upon that of logic. (Indeed, large parts of the PortRoyal Logic were copied or adapted from the Grammaire
gnrale.[3] ) Syntactic categories were identied with logical ones, and all sentences were analyzed in terms of
Subject Copula Predicate. Initially, this view was
In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and adopted even by the early comparative linguists such as
Franz Bopp.
processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given
language. The term syntax is also used to refer to the The central role of syntax within theoretical linguistics
study of such principles and processes.[1] The goal of became clear only in the 20th century, which could reamany syntacticians is to discover the syntactic rules com- sonably be called the century of syntactic theory as far
mon to all languages.
as linguistics is concerned. (For a detailed and critical
In mathematics, syntax refers to the rules governing the survey of the history of syntax in the last two centuries,
[4]
behavior of mathematical systems, such as formal lan- see the monumental work by Giorgio Gra (2001).)
guages used in logic. (See logical syntax.)
3 Modern theories
1
Etymology
3 MODERN THEORIES
Transformational grammar (TG) (Original theory of 3.3 Dependency grammar
generative syntax laid out by Chomsky in Syntactic
Structures in 1957)[7]
Main article: Dependency grammar
Dependency grammar is an approach to sentence struc Government and binding theory (GB) (revised theory in the tradition of TG developed mainly by
Chomsky in the 1970s and 1980s)[8]
Minimalist program (MP) (a reworking of the theory out of the GB framework published by Chomsky
in 1995)[9]
Generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG; now ture where syntactic units are arranged according to the
dependency relation, as opposed to the constituency relargely out of date)
lation of phrase structure grammars. Dependencies are
Generative semantics (now largely out of date)
directed links between words. The (nite) verb is seen as
the root of all clause structure and all the other words in
Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG)
the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on
this root. Some prominent dependency-based theories of
Lexical functional grammar (LFG)
syntax are:
Nanosyntax
Relational grammar (RG) (now largely out of date)
3.2
Categorial grammar
3.4 Stochastic/probabilistic
mars/network theories
gram-
4.1
3.5
Syntactic terms
Functionalist grammars
3
Category
Catena
Clause
Cognitive grammar
Conjugation
Emergent grammar
Conjunction
Constituent
Coordination
Coreference
Crossover
Dangling modier
See also
4.1
Syntactic terms
Adjective
Adjective phrase
Adjunct
Adpositional phrase
Adverb
Anaphora
Declension
Dependency grammar
Dependent marking
Determiner
Discontinuity
Do-support
Dual (form for two)
Ellipsis
Endocentric
Answer ellipsis
Exceptional case-marking
Antecedent
Expletive
Antecedent-contained deletion
Extraposition
Appositive
Finite verb
Argument
Function word
Article
Gapping
Aspect
Gender
Gerund
Auxiliary verb
Government
Binding
Head
Branching
Head marking
c-command
Innitive
Case
4 SEE ALSO
Inversion
Pseudogapping
Lexical item
Raising
m-command
Restrictiveness
Merge
Modal particle
Modal verb
Modier
Mood
Movement
Movement paradox
Nanosyntax
Negative inversion
Non-congurational language
Sandhi
Scrambling
Selection
Sentence
Separable verb
Shifting
Singular
Sluicing
Non-nite verb
Small clause
Noun
Stripping
Noun ellipsis
Subcategorization
Noun phrase
Subject
Number
Subject-auxiliary inversion
Object
Subject-verb inversion
Subordination
Parasitic gap
Superlative
Part of speech
Particle
Periphrasis
Person
Personal pronoun
Pied-piping
Phrasal verb
Phrase
Phrase structure grammar
Tense
Topicalization
Tough movement
Uninected word
V2 word order
Valency
Verb
Verb phrase
Plural
Predicate
Voice
Predicative expression
Wh-movement
Word order
Pronoun
X-bar theory
Notes
The
7 Further reading
Martin Everaert, Henk Van Riemsdijk, Rob Goedemans and Bart Hollebrandse, ed. (2006). The
Blackwell companion to syntax. Blackwell. ISBN
978-1-4051-1485-1. 5 Volumes; 77 case studies of
syntactic phenomena.
Brian Roark; Richard William Sproat (2007). Computational approaches to morphology and syntax.
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-9274772. part II: Computational approaches to syntax.
Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). I-language:
An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science,
2nd edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199660179.
Edith A. Moravcsik (2006). An introduction to syntax: fundamentals of syntactic analysis. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780-8264-8945-6. Attempts to be a theory-neutral
introduction. The companion Edith A. Moravcsik
(2006). An introduction to syntactic theory. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-08264-8943-2. surveys the major theories. Jointly
reviewed in The Canadian Journal of Linguistics
54(1), March 2009, pp. 172175
8 External links
6
References
Brown, Keith; Jim Miller (eds.) (1996). Concise
Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories. New York: Elsevier Science. ISBN 0-08-042711-1.
Carnie, Andrew (2006). Syntax: A Generative Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN
1-4051-3384-8.
Freidin, Robert; Howard Lasnik (eds.) (2006). Syntax. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. New York:
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24672-5.
Gra, Giorgio (2001). 200 Years of Syntax. A Critical Survey. Studies in the History of the Language
Sciences 98. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ISBN 90272-4587-8.
The syntax of natural language: An online introduction using the Trees programBeatrice Santorini &
Anthony Kroch, University of Pennsylvania, 2007
9.1
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