qnet(t2 - t1)
E
A
E
P1V1
100 10
Ideal gas: m = RT = 0.287 298.15 = 11.688 kg
1
A
A
E
.
t2 - t1 = m (u2 - u1)/Qnet = (377.1 kJ) /(-25 kJ/h) = 15.08 h
E
A
E
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.
.
. .
.
U = (mu) = mCvT = Q = mq
E
. .
T = q/Cv = 210-3 kW/ 0.9 kJ/kg-K
E
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dEwater dUwater . .
.
.
=
=
Q
W
=
Q
P
V
dt
dt
E
dTwater
. dUwater
. dHwater
Q = dt + PV = dt = mwaterCp dt
E
A
E
.
.
t = mwater (h2 h1)/Q mwaterCp (T2 T1)/Q
E
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.
U2 - U1 = 1Q2 = Qt
E
Energy Eq.3.5:
The total volume is nearly all air, but we can find volume of the solids.
Vwood = m/ = 50/510 = 0.098 m3 ;
A
A
E
A
E
We do not have a u table for steel or wood so use heat capacity from A.3.
U = [mair Cv + mwood Cv + msteel Cv ]T
A
=>
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mair = PV/RT = 101 kPa 1500 m3/ (0.287 kJ/kg-K 300 K) = 1759.6 kg
dTair .
dt = Q /mCv = 666.7 kJ/min / (1759.6 kg 0.717 kJ/kg-K)
E
= 0.53C/min
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So now
.
.
m = Q/ hfg = 1.5 kW/ 2048.04 kJ/kg = 0.732 g/s
E
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Solution:
Take CV as the 2 kg of water.
m2 = m1 = m ;
A
Energy Eq.3.5
A
E
A
E
Change in volume:
V2 V1 = m(v2 v1) = 2(0.001 0.0010891) = 0.000178 m3
A
A
E
The elapsed time is found from the heat transfer and the rate of heat
transfer
.
t = 1Q2/Q = (750 kJ /500 W) 1000 J/kJ = 1500 s = 25 min
E
C.P.
P = const.
V
T
P C.P.
C.P.
L+V
1
S+V
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.
W = FV
E
km
1000
V = 80 h = 80 3600 ms-1 = 22.22 ms-1
P
101
AIR = RT =
= 1.20 kg/m3
0.287 293
E
.
W = FV = 266.61 N 22.22 m/s = 5924 W = 5.92 kW
E
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V=C
1W2= 0
A
A
E
.
dE dU
dU
dT .
=
=
m
=
mC
=
Q
W
=
Q
= -500 W
v
dt dt
dt
dt
E
.
dT
Q
-500 W
K
dt = mCv = 3 0.987 kJ/K = -0.17 s
A
Remark: Specific heat from Table A.5 has Cv 300 = 0.745 kJ/kg K which is nearly
25% lower and thus would over-estimate the rate with 25%.
A
A
E
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Solution:
U2 U1= 1Q2 1W2
Energy Eq.:
State 2:
u2 = 418.91 kJ/kg
A
E
kJ
= 1 kg 0.46 kg K (100 15) K + 1 kg (418.91 62.98) kJ/kg
1Q2
A
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General work
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.
.
W = W dt = W t = V i t
= 12 V 6 Amp 3 3600 s
= 777 600 J = 777.6 kJ
E
EA
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A
E
L =
EA
1W2
A
110 N 10 m
= 0.318 m
3.14210-6 m21.1 106 103 Pa
A
= F dx = A s dx = AE
EA
x
dx
Lo
EA
AE
= L x2
o
AE
where x = L - Lo
E
AE
EA
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EA
= 8.9210-6 J = 8.92 J
E
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Energy Eq.:
Constant V v2 = v1
=> no boundary work, but electrical work
Process:
10 6 10 60
= 36 kJ
1000
Q = m(u2 u1) + 1W2 = 0.2733 kg ( 285.69 208.21) kJ/kg 36 kJ
1 2
W2 elec = power t = Amp volts t =
= 14.8 kJ
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[Units V A = W]
W = power dt = power t
= 73.8 W 4 h 3600 (s/h) = 1 062 720 J = 1062.7 kJ
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Solution:
F = F ; F = SL
The length is the perimeter, 2r, and there is two surfaces
1
2
S 2 2r = mH2o g = H2o Vg = H2o 12 (2r) 3g = H2o 3 r 3
1
S = H2o r2 g
6
1
= 997 kg/m3 6 0.252 m2 9.81 m/s2
= 101.9 N/m
E
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dWatm to establish the connection between the helium pressure, the surface
tension S and Po as a function of radius.
WHe = P dV = S dA + Po dV
A
dWHe = P dV = S dA + Po dV
A
A
E
dV = d (
D ) = 3D2 dD
6
6
E
dA = d ( 2 D2) = 2 (2D) dD
E
P 2 D2 dD = S (4)D dD + Po 2 D2 dD
E
Divide by 2 D2 to recognize
E
PHe = Po + 8
A
S
S
= Po + 4
D
r
A
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= S(A2) = S( 2 D2 )
A
= 2 N/m 2 1 m2 = -12.57 J
E
Win = W = 12.57 J
A
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1W2
A
= F dx = S dA = S A
A
E
= 2 S ( 2 D2 - 4 D 2)
E
= 1.18 10-4 J
E
A1 =
A
A
E
2
D ,
4
E
A2 = D2
A
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Solution :
AEL0
2
2
-6 2
2 (e) , A = 4 (0.01) = 78.54 10 m
1
1W2 = 2 78.54 10-6 m2 2108 kPa 0.5 m (10-3)2
= 3.93 J
1W2 =
A
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Continuity Eq.:
m2 = mA1 + mB1 ;
A
Energy Eq.:
v vf
0.5 - 0.001061
xA1 = v
=
= 0.564
0.88467
fg
uA1 = uf + x ufg = 504.47 + 0.564 2025.02 = 1646.6 kJ/kg
A
State 1B: Table B.1.3, vB1 = 0.6173, uB1 = 2963.2, VB = mB1vB1 = 2.16 m3
A
two-phase as v2 < vg
A
v2 vf
0.5746 0.001044
= 0.343 ,
vfg =
1.67185
x2 =
A
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A
E
Energy:
A
E
Process:
P2 = Peq = constant = P1A as piston floats and mp, Po do not
change
State 1A: Two phase. Table B.1.2
v1A = 0.001127 + 0.75 0.19332 = 0.146117 m3/kg,
A
A
E
State 1B: Table B.1.3 v1B = 0.14184 m3/kg, u1B = 2692.26 kJ/kg
=> m1A = V1A/v1A = 1.3688 kg, m1B = V1B/v1B = 2.115 kg
A
A
E
State 2: 1000 kPa, 200oC sup. vapor => v2 = 0.20596 m3/kg, u2 = 2621.9 kJ/kg
m2 = m1A + m1B = 3.4838 kg => V2 = m2v2 = 3.4838 0.20596 = 0.7175 m3
E
A
E
A
E
1Q2
A
A
E
A
E
Po
cb mp
A:H2O
g
B:H2O
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Process:
1Q2
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U2 U1 = 1Q2 1W2
State B1:
State 2: If V2 > VA1 then P2 = 200 kPa that is the piston floats.
For (T2, P2) = (150C, 200 kPa) => superheated vapor u2 = 2576.87 kJ/kg
v2 = 0.95964 m3/kg
Process:
1W2
P
150 C
467
200
2
a
V
= 29.72 kJ
From the energy Eq.:
1Q2 = m2u2 mA1uA1 mB1uB1 + 1W2
= 1 2576.87 0.5 735.222 0.5 2966.69 + 29.72 = 755.6 kJ
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m2 m1A m1B = 0
Energy Eq.:
Process Eq.:
V2 = VA + VB = constant,
State 1A:
P1AVA
300 kPa 1 m3
= 0.2598 kJ/kg-K 288.15 K = 4.007 kg
m1A = RT
1A
State 1B:
VB =
State 2:
(T2, v2 = V2/m2)
W2 = 0
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m2 = mA + mB ;
V = VA + VB = 1.5 m3
Energy Eq.:
U2 U1 = m2 u2 mAuA1 mBuB1 = Q W = 0
Process Eq.:
V = constant W = 0;
Ideal gas at 1:
Insulated Q = 0
cb
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U2 - U1 = 1Q2 - 1W2 ;
m2 = 3 + 1.1363 = 4.1363 kg
and
V1 = VA+ VB = 1 m3
P
V2 = VA+ VB + VC = 1 m3 + VC
Locate state 2: Must be on P-V lines shown
State 1a: 800 kPa,
VA+VB
v1a = m = 0.24176 m3/kg
800 kPa, v1a => T = 173C
Assume 800 kPa: 250C
=>
1a
P2
too low.
v = 0.29314 m3/kg > v1a OK
1W2
1Q2
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Review Problems
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P=C
W2 = mP(v2 -v1)
Table B.1.3
P
2
h2 = 88.65 kJ/kg
5 MPa
v
1 2
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P
Po
H2O
1a
1
V
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Process: 1 2 3 or 1 3
State at stops: 2 or 2
P1
1
V1
V stop
T3 770C
1
W13 = W12 + W23 = (P1 + P2)(V2 - V1) + 0
2
1
= 2(100 + 1000) kPa (0.8 - 0.2) m3
= 330 kJ
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2
0
1
2W3
1W2
P0
cb
V3
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E2 - E1 = 1Q2 ;
(1W2 = 0/)
P
u2 = 1490.5 + (1485.8 1490.5) 0.935
= 1485.83 kJ/kg
u1 = 179.69 + 0.5 1138.3 = 748.84 kJ/kg
1
V
Process equation gives no displacement: 1w2 = 0 ;
The energy equation then gives the heat transfer as
1q2 = u2 - u1 = 1485.83 748.84 = 737 kJ/kg
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Entropy Eq.: S2 S1 = mair(s2 s1) + mst(s2 s1) = dQ/T + 1S2 gen = 1S2 gen
Process: 1Q2 = 0 and must be on P-V diagram shown
mair = P1V1 / RT1 = 100 0.05 /(0.287 573.15) = 0.0304 kg
Since V1a = V1 then T1a = T1(Pfloat/P1) = 573.15 200/100 = 1146.3 K
Use constant Cv for air at 900 K: Cv = u/T = 0.833 kJ/kgK (from A.7)
To reach state 1a: Uair = mCvT = 0.0304 0.833 (1146 573) = 14.5 kJ
Ust = mCvT = 2 0.46 (1146 1573) = -392.8 kJ
Conclusion from this is: T2 is higher than T1a = 1146 K, piston lifts, P2 = Pfloat
Write the work as 1W2 = P2 (V2 V1) and use constant Cv in the energy Eq. as
mair Cv (T2 T1) + mst Cst (T2 T1) = P2mairv2 + P2 V1
now P2 v2 = RT2 for the air, so isolate T2 terms as
[mair (Cv +R) + mCst ] T2 = mair CvT1 air + mCst T1 st + P2V1
[0.0304 1.12 + 2 0.46] T2 = 0.0304 0.833 573.15
+ 2 0.46 1573.15 + 200 0.05
Solution gives: T2 = 1542.7 K, V2 = 0.03040.2871542.7/200 = 0.0673 m3
1W2 = P2 (V2 V1) = 200 (0.0673 0.05) = 3.46 kJ
P
1a
200
100
1
V
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u2 - u1 = 1q2 - 1w2
2
=>
w = P dv = P1(v2 - v1)
1 2
1
u1 = -337.62 kJ/kg
T2 = 111.4C ;
u2 = 2519.7 kJ/kg
P C.P.
V
L+V
S+V
P=C
1
2
v
v
C.P.
C.P.
S
T
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1a
1a
1400
1200
857
2
v
W2 = 0;
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Process in cylinder:
Po
mp
cb
Water
102 9.807
= 200 kPa
10010-4 103
We thus need one more property for state 2 and we have one equation namely
the energy equation. From the equilibrium pressure the work becomes
1
With this work the energy equation gives per unit mass
u2 u1 = 1q2 - 1w2 = 0 - P2(v2 - v1)
or with rearrangement to have the unknowns on the left hand side
u2 + P2v2 = h2 = u1 + P2v1
h2 = u1 + P2v1 = 2464.8 kJ/kg + 200 kPa 1.6395 m3/kg = 2792.7 kJ/kg
State 2: (P2 , h2)
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Po
mp
cb
R-410A
3
=
Pequil dV = P2(V2V1) = 200 kPa (0.0728 - 0.010) m = 12.56 kJ
1Q2
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State 1:
( > vG )
C.P.
Psat
7.38
P1
1
T
40
3
Process T = C:
1
v
2
V2
1.952
3
=
PdV = Pg (V3V2) = 7.384 kPa (0.976 - 1.952) m = 7.21 kJ
2
Total work:
1W3
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P
3
P3
P1 = 572.8 kPa,
2
P2
P1
1
v
State 2: x2 = 1, T2
P2 = 1.017 MPa, v2 = 0.02002 m3/kg
Now we have fixed two points on the process line so for final state 3:
P2 - P1
Relation between P3 and v3
P3 = P1 + v - v (v3 - v1) = RHS
2
1
State 3: T3 and on process line iterate on P3 given T3
at P3 = 1.2 MPa => v3 = 0.02504
at P3 = 1.4 MPa => v3 = 0.02112
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Energy:
Po
1b
cb
cb
100 C
v
H2O
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m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy Eq.3.5:
3 MPa
2
1 MPa
V, v
200 kPa
0
v2 =
v1
v2
T2 = 179.91C,
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Process Eq.:
V = constant
1W2
=0
State 1:
PA1VA1
(500 kPa)(1m3)
= (0.287 kJ/kgK)(298.2 K) = 5.84 kg
mA1 = RT
A1
VB1 =
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Continuity:
m2 mA1 mB1= 0 ;
Energy Eq.3.5:
Process:
V = VA + VB = constant
=>
W2 = 0
u B1= 2945.2,
vB1= 0.1512
mB1= 1/vB1= 6.614 kg
0.24924-0.2608
P2 800 + 0.20596-0.2608 200 = 842 kPa
u2 2628.8 kJ/kg
B1
Q
PA1
A1
v
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v4 = v3 = 0.5095 m3/kg = vG at P4
u4 = 2550.0 kJ/kg
=> P4 = 361 kPa,
1W4 = 1W2 + 2W3 + 3W4 = 0 + 2W3 + 0
1W4
1Q4
T
4
P2= P3 = 300
2
3
1
P4
P1
Wate
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(n = 1.3)
u1 = 1307.8 kJ/kg
T2 = 24oC
P
2
P2
1
P
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Process:
P = A + BV
(linear in V)
State 1: Compressed liquid P > Psat, take saturated liquid at same temperature.
v1 = vf -10 = 0.001534 m3/kg,
State 2: Table B.2.1 at 30oC :
P < Psat
u1 = uf = 133.96 kJ/kg
so superheated vapor
P C.P.
2
NH3
1000
30
300
-10
v
C.P.
1
v
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State 1:
State 1a:
State 2:
1W2
3
=
PdV = P1 (V2 V1) = 399.6 kPa (0.0051 0.0017) m = 1.36 kJ
1Q2
Po
cb
R-410A
1a
v
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P = A + BV,
A = 0 (at V = 0, P = 0)
System: on line
V Vstop;
2P 1
P1 = 399.6 kPa
P1
0
0
stop 0
0.2
0.4
TWO-PHASE STATE
u2 = 366.5 kJ/kg
From the process curve, see also area in P-V diagram, the work is
1W2
= PdV
= 2 (P1 + Pstop)(Vstop - V1) = 2 (399.6 + 799.2)0.2 = 119.8 kJ
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Energy Eq.3.5:
n = -1/3.
R-410A
sat.
vapor
line
1
W
V
Notice: The R-410A is not an ideal gas at any state in this problem.
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W2 =
PBdVB = PB1(V2 - V1)B = PB1(V2 - V1)tot
PB1
At (T2 , PB1)
1 2
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V2
Energy Eq.3.5:
Process in B:
If VB > 0 then
1
Po
Tank
A
P
1
B
2
B
V
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Borgnakke Sonntag
Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 3
English units
8e
CHAPTER 3
SUBSECTION
PROB NO.
242-250
251-257
258-260
261-271
272-281
282-284
285-290
291-296
297-300
301-306
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Concept Problems
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3.242E
What is 1 cal in english units, what is 1 Btu in ft-lbf?
Look in Table A.1 for the conversion factors under energy
1 Btu = 778.1693 lbf-ft
4.1868
1 cal = 4.1868 J = 1055 Btu = 0.00397 Btu
= 0.00397 778.1693 lbf-ft = 3.088 lbf-ft
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3.243E
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3.244E
Work in the expression Eq. 3.18 or Eq. 3.22 involves PV. For P in psia and V in
ft3, how does that become Btu?
Units:
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3.245E
Look at the R-410A value for uf at -60 F. Can the energy really be negative?
Explain.
The absolute value of u and h are arbitrary. A constant can be added to all u and h
values and the table is still valid. It is customary to select the reference such that u
for saturated liquid water at the triple point is zero. The standard for refrigerants
like R-410A is that h is set to zero as saturated liquid at -40 F, other substances as
cryogenic substances like nitrogen, methane etc. may have different states at
which h is set to zero. The ideal gas tables use a zero point for h as 77 F or at
absolute zero, 0 R.
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3.246E
An ideal gas in a piston-cylinder is heated with 2 Btu during an isothermal
process. How much work is involved?
Energy Eq.:
Then
u2 u1 = 1q2 1w2 = 0
1W2
since u2 = u1 (isothermal)
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3.247E
You heat a gas 20 R at P = C. Which one in table F.4 requires most energy? Why?
A constant pressure process in a control mass gives (recall p. 109 and Eq. 3.39)
1q2
= u2 u1 + 1w2 = h2 h1 Cp T
The one with the highest specific heat is hydrogen, H2. The hydrogen has
the smallest mass, but the same kinetic energy per mol as other molecules and
thus the most energy per unit mass is needed to increase the temperature.
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3.248E
The air drag force on a car is 0.225 A V2. Verify that the unit becomes lbf.
Fd = 0.225 A V2
A
Units:
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3.249E
An escalator raises a 200 lbm bucket of sand 30 ft in 1 minute. Determine the
amount of work done during the process.
Solution:
W = Fdx
= Fdx
= F x = mgH
A
EA
EA
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3.250E
A hydraulic hoist raises a 3650 lbm car 6 ft in an auto repair shop. The hydraulic
pump has a constant pressure of 100 lbf/in.2 on its piston. What is the increase in
potential energy of the car and how much volume should the pump displace to
deliver that amount of work?
Solution:
C.V. Car.
V =
A
E
E2 E1
21 900
= 100 144 = 1.52 ft3
P
A
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3.251E
A piston motion moves a 50 lbm hammerhead vertically down 3 ft from rest to a
velocity of 150 ft/s in a stamping machine. What is the change in total energy of
the hammerhead?
Solution: C.V. Hammerhead
The hammerhead does not change internal energy i.e. same P,T
1 2
E2 E1 = m(u2 u1) + m(2V2 - 0) + mg (h2 - 0)
A
A
E
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3.252E
Airplane takeoff from an aircraft carrier is assisted by a steam driven
piston/cylinder with an average pressure of 200 psia. A 38 500 lbm airplane
should be accelerated from zero to a speed of 100 ft/s with 30% of the energy
coming from the steam piston. Find the needed piston displacement volume.
Solution: C.V. Airplane.
No change in internal or potential energy; only kinetic energy is changed.
2
avg
E
W 1 794 928
V = P = 200
A
A
E
lbf-ft
3
2 = 62.3 ft
144 lbf/ft
A
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3.253E
A bulldozer pushes 1000 lbm of dirt 300 ft with a force of 400 lbf. It then lifts the
dirt 10 ft up to put it in a dump truck. How much work did it do in each situation?
Solution:
W = F dx = F x
= 400 lbf 300 ft
= 120 000 lbf-ft = 154 Btu
W = F dz = mg dz = mg Z
= 1000 lbm 32.174 ft/s2 10 ft / (32.174 lbm-ft / s2-lbf)
= 10 000 lbf-ft = 12.85 Btu
E
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3.254E
Two hydraulic cylinders maintain a pressure of 175 psia. One has a cross sectional
area of 0.1 ft2 the other 0.3 ft2. To deliver a work of 1 Btu to the piston how large
a displacement (V) and piston motion H is needed for each cylinder? Neglect Patm
Solution:
E
W = F dx = P dV = PA dx = PA H = P V
W = 1 Btu = 778.17 lbf-ft
W
778.17 lbf-ft
V = P =
= 0.030 873 ft3
175 144 lbf/ft2
E
F1
F2
2
1
cb
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3.255E
A linear spring, F = ks(x x0), with spring constant ks = 35 lbf/ft, is stretched until
A
it is 2.5 in. longer. Find the required force and work input.
Solution:
F = ks(x - x0) = 35 lbf/ft (2.5/12) ft = 7.292 lbf
A
1
W = Fdx
= ks(x - x0)d(x - x0) = 2 ks(x - x0)2
EA
EA
1
= 2 35 lbf/ft (2.5/12)2 ft2 = 0.76 lbf-ft
E
= 9.7610-4 Btu
E
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3.256E
A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains 10 lbm of superheated
refrigerant R-134a vapor at 100 lbf/in.2, 300 F. The setup is cooled at constant
pressure until the R-134a reaches a quality of 25%. Calculate the work done in the
process.
Solution:
Constant pressure process boundary work. State properties from Table F.10
v1 = 0.76629 ft3/lbm;
1W2
A
= P dV = P (V2-V1) = mP (v2-v1)
A
A
E
144 (in/ft)2
= 10 lbm 100 lbf/in.2 778 lbf-ft/Btu (0.12996 - 0.76629) ft3/lbm
E
= -117.78 Btu
P C.P.
C.P.
P = 100 psia
2
100
300
79
2
cb
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3.257E
A piston of 4 lbm is accelerated to 60 ft/s from rest. What constant gas pressure is
required if the area is 4 in2, the travel 4 in. and the outside pressure is 15 psia?
E
C.V. Piston
2
7200
= 7200 lbm-ft2/s2 = 32.174 ft-lbf
E
A
E
A
E
=
A
7200 lbf-ft
2
3 + 15 lbf/in
32.174 16 in
A
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3.258E
Find the missing properties and give the phase of the substance.
a.
H2O u = 1000 Btu/lbm, T = 270 F h = ? v = ? x = ?
b.
H2O u = 450 Btu/lbm, P = 1500 lbf/in.2 T = ? x = ? v = ?
c.
R-410A
T = 30 F, P = 120 lbf/in.2
h=? x=?
Solution:
a) Table F.7.1: uf < u < ug => 2-phase mixture of liquid and vapor
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
h hf = 24.11 Btu/lbm
A
E
P C.P.
b
a
C.P.
P = const.
a
c
T
v
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3.259E
Find the missing properties among (P, T, v, u, h) together with x, if applicable,
and give the phase of the substance.
a.
R-410A
T = 50 F,
u = 85 Btu/lbm
T = 600 F,
h = 1322 Btu/lbm
b.
H2O
2
c.
R-410A
P = 150 lbf/in. ,
h = 135 Btu/lbm
Solution:
P = 157.473 lbf/in2
c) Table F.9.1:
v = 3.058 ft3/lbm ;
E
u = 1208.9 Btu/lbm
P C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
b, c
a
b, c
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3.260E
Find the missing properties among (P, T, v, u, h) together qwith x if applicable
and give the phase of the substance.
a.
b.
c.
R-134a
NH3
R-134a
Solution:
a) Table F.10.1: h > hg => x = undef, superheated vapor F.10.2,
A
A
E
find it at given T between saturated 243.9 psi and 200 psi to match h:
v 0.1836 + (0.2459 - 0.1836)
185- 183.63
= 0.2104 ft3/lbm
186.82-183.63
E
185- 183.63
= 225 lbf/in2
186.82-183.63
A
b)
A
E
P C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
a
b
a
b
T
c
v
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Simple Processes
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3.261E
Ammonia at 30 F, quality 60% is contained in a rigid 8-ft3 tank. The tank and
ammonia are now heated to a final pressure of 150 lbf/in.2. Determine the heat
transfer for the process.
Solution:
C.V.: NH3
A
P
2
1
V
Continuity Eq.:
m2 = m1 = m ;
A
Energy Eq.3.5:
v2 = v1 &
A
W2 = 0
A
1Q2
A
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3.262E
Saturated vapor R-410A at 30 F in a rigid tank is cooled to 0 F. Find the specific
heat transfer.
Solution:
C.V.: R-410A in tank.
m2 = m1 ;
A
Energy Eq.3.5:
=>
w = 0/
1 2
A
A
E
A
E
1
2
V
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3.263E
Saturated vapor R-410A at 100 psia in a constant pressure piston cylinder is
heated to 70 F. Find the specific heat transfer.
Solution:
C.V. R-410A:
m2 = m1 = m;
A
Energy Eq.3.5
EA
h1 = 119.38 Btu/lbm
A
h2 = 130.44 Btu/lbm
1 2
A
1 2
A
T
1
2
1
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3.264E
A rigid tank holds 1.5 lbm R-410A at 100 F as saturated vapor. The tank is now
cooled to 60 F by heat transfer to the ambient. Which two properties determine the
final state. Determine the amount of work and heat transfer during the process.
C.V. The R-410A, this is a control mass.
2
EA
Energy Eq.:
A
E
v1 = 0.1657 ft3/lbm,
State 1:
100 F
u1 = 111.7 Btu/lbm
A
A
E
333
185
2
1Q2
A
A
E
A
E
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3.265E
A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains 4 lbm of superheated
refrigerant R-134a vapor at 400 lbf/in.2, 200 F. The cylinder is now cooled so the
R-134a remains at constant pressure until it reaches a quality of 75%. Calculate
the heat transfer in the process.
Solution:
C.V.: R-134a
m2 = m1 = m;
A
Energy Eq.3.5
EA
T
1
1
2
V
h1 = 192.92 Btu/lbm
A
1 2
A
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3.266E
A water-filled reactor with volume of 50 ft3 is at 2000 lbf/in.2, 560 F and placed
inside a containment room, as shown in Fig. P3.101. The room is well insulated
and initially evacuated. Due to a failure, the reactor ruptures and the water fills the
containment room. Find the minimum room volume so the final pressure does not
exceed 30 lbf/in.2.
C.V.: Containment room and reactor.
Mass: m2 = m1 = Vreactor/v1 = 50/0.02172 = 2295.7 lbm
A
Energy Eq.:
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
x2 = 0.3842
A
A
E
P
2000
1
1
2
2
30
30 psia
u = const
C.P.
1
L
30 psia
2
v
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3.267E
Ammonia (1 lbm) is in a piston cylinder at 30 psia, 20 F is heated in a process
where the pressure varies linear with volume to a state of 240 F, 40 psia. Find the
work and the heat transfer in the process.
Solution:
Take CV as the Ammonia, constant mass.
Continuity Eq.:
m2 = m1 = m ;
Process:
P = A + BV
(linear in V)
144
u1 = 622.39 30 9.7206 778 = 568.4 Btu/lbm
A
A
E
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3.268E
A piston cylinder arrangement with a linear spring similar to Fig. P3.105 contains
R-134a at 60 F, x = 0.6 and a volume of 0.7 ft3. It is heated to 140 F at which
point the specific volume is 0.4413 ft3/lbm. Find the final pressure, the work and
the heat transfer in the process.
E
= 72.26 Btu
P
2
P2
1
P
R-134a
1
cb
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3.269E
Water in a 6-ft3 closed, rigid tank is at 200 F, 90% quality. The tank is then
cooled to 20 F. Calculate the heat transfer during the process.
Solution:
C.V.: Water in tank.
m2 = m1 ; m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
Process: V = constant, v2 = v1, 1W2 = 0
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
P C.P.
C.P.
P = const.
1
1
T
C.P.
1
L
T
V
S
L+V
2
S+ V
v
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3.270E
A constant pressure piston/cylinder has 2 lbm water at 1100 F and 2.26 ft3. It is
now cooled to occupy 1/10 of the original volume. Find the heat transfer in the
process.
C.V.: Water
m2 = m1 = m;
E
Energy Eq.3.5
EA
A
E
A
E
A
E
1 2
A
T
2
1
1
2
V
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3.271E
I have 4 lbm of liquid water at 70 F, 15 psia. I now add 20 Btu of energy at a
constant pressure. How hot does it get if it is heated? How fast does it move if it
is pushed by a constant horizontal force? How high does it go if it is raised
straight up?
a) Heat at 15 psia.
Energy equation:
E2 E1 = 1Q2 1W2 = 1Q2 P(V2 V1) = H2 H1= m(h2 h1)
h2 = h1 + 1Q2/m = 38.09 + 20/4 = 43.09 Btu/lbm
Back interpolate in Table F.7.1:
T2 = 75 F
(We could also have used T = 1Q2/mC = 20 / (41.00) = 5 F)
b) Push at constant P. It gains kinetic energy.
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
0.5 m V2 = 1W2
A
V2 =
A
E
2 1W2/m =
A
32.174
lbf = 3891 ft
4 lbm 32.174 ft/s2
A
EA
Comment: Notice how fast (500 ft/s) and how high it should be to have the same
energy as raising the temperature just 5 degrees. I.e. in most
applications we can disregard the kinetic and potential energies unless
we have very high V or Z.
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3.272E
A computer cpu chip consists of 0.1 lbm silicon, 0.05 lbm copper, 0.1 lbm
polyvinyl chloride (plastic). It now heats from 60 F to 160 F as the computer is
turned on. How much energy did the heating require?
U2 - U1 = mi(u2 - u1)i = 1Q2 - 1W2
Energy Eq.:
EA
A
E
For the solid masses we will use the specific heats, Table F.2, and they all have
the same temperature so
EA
EA
EA
EA
A
E
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3.273E
A copper block of volume 60 in.3 is heat treated at 900 F and now cooled in a 3ft3 oil bath initially at 70 F. Assuming no heat transfer with the surroundings,
what is the final temperature?
C.V. Copper block and the oil bath.
Also assume no change in volume so the work will be zero.
Energy Eq.:
u Cv T,
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
T2 = 89.8 F
A
A
E
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Ideal Gas
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3.274E
Estimate the constant specific heats for R-134a from Table F.10.2 at 15 psia and
150 F. Compare this to table F.4 and explain the difference.
Solution:
Using values at 15 psia for h and u at 140 F and 160 F from Table F.10.2, the
approximate specific heats at 150 F are
h
199.95 - 195.59
=
= 0.218 Btu/lbm R
160 - 140
T
compared with 0.203 Btu/lbm-R for the ideal-gas value at 77 F from Table F.4.
Cp
A
u 188.03 - 184.08
=
= 0.198 Btu/lbm R
160 - 140
T
compared with 0.184 Btu/lbm-R for the ideal-gas value at 77 F from Table F.4.
Cv
A
There are two reasons for the differences. First, R-134a is not exactly an ideal gas
at the given state, 150 F and 15 psia. Second and by far the biggest reason for the
differences is that R-134a, chemically CF3CH2 , is a polyatomic molecule with
multiple vibrational mode contributions to the specific heats (see Appendix C), such
that they are strongly dependent on temperature. Note that if we repeat the above
approximation for Cp in Table F.10.2 at 77 F, the resulting value is 0.203 Btu/lbm R
A
A
E
A
E
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3.275E
Air is heated from 540 R to 640 R at V = C. Find 1q2? What if from 2400 to
2500 R?
A
1W2 =
Process: V = C
A
E
u2 u1 = 1q2 0
Energy Eq.:
1q2
A
= u2 u1
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
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3.276E
A 30-ft high cylinder, cross-sectional area 1 ft2, has a massless piston at the
bottom with water at 70 F on top of it, as shown in Fig. P3.107. Air at 540 R,
volume 10 ft3 under the piston is heated so that the piston moves up, spilling the
water out over the side. Find the total heat transfer to the air when all the water
has been pushed out.
Solution
Po
P
H2O
P1
P0
cb
air
V1
Vmax
g
Initial air pressure is: P1 = P0 + mH2Og/A = 14.7 +
= 23.353 psia
1 144
A
PV 23.353 10 144
mair = RT =
= 1.1675 lbm
53.34 540
and then
V2 = 30 1 = 30 ft3
P2 = P0 = 14.7 lbf/in2,
State 2:
1W2
A
= PdV
= 2 (P1 + P2)(V2 - V1)
EA
A
E
T1P2V2 54014.730
State 2: P2, V2 T2 =
=
= 1019.7 R
P1V1
23.35310
1Q2 = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2 = 1.1675 0.171 (1019.7 - 540) + 70.43
= 166.2 Btu
A
A
E
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3.277E
A closed rigid container is filled with 3 lbm water at 1 atm, 130 F, 2 lbm of
stainless steel and 1 lbm of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) both at 70 F and 0.2 lbm of
air at 700 R, 1 atm. It is now left alone with no external heat transfer and no water
vaporizes. Find the final temperature and air pressure.
CV. Container.
Process:
V = constant => 1W2 = 0
A
Energy Eq.:
A
E
EA
A
E
For the liquid and the metal masses we will use the specific heats (Tbl F.3, F.4)
so
EA
EA
EA
EA
noticing that all masses have the same T2 but not same initial T.
A
A
E
EA
A
E
A
E
The volume of the air is constant so from PV = mRT it follows that P varies with
T
P2 = P1 T2/T1 air = 1 atm (123.35 + 459.67) / 700 = 0.833 atm
A
A
E
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3.278E
An engine consists of a 200 lbm cast iron block with a 40 lbm aluminum head, 40
lbm steel parts, 10 lbm engine oil and 12 lbm glycerine (antifreeze). Everything
begins at 40 F and as the engine starts, it absorbs a net of 7000 Btu before it
reaches a steady uniform temperature. We want to know how hot it becomes.
Energy Eq.: U2 U1= 1Q2 1W2
Process: The steel does not change volume and the change for the liquid is
minimal, so 1W2 0.
So sum over the various parts of the left hand side in the energy equation
A
Tbl F.2 : CFe = 0.1 , CAl = 0.215, Cst = 0.11 all units of Btu/lbm-R
Tbl F.3 : Coil = 0.46 , Cgly = 0.58 all units of Btu/lbm-R
So now we factor out T2 T1 as u2 u1 = C(T2 T1) for each term
A
A
E
T2 T1 = 1Q2 / mi Ci
A
7000
200 0.1 + 40 0.215 + 40 0.11 + 10 0.46 + 12 0.58
7000
= 44.56 R = 157 R
T2 = T1 + 157 F = 40 + 157 = 197 F
=
A
E
Exhaust flow
Fan Radiator
Atm.
air
Coolant flow
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3.279E
A car with mass 3250 lbm drives with 60 mi/h when the brakes are applied to
quickly decrease its speed to 20 mi/h. Assume the brake pads are 1 lbm mass with
heat capacity of 0.2 Btu/lbm R and the brake discs/drums are 8 lbm steel where
both masses are heated uniformly. Find the temperature increase in the brake
assembly.
C.V. Car. Car looses kinetic energy and brake system gains internal u.
No heat transfer (short time) and no work term.
m = constant;
Energy Eq.3.5:
The brake system mass is two different kinds so split it, also use Cv since we do
not have a u table for steel or brake pad material.
1
T = 414 F
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3.280E
Water at 60 psia is brought from 320 F to 1800 F. Evaluate the change in specific
internal energy using a) the steam tables, b) the ideal gas Table F.6, and the
specific heat F.4
Solution:
a)
State 1: Table F.7.3
A
E
A
E
b)
Table F.6 at 780 R:
A
E
A
E
c)
A
E
A
E
u
Notice how the
average slope from
320 F to 1800 F is
higher than the one at
77 F ( = Cvo)
A
u
1800
Slope at
77 F
A
E
320
77
320
1800
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3.281E
A 65 gallons rigid tank contains methane gas at 900 R, 200 psia. It is now cooled
down to 540 R. Assume ideal gas and find the needed heat transfer.
Solution:
Ideal gas and recall from Table A.1 that 1 gal = 231 in3,
E
Process:
V = constant = V1
A
=>
A
E
1W2
A
=0
A
E
Energy Equation
1Q2
A
A
E
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Polytropic Processes
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m2 = m1 ;
A
A
E
1W2
A
1
mR
0.9043 48.28 400 200
= 1-n (P2V2 - P1V1) = 1-n (T2 - T1) =
778
1 1.2
A
= - 56.12 Btu
1Q2
A
T = C v-0.2
2
T2
2
1
T1
v
1
v
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3.283E
An air pistol contains compressed air in a small cylinder, as shown in Fig. P3.164.
Assume that the volume is 1 in.3, pressure is 10 atm, and the temperature is 80 F
when armed. A bullet, m = 0.04 lbm, acts as a piston initially held by a pin
(trigger); when released, the air expands in an isothermal process (T = constant). If
the air pressure is 1 atm in the cylinder as the bullet leaves the gun, find
a.
The final volume and the mass of air.
b.
The work done by the air and work done on the atmosphere.
c.
The work to the bullet and the bullet exit velocity.
C.V. Air.
P1V1
10 atm 14.7 psi/atm 1 in3
mair = RT =
= 4.2610-5 lbm
53.34
lbf-ft/lbm-R
539.67
R
12
in/ft
1
E
= P1V1
(1/V) dV = P1V1 ln( V2/V1)
1W2 = PdV
A
EA
EA
A
E
1/2
Vex =(2Wbullet/mB)
A
1/2
= (20.02277832.174 / 0.04)
A
= 165.9 ft/s
E
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3.284E
Helium gas expands from 20 psia, 600 R and 9 ft3 to 15 psia in a polytropic
process with n = 1.667. How much heat transfer is involved?
E
Solution:
C.V. Helium gas, this is a control mass.
Energy equation:
m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
A
Process equation:
PV = constant
E
n
= P1V1
A
= P2V2
A
P2V2- P1 V1 15 10.696 - 20 9
=
psi ft3 = 29.33 psia ft3
1-n
1 - 1.667
= 4223 lbf-ft = 5.43 Btu
A
1W2 =
A
A
E
EA
Use specific heat from Table F.4 to evaluate u2 u1, Cv = 0.744 Btu/lbm R
A
1Q2
A
A
E
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3.285E
Water in a tank A is at 270 F with a quality of 10% and mass 1 lbm. It is
connected to a piston cylinder holding constant pressure of 40 psia initially with 1
lbm water at 700 F. The valve is opened and enough heat transfer takes place to
have a final uniform temperature of 280 F. Find the final P and V, the process
work and the process heat transfer.
Solution:
C.V. Water in A and B. Control mass goes through process: 1 -> 2
Continuity Eq.: m2 mA1 mB1 = 0 => m2 = mA1 + mB1 = 1.0 + 1.0 = 2 lbm
A
U2 U1 = 1Q2 1W2
Energy Eq.:
A
E
A
E
State A1:
A
E
State B1:
A
E
=>
A
E
v2 = 10.711 ft3/lbm
P
The possible state 2 (P,V)
combinations are shown. State a
is 40 psia, va = VA1/m2 = 0.511
and thus two-phase Ta = 267.3 F
A
280 F
49.2
40
A
E
less than T2
A
V
E
144
Process: 1W2 = P2 (V2 V1) = 40 (21.422 1.022 17.196)778 = 23.72 Btu
A
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3.286E
Two rigid tanks are filled with water as shown in Fig. P.3.214. Tank A is 7 ft3 at 1
atm, 280 F and tank B is 11 ft3 at saturated vapor 40 psia. The tanks are connected
by a pipe with a closed valve. We open the valve and let all the water come to a
single uniform state while we transfer enough heat to have a final pressure of 40
psia. Give the two property values that determine the final state and find the heat
transfer.
E
Solution:
State A1: u = 1102.4 Btu/lbm, v = 29.687 ft3/lbm
E
A
E
A
E
The total volume (and mass) is the sum of volumes (mass) for tanks A and B.
m2 = mA1 + mB1 = 0.236 + 0.564 = 0.800 lbm,
A
A
E
1Q2
A
A
E
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3.287E
A vertical cylinder fitted with a piston contains 10 lbm of R-410A at 50 F, shown
in Fig. P3.173. Heat is transferred to the system causing the piston to rise until it
reaches a set of stops at which point the volume has doubled. Additional heat is
transferred until the temperature inside reaches 120 F, at which point the pressure
inside the cylinder is 200 lbf/in.2.
a.
What is the quality at the initial state?
b.
Calculate the heat transfer for the overall process.
Solution:
C.V. R-410A. Control mass goes through process: 1 -> 2 -> 3
As piston floats pressure is constant (1 -> 2) and the volume is constant for the
second part (2 -> 3). So we have: v3 = v2 = 2 v1
A
ft3/lbm,
E
u3 = 123.5 Btu/lbm
A
P
3
Po
cb
R-410A
2
V
A
E
x1 = 0.463
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
EA
A
E
A
E
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3.288E
A piston cylinder shown in Fig. P3.169 contains 18 ft3 of R-410A at 300 psia, 300
F. The piston mass and atmosphere gives a pressure of 70 psia that will float the
piston. The whole setup cools in a freezer maintained at 0 F. Find the heat transfer
and show the P-v diagram for the process when T2 = 0 F.
Solution:
C.V.: R-410A. Control mass.
Continuity: m = constant,
Energy Eq.3.5:
m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
Po
Process:
F = F = P A = PairA + Fstop
if V < Vstop Fstop = 0/
E
A
E
R-410A
State 1:
1W2
A
A
E
= PdV
= Plift(V2 - V1) = 70 psi (0.674 - 18) ft3 144 in2/ft2
EA
A
E
300
T
300
92.6
P = 300
1
T=0
P = 70
v
70
5.2
0
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3.289E
A setup as in Fig. P3.169 has the R-410A initially at 150 psia, 120 F of mass 0.2
lbm. The balancing equilibrium pressure is 60 psia and it is now cooled so the
volume is reduced to half the starting volume. Find the heat transfer for the
process.
Solution:
P C.P.
Take as CV the 0.2 lbm of R-410A.
Continuity Eq.:
m2 = m1 = m ;
150
60
v1 = 0.5099 ft3/lbm
u1 = 125.28 Btu/lbm
A
A
E
A
E
1W2 =
A
A
E
P dV = area =
A
E
A
E
= -18.55 Btu
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3.290E
A piston cylinder contains air at 150 psia, 1400 R with a volume of 1.75 ft3. The
piston is pressed against the upper stops, see Fig. P3.14-c and it will float at a
pressure of 110 psia. Now the air is cooled to 700 R. What is the process work
and heat transfer?
E
Process Eq.:
P = Pfloat or v = C = v1,
A
A
E
A
E
so we do cool below T1a. That means the piston is floating. Write the ideal gas
law for state 1 and 2 to get
A
A
E
1400
2
2 1
A
1W2
A
= 1aW2 =
A
A
E
P dV = P2 (V2 - V1)
A
A
E
Po
mp
1
2
Air
1a
V
V stop
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3.291E
A mass of 6 lbm nitrogen gas at 3600 R, V = C, cools with 1 Btu/s. What is
dT/dt?
Process:
V=C
1W2= 0
A
A
E
.
dE dU
dU
dT .
=
=
m
=
mC
=
Q
W
=
Q
= -1 Btu/s
v dt
dt dt
dt
E
.
dT
Q
-1 Btu/s
R
=
=
=
-0.71
dt mCv 6 0.2357 Btu/R
s
A
Remark: Specific heat from Table F.4 has Cv 300 = 0.178 Btu/lbm-R which is
nearly 25% lower and thus would over-estimate the rate with 25%.
A
A
E
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3.292E
A crane use 7000 Btu/h to raise a 200 lbm box 60 ft. How much time does it take?
.
L
Power = W = FV = mgV = mg t
A
32.174
F = mg = 200 32.174 lbf = 200 lbf
A
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3.293E
A computer in a closed room of volume 5000 ft3 dissipates energy at a rate of 10
kW. The room has 100 lbm of wood, 50 lbm of steel and air, with all material at
540 R, 1 atm. Assuming all the mass heats up uniformly how long time will it
take to increase the temperature 20 F?
C.V. Air, wood and steel.
m2 = m1 ; no work
.
U2 - U1 = 1Q2 = Qt
A
Energy Eq.3.5:
The total volume is nearly all air, but we can find volume of the solids.
Vwood = m/ = 100/44.9 = 2.23 ft3 ; Vsteel = 50/488 = 0.102 ft3
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
=>
t = [1966/10] 1.055
= 207 sec = 3.5 minutes
u
u
1800
Slope at
77 F
320
77
320
1800
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3.294E
Water is in a piston cylinder maintaining constant P at 330 F, quality 90% with a
volume of 4 ft3. A heater is turned on heating the water with 10 000 Btu/h. What
is the elapsed time to vaporize all the liquid?
E
Solution:
Control volume water.
Continuity Eq.:
on a rate form:
Energy equation:
.
Rearrange to solve for mvapor
.
.
.
mvapor (ufg + Pvfg) = mvapor hfg = Q
E
A
E
.
.
10 000 Btu/h
mvapor = Q/hfg = 887.5 Btu/lbm = 11.2676 lbm/h = 0.00313 lbm/s
E
.
t = mliq / mvapor = 0.10303 / 0.00313 = 32.9 s
E
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3.295E
A piston/cylinder has 2 lbm of R-134a at state 1 with 200 F, 90 lbf/in.2, and is
then brought to saturated vapor, state 2, by cooling while the piston is locked with
a pin. Now the piston is balanced with an additional constant force and the pin is
removed. The cooling continues to a state 3 where the R-134a is saturated liquid.
Show the processes in a P-V diagram and find the work and heat transfer in each
of the two steps, 1 to 2 and 2 to 3.
Solution :
C.V. R-134a This is a control mass. Properties from table F.10.1 and F.10.2
State 1: (T,P) => v = 0.7239 ft3/lbm, u = 194.605 Btu/lbm
E
A
E
A
E
1Q2
A
E
A
E
1W3
1
3
cb
2
V
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Rates of Work
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3.296E
A force of 300 lbf moves a truck with 40 mi/h up a hill. What is the power?
Solution:
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3.297E
Find the rate of conduction heat transfer through a 1.5 cm thick hardwood board,
k = 0.09 Btu/h-ft-R, with a temperature difference between the two sides of 40 F.
One dimensional heat transfer by conduction, we do not know the area so
we can find the flux (heat transfer per unit area Btu/ft2h).
E
EA
EA
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3.298E
A water-heater is covered up with insulation boards over a total surface area of 30
ft2. The inside board surface is at 175 F and the outside surface is at 70 F and the
board material has a conductivity of 0.05 Btu/h ft F. How thick a board should it
be to limit the heat transfer loss to 720 Btu/h ?
Solution:
Steady state conduction through a single layer
board.
.
.
T
Q cond = k A
x = k /Q
x
Btu
x = 0.05 h-ft-R 30 ft2 (175-70) R/ 720 Btu/h
= 0.219 ft = 2.6 in
A
EA
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3.299E
The sun shines on a 1500 ft2 road surface so it is at 115 F. Below the 2 inch thick
asphalt, average conductivity of 0.035 Btu/h-ft-F, is a layer of compacted rubbles
at a temperature of 60 F. Find the rate of heat transfer to the rubbles.
Solution:
.
T
Q=k A
x
Btu
115 60 R
= 0.035 h-ft-R 1500 ft2 2/12 ft
= 17325 tu/h
A
EA
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Review Problems
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3.300E
A cylinder having an initial volume of 100 ft3 contains 0.2 lbm of water at 100 F.
The water is then compressed in an isothermal quasi-equilibrium process until it
has a quality of 50%. Calculate the work done in the process assuming water
vapor is an ideal gas.
Solution:
100
State 1: T1, v1 = V/m = 0.2 = 500 ft3/lbm ( > vg )
since Pg = 0.95 psia, very low so water is an ideal gas from 1 to 2.
E
A
E
vg
350
P1 = Pg v = 0.950 500 = 0.6652 lbf/in2
A
For ideal gas and constant T the work term follows Eq. 3.21
V2
144
70
PdV = P1V1 ln
1W2 =
V1 = 0.6652 778 100 ln 100 = -4.33 Btu
A
EA
For the constant pressure part of the process the work becomes
= P2 m(v3 - v2) = 0.95 psi 0.2 lbm (175 - 350) ft3/lbm 144 in2/ft2
2W3
A
A
E
P C.P.
C.P.
Psat
0.95
P1
1
T
100
3
1
v
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3.301E
A piston/cylinder contains 2 lbm of water at 70 F with a volume of 0.1 ft3, shown
in Fig. P3.225. Initially the piston rests on some stops with the top surface open to
the atmosphere, Po, so a pressure of 40 lbf/in.2 is required to lift it. To what
temperature should the water be heated to lift the piston? If it is heated to
saturated vapor find the final temperature, volume, and the heat transfer.
Solution:
C.V. Water. This is a control mass.
m2 = m1 = m ; m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
A
A
E
1a
Table F.7.1:
P1
ft3/lbm
v = v1 = 0.05
A
P2
A
E
1W2
A
1Q2
A
A
E
A
E
A
E
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3.302E
A twenty pound-mass of water in a piston/cylinder with constant pressure is at
1100 F and a volume of 22.6 ft3. It is now cooled to 100 F. Show the Pv diagram
and find the work and heat transfer for the process.
Solution:
C.V. Water
Energy Eq.3.5:
Process Eq.:
1Q2
A
E
Constant pressure
1W2
= mP(v2 - v1)
A
A
E
T
1
800 psia
v
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3.303E
A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains R-134a at 100 F, 80% quality,
at which point the volume is 3 Gal. The external force on the piston is now varied
in such a manner that the R-134a slowly expands in a polytropic process to 50
lbf/in.2, 80 F. Calculate the work and the heat transfer for this process.
Solution:
C.V. The mass of R-134a. Properties in Table F.10.1
v1 = vf + x1 vfg= 0.01387 + 0.8 0.3278 = 0.2761 ft3/lbm
E
A
E
P1 = 138.926 psia
A
A
E
State 2:
A
E
Process:
1W2
A
A
E
= P dV =
=
1Q2
A
P2 V2 - P1 V1
1- n
A
E
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3.304E
Solution:
Continuity Eq.:
A
E
m2 = m1 ;
A
Energy Eq.3.5:
(1W2 = 0/ )
E2 - E1 = 1Q2 ;
A
Table F.8.2:
A
E
P
P2 = 163 lbf/in2, u2 = 633.5 Btu/lbm
E
A
E
linear interpolation
1
V
Process equation gives no displacement:
1w2
A
=0;
A
E
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3.305E
Water in a piston/cylinder, similar to Fig. P3.225, is at 212 F, x = 0.5 with mass 1
lbm and the piston rests on the stops. The equilibrium pressure that will float the
piston is 40 psia. The water is heated to 500 F by an electrical heater. At what
temperature would all the liquid be gone? Find the final (P,v), the work and heat
transfer in the process.
C.V. The 1 lbm water.
Continuty: m2 = m1 = m ;
A
Energy:
A
E
A
E
A
E
State 1a: (40 psia, v = v1 > vg 40 psia = 10.501 ft3/lbm) so superheated vapor
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
State 2: (T2 > T1a) Table F.7.2 => v2 = 14.164, u2 = 1180.06 Btu/lbm
A
A
E
A
E
1W2
A
A
E
A
E
P
1a
Po
1b
cb
cb
100 C
v
H2O
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3.306E
An insulated cylinder is divided into two parts of 10 ft3 each by an initially locked
piston. Side A has air at 2 atm, 600 R and side B has air at 10 atm, 2000 R as
shown in Fig. P3.151. The piston is now unlocked so it is free to move, and it
conducts heat so the air comes to a uniform temperature TA = TB. Find the mass
in both A and B and also the final T and P.
C.V. A + B . Then 1Q2 = 0/ , 1W2 = 0/ .
Force balance on piston: PAA = PBA , so final state in A and B is the same.
A
A
E
A
E
mB =
A
A
E
P = mtotRT2/Vtot =
A
A
E
T2 = 1475 R
A
A
E
= 90.34 lbf/in2
E
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